Annotated Bibliography:

Preservation Problems of Paper Materials in Global Libraries:

Caitlin Hawe

INFO 522: Information Access and Resources

Katherine McCain, Instructor

12/8/2010

Annotated Bibliography:

Preservation Problems of Paper Materials in Global Libraries:

Introduction and Scope

This annotated bibliography examines preservation problems within libraries throughout the

world. Articles discuss methods used to evaluate the needs of the institutions and the components that

are leading to the deterioration of paper based materials. Even though libraries contain a vast amount of

resources, there were few selected materials analyzed in the articles. Items evaluated include books,

newspapers, archives, pamphlets, manuscripts and thesis. In order to gain an understanding of the

problem as a whole, authors surveyed various types of library institutions. Research was collected

from academic, national, museum and public libraries. Though there are many issues causing

deterioration, the majority of problems can be attributed to inadequate policies, facilities, staff and

preservation resources. Some articles evaluate singular problems, while others discuss multiple factors.

The purpose of gathering this information is to achieve long-term preservation policies or conservation

units within the targeted institution(s) or region. Article publication dates range from 1997-2010; the

majority of which were published within the last seven years. This indicates that preservation problems

are persistent to this day. Articles were discovered using LIS databases and Eric. All documents are

published in English in the countries of Poland, Africa and the United States.

Description of Issue

There is particular concern in the library science field to preserve paper based materials. The National

Library of Australia(2004) claims “one of the major crisis facing libraries throughout the world is the

rate of deterioration of their collections. Since library materials are composed primarily of organic

materials they are subject to natural deterioration...almost all of libraries' collections are impermanent”

(as cited in Olatokun, 2008, p.2 ). This brings to light and important fact . If no effective measures are

taken to preserve these rich materials, they will be lost forever. The significance of directly evaluating

the sources and staff are key to understanding the preservation needs in libraries. Baird, Krentz and

Schaffner (1997) point out that library evaluations are essential in determining a collections conditions

in order to create preservation plans (p.115). These ideas are the driving force behind the movement to

find a permanent solution to this long-standing problem.

Literature Review

Preservation problems of paper-based materials is a well-known issue in the profession. For

decades, studies have been performed to gain insight into this problem. Sobucki & Drewniewska-

Idziak(2003) claim the Stanford Method was created in the 1980s in order to assess the preservation

needs of library collections in various university libraries throughout the United States (para. 6). This

point is further emphasized by Starmer, McGough and Leverette (2005) who state “The 1970's saw the

publication of the first articles discussing condition surveys...”(p.92). Current research articles indicate

that preservation problems are still as current today as they were forty years ago.

As a result of unaddressed preservation needs, researchers reexamined previously studied or

neglected collections. For instance, Teper and Atkins' (2003) analysis is the result of an earlier survey

conducted on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's stacks. The original, 1989, results failed

to produce a preservation and conservation program (p.212). In order to encourage programming, Mead

and Baird (2003) performed an evaluation of the University of Kansas Law Library. They felt an

analysis would set a good example for other institutions, since many academic libraries do not perform

examinations on their law libraries (p. 69). Yet, these are just a few reasons for examination. Other

authors were driven to conduct research because of visible deterioration, the need to preserve cultural

materials or just general curiosity.

The articles collected for the bibliography are of quantitative and qualitative research. Libraries

and their materials were analyzed using questionnaires and collection surveys. Some were originals,

while others were adapted from previously successful studies by scholarly institutions or authors.

Additionally, staff and librarians were interviewed in person or by questionnaire. Research was

conducted by institutions, agencies or other authorities within the field. These methods gave a

comprehensive analysis of the factors causing paper deterioration in library materials.

As to be exhibited, there are a vast amount of physical damages to library materials. It is difficult

to go into detail about each aspect. However, a few key components can be discussed. For instance,

paper acidity was the most common reoccurring problem throughout the articles. Paper acidity is

caused by a variety of factors, both natural and man made. This commonly leads to embrittlement.

Brittleness can be attributed to acid residue from manufacturing (Mead & Baird, 2003, p.74) or the type

of paper items are printed on (Teper & Atkins, 2003,p. 221-222). When paper is brittle it typically

cannot withstand the double-fold process of testing and will break. This will usually determine if an

item needs conservation. (Mead & Baird, 2003, p.74).

Problems in storage space can lead to damage as well. For example, water damage, staining and

misshaping are all due to poor facilities or storage maintenance (Teper & Atkins, 2003). Additionally,

excessive UV light exposure, inadequate temperature controls and fluctuating RH levels can have

damaging effects (Starmer, McGough & Leverette, 2005). These items are just a few of the many

environmental problems that result in paper deterioration.

The topic of microorganisms was rarely mentioned within the articles, but it is a notable one.

Nwokedi and Nedosa (1999) found that yeast, bacteria and fungi cause color change, fading and

tenderness in paper. These problems are enhanced by certain temperatures and moisture. Microbes are

also toxic to users and staff if left untreated. Furthermore small amounts of spew and mold can cause

outbreaks that damage paper materials (Teper & Erekson, 2006, p.209). This type of research can help

get to the root of the problem before full-blown deterioration occurs. Therefore preventative research

may be useful for future preservation.

Preservation problems also fall into the hands of management and the institutions responsible

for the materials. Olatokun (2008) found that libraries have ineffective preservation practices, because

the staff is not properly trained. Furthermore,security and disaster management are commonly

overlooked in libraries. This has proven to be detrimental to library materials (Ngulube & Magazi,

2006). However, some situations are not preventable. Eden and Feather (1997) bring the issue of

funding to our attention. Due to lack of funds many institutions prioritize preservation and are unable to

conserve all damaged items. This also effects the type of training employees can receive. With a lack of

time and funds, employees cannot undergo courses to learn effective preservation methods(Driedger &

Mika, 2010). Ngulube(2005) found that preservation policies and storage standards were a problem in

developing countries. Without funding and educated staff, useful preservation policies will not be

developed. As a result, paper-based library materials will continue to suffer.

Conflicting the majority of the research is the original collections surveys performed at the

University of Kansas. The article indicates the authors' satisfaction with the collection's condition.

Indeed, the majority of the areas surveyed, such as binding, shelving, paper and leaf attachments were

in good condition (Baird, Krentz & Schaffner, 1997). This article would indicate that not all libraries

are suffering from insufficient preservation policies or rapidly deteriorating materials. Even so, it is

important that their materials are monitored.

It is a positive indication that extensive research is being conducted in this area. Yet, there is

more to be done. The authors themselves encourage further investigations. It helps strengthen their case

for better, more effective, preservation policies and practices. For instance Starmer, McGough and

Leverette (2005) state “we look forward to seeing more published results from similar surveys that will

give the special collections community a fuller picture...”(p.103). This idea can be applied to any area

in the library field. Furthermore, future investigations will examine problems that previous institutions

or authors failed to consider.

The main goal of most of the surveys, questionnaires and evaluations was to bring about better

preservation policies and practices. The authors provide valuable suggestions, based off of their

research to ensure that library materials are preserved for years to come. As stated by Mead and Baird

(2003) “Too often the valuable information gained from library assessments of all kinds is not put to

proper use to help improve the collections and services we offer” (p. 82). It would be valuable for their

institution, as well as others, to heed this advice.

Bibliography

Baird, B.J., Krentz, J. & Schaffner,B. (1997). Findings from the condition surveys conducted by the University of Kansas Libraries. College & Research Libraries, 58(2), 115-126

Search Strategy: This was one of the later found articles. I found itby footnote chasing the Schaffner & Baird article “Into the Dustbin of History? The Evaluation and Preservation of Slavic Materials”.

Database: N/A

Method of Searching: Footnote Chasing

Search String: Referenced in :Bradley, S.L. & Baird, B.J. (1999) Into the dustbin of history? The evaluation and preservation of Slavic materials. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 144-151

Abstract: A library task force at the University of Kansas performed two collection surveys. One on

materials returning from circulation and the other on volumes in the stacks collection. Both collections

were analyzed within seven libraries. For the circulation assessment ,495 samples were collected from

each library. A sample size of 350 general stacks volumes were analyzed in each library, for a total of

3,679 volumes. The goal of the evaluation is to provide the university preservation staff information on

the collections in order to obtain long-term preservation planning.

Annotation: Results indicate that items in both the circulation and stacks collections are in good

condition. Findings reveal items are shelved correctly in the stacks. Newer materials are being highly

circulated. In both collections, binding, paper and leaf attachments tested well. However, every 1 in 3

books in circulation showed signs of mutilation. The article also displays individual surveys and

results. The Chi-squared test results are provided to show comparisons of the two collections. All

authors are special librarians at the university. Since the article lacks information on law and medical

libraries ,as well as archives and special collections, it is overgeneralized to report all university

libraries are in good condition. It would be useful to perform an individual analysis of the university's

archival materials and special collections. In fact, a later survey performed at the University of Kansas

Law Library determined the library's materials had areas of neglect.

Driedger, K. & Mika, J.J. (2010) The preservation resource needs of Michigan's public libraries.Library & Archival Security, 23(2), 79-103

Search Strategy: I wanted to find information on damaged books,but I wasn't sure of what exact terms to use.I chose to search LISTA, since it provides access to periodical abstracts in the LIS field. It also permits the option to search thesaurus terms. Using selected terms, I was able to specify my results using the database's limiters and Boolean operators.

Database: LISTA, Library Information Science& TechnologyAbstracts (Hagerty Library)

Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary, Descriptors

Search String: The terms I chose were “Books-Conservation & restoration” OR “Books-mutilation, defacement, etc” OR “Bookbinding—Repairing” OR “Book-Deacidification” OR”Aging of materials(Library science)”. These items were preselected as descriptors. I searched the terms together. Once I received results, I was able to limit my search to Scholarly(Peer Reviewed) Journals between the years 1999-2010 in the publication date box.

Abstract: The authors sent a questionnaire to main public libraries in Michigan. A total of 115 libraries

participated in the survey. Questions are based off of the De Pew Florida study. The purpose of the

survey is to examine current preservation resources and preservation resource needs.

Annotation: Even with preservation resources, there are still significant needs. Repairs are commonly

performed with tape, plastic based adhesives and Elmer's glue. This indicates that much of the repairs

are being done without advanced training. Table results prove that in the last 10 years, 90 libraries did

not conduct collection surveys, 89 do not have written disaster plans and 86 had water damage to their

collections. Librarians claim their most serious problems are the collection conditions, space and

environment. Lack of funds and time are preventing staff from partaking in workshops to advance their

skills. This is the only survey that provided details on preservation problems in state public libraries.

The article displays specific questions asked and the responses from the libraries. Evaluations of branch

libraries would be useful to future preservation studies. Authors are from the Library of Michigan and

School of Library and Information Science at Wayne State University.

Eden, P. & Feather, J. (1997). Preservation policies and strategies in British archives and record offices:A survey. Journal of Society of Archivists, 18(1), 59-71

Search Strategy: This was one of my very first searches. I chose to perform the search in LISTA, since it provides access to an extensive amount of articles in the LS field. I chose to search a controlled vocabulary term from the thesaurus. Then I used selected limiters.

Database: LISTA, Library Information Science& TechnologyAbstracts (Hagerty Library)

Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary

Search String: In the basic search index I chose the controlled vocabulary term archival surveys. I then selected to have my results limited to full text, scholarly journals.

Abstract: This article provides the results of a year long survey and interview process titled National

Preservation Policy: Policies and Practices in Archives, Libraries and Record Offices. The research

was funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Center. Surveys were conducted in a total

of 235 record offices. Interviews were held with archivists, conservators and librarians from

associations throughout the United Kingdom. The goal of the survey is to assist in the development of a

future preservation strategy for the United Kingdom. In order to review the needs of preservation, such

a strategy is necessary.

Annotation: It was discovered that a majority of the offices and institutions did not have preservation

policies. Organizations who had such policies typically had other issues with budgets, backlogs, neglect

or insufficient cleaning staff. This area of the article was particularly informative. As a result of

financial constraints, items are prioritized based on value or importance. Additionally, there is little or

no training in the handling of archives for staff or users. This can cause serious damage to the

materials. The study highlights the needs of the associations and the problems that need to be addressed

to develop effective preservation strategies. Within the article there are questionnaire examples as some

direct quotes from interviewees. Their opinions bring valuable insight into the existing problems. The

authors are staff members at the university conducting the research. They have also published articles

before and are commonly cited throughout other research.

Mead, R.A. & Baird, B.J. (2003). Preservation concerns for law libraries: Results from the condition survey of the University of Kansas Law Library. Law Library Journal, 95(1), 70-86

Search Strategy: I chose to search basic, uncontrolled terms. I selectedLISA , because I had previous success with mysearch on problems in archives. It also provides abstractson library science literature. I wanted to try thesame database with different terms, and without the thesaurus. I selected a few key words and chose to searchall items as descriptors. .

Database: LISA, Library and Information Science Abstracts (Hagerty Library)

Method of Searching: Descriptors

Search String: I selected the advanced search tab. I then entered the terms preservation, libraries and university into three separate search fields. Selected the drop down for each and chose descriptor. I decided to limit my search to journal articles between the date range 2000-2010. Once I searched this statement, I then limited my results even further by selecting the tab for peer reviewed journals.

Abstract: A random condition survey was conduced at the University of Kansas Law Library to

determine the preservation needs of their collection. The findings were compared with other

preservation studies performed at various University of Kansas,KU, libraries and Georgetown

University Law Library. The evaluation was based off of a twenty question survey created by the

library preservation task force in the mid 90's. Items were categorized as journals/newsletters,

monographs, government documents, statues, session laws and reporters. The study evaluates the law

materials and individually assesses the library's specific needs. It is to be used as a reference for other

law libraries to determine preservation their own library's needs. The library would like to invoke a

preservation policy as a result of the study. Before this analysis, there had been few law library surveys

made available to the public.

Annotation: The findings revealed that roughly 10% of the collection needs immediate conservation.

This can be attributed to poor climate control in the library. Findings were similar at Georgetown's law

library. Though many of the conditions are similar between the libraries, there are significant concerns

for paper fragility and red rot. Volumes within the law library were two times more brittle and had four

times the amount of red rot in comparison with the other KU libraries. This is due to the materials

leather bindings. Fifty percent of the materials that have not yet deteriorated are on acidic paper and

will eventually brittle. The article points out the negligent preservation practices among law libraries. A

useful appendix is provided displaying all results from posed questions. It also details the comparisons

between the law library findings with other on campus libraries. Both authors are staff members at the

university. Additionally, Baird has previously published information on library assessments.

Ngulube, P. & Magazi, L. (2006) Protecting documents against disasters and theft: The challenge before the public libraries in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Library & Information Science, 72(3), 185-197

Search Strategy: I searched thesaurus terms in LISTA, since it providesperiodical abstracts on library science topics. I also refined my results after I entered my search statement. Upon reviewing the results, I recognized an author I knew produced scholarly, original information.

Database: LISTA, Library Information Science& TechnologyAbstracts (Hagerty)

Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary

Search String: I conducted my search in the advanced search mode. I selected the thesaurus term special libraries and used the Boolean operator AND. I then selected to search conservation OR preservation OR restoration in a separate field. I wanted full-text, scholarly records. I was able to refine my results in the box on the left side of the result screen. I selected the date range 2000-2010 by entering this information in the publication year range.

Abstract: A self-completed questionnaire was sent to and completed by 43 % of the public libraries in

KwaZulu- Natal, KZN, South Africa. That is roughly 70 libraries. The study was performed between

December 2005 and February 2006. Participating libraries were located in four different regions.

Evaluating disaster management and security practices was the purpose behind the experiment. Both

areas are important to the preservation of library materials. Prior to the survey, little research had been

done on such topics in South Africa.

Annotation: Results prove that KZN libraries are ill-prepared for disasters or theft. Majority of

libraries have suffered damage, either natural or man-made. There were significant acts of theft as well.

Damages were caused by building problems, such as roof leaks and flooding. Many libraries surveyed

were unaware of any type of security policy. Thirty-two libraries did not have experienced staff to deal

with disasters or recovery. There was no indication of contact between government localities and

library liaisons. This is crucial in developing disaster plans. This article differs from other annotations

on African libraries, due to its detailed analysis on disaster and theft problems. Useful information is

provided on previous library destruction due to natural and man-made disasters as well. Authors are

staff members of the School of Sociology and Social Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Ngulube is also a commonly cited author for African library studies.

Ngulube, P. (2005). Environmental monitoring and control at national archives and libraries in eastern and southern Africa. Libri, 55(2), 154-68

Search Strategy: I performed the search in LISA, since the database provides abstracts on library science articles. I used a set of controlled and uncontrolled terms. Additionally, I searched some of the words as descriptors and others as a title. I also chose to utilize the database's date, document type and peer-review limiters.

Database: LISA, Library and Information Science Abstracts(Hagerty Library)

Method of Searching: Title, Controlled Vocabulary

Search String: I selected the advanced search tab. I then entered archives into the first search box and chose to have it searched as a title. In the second box I entered preservation or conservation and selected the drop down term descriptors. I then limited my search to journal articles ranging from 2000-2010.Once the search results were produced, I chose the tab for peer-reviewed journals, to ensure I received scholarly materials.

Abstract: A survey was conducted in select national library and archive institutions in eastern and

southern Africa between July and August of 2004. A total of 11 national archive institutions(85%) and

9 national libraries(75%) participated in the survey. Questionnaires included evaluations on

preservation strategies, environmental control and monitoring of materials. The results of the survey

were alarming and troublesome. The goal of the evaluation is to bring awareness to Africa and other

developing nations on the problems causing deterioration of materials in national institutions. Prior to

this survey, there was limited information available on such problems in this region of Africa.

Annotation: Results of the survey showed significant problems within national archive and library

institutions in the region. There was a lack of climate control, storage standards and light readings

performed. Additionally there were no measures taken to test air quality within storage, nor were there

many preservation policies within the institutions. Furthermore there are insufficient funds to undertake

such measures of care. Even though the survey population is small, the information produced is

valuable to African institutions. Unique information is provided on temperature, RH, light and gaseous

contamination of archival storage and libraries. Questionnaire examples and responses are provided in

the article. Comparisons of activities in the archives and library institutions display useful information

as well. Ngulube has published multiple articles on preservation problems. His works have been cited

in later studies and has proven to be of quality research.

Nwokedi, V.C. & Nedosa, P.S.( 1999) Studies on microorganisms associated with the deterioration of some library materials in Jos, Nigeria. African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science, 9(1), 75-88

Search Strategy: I wanted to find information on library preservation problems in warmer climates. This was one of the last articles I found. At this point I knew that climateshad an effect on library materials. I chose to search the terms as keywords. I performed the search in LISA, since it provides scholarly information in the field of libraryscience.

Database: LISA, Library and Information Science Abstracts (Hagerty)

Method of Searching: Keywords

Search String: Within the advanced search engine, I entered the search terms preservation, library materials and tropical climate into individual search fields. I chose to search the items as key words. I then selected the date range 1998-2010, since I wanted to broaden my search further past this previous decade. I also selected the limitation for journal articles. Once I submitted this search statement, I

limited the results even further. I selected the peer review tab to search only scholarly items. There were three results from this search.

Abstract: This study examines microorganisms that are leading to the deterioration of library materials

in Jos, Nigeria. Researchers investigate environmental problems surrounding the materials that are

leading to growth of microbes. Additionally, types of anti-microbial plants are examined as

preventative antidotes. The study was performed over a one month period. Sample items include

textbooks, newspapers, manuscripts and thesis. The items were collected from the University of Jos

Library, National Library of Jos, Plateau State Library, Jos and the Jos Museum library. The research

and assessments were performed by the microbiology lab at the Veterinary Research Institute, Voma

and the Microbiology Research Lab of the Department of Botony, University of Jos. The examination

was performed in order to assist libraries in developing preservation techniques in this region.

Annotation: Samples of the selected materials were combined with three types of agar media. Items

were analyzed in various temperature and time increments. Researchers looked for presence of fungi,

yeast, bacteria and microorganisms during various points of sample analysis. Organisms were also

evaluated based on color, size, shape and texture. Through the experiment it was found that four forms

of bacteria and nine species of fungi developed. The temperature that caused the highest degree of

damaging microorganisms was 25 degrees Celsius. Out of the samples, manuscripts and newspapers

developed the most microbes. This is the only article that examines damaging microorganisms in detail.

It also discusses the damaging effects these organisms have on library staff and patrons. Nwokedi is the

head of the University of Jos Medical Library and is specialized in applied Microbiology. Nedosa is the

coordinator of the Subject Libraries Division at the University of Jos Library.

Olatokun, M.W. (2008). A survey of preservation and conservation practices and techniques in Nigerian university libraries. Libres, 18(2),1-18

Search Strategy: I chose to search the database Library Literature and Information Science Full Text. This database provides access to full-text articles in the library science field. I also had previous success with this database.

I then used controlled vocabulary terms and searchedthem as keywords. This gave me more specific resultsthan my general, basic terms.

Database: Library and Information Science Full-Text( Hagerty Library)

Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary & Keyword

Search String: I chose to search thesaurus terms for academic libraries and preservation. I selected the phrases college and university libraries and preservation of library materials. I then performed the search in the advanced search engine. I entered the phrases into separate search fields and searched them as keywords. I chose to search the items only as full-text and peer reviewed materials. I also limited the date to 2000-2010 to receive results within the last decade.

Abstract: A survey was conducted at fifteen university libraries in southern Nigeria that practice

conservation. Questionnaires were administered to the librarians at the universities. There was a 100

percent response rate from the participating institutions. Topics examined were conservation and

preservation practices, extent of deterioration in library materials and hindrances that effect

conservation and preservation practices. There had been little research on preservation of library

materials in Nigeria prior to the study. The surveyor's hope is to influence other institutions to examine

their own library's needs. The study will also help initiate preservation practices in Nigerian libraries.

Annotation: The study found that even though the libraries practice preservation, their methods were

ineffective. Data determined there is extensive deterioration of library materials. The most common

forms of degradation were book tearing, broken spines and mutilation. Highly acidic paper and poor

storage temperatures also caused damage to materials. The results indicate that dusting and cleaning

were the top forms of preservation, which is not enough. Findings revealed there is a lack of adequate

funding, substandard administration and harsh environmental conditions that are preventing effective

conservation practices. This article examines Nigerian university libraries exclusively. Research

methods are displayed, as well as the list the exact libraries surveyed and a blank sample of the of the

questionnaire. Though informative, the article is a bit vague in its meaning of “print materials”. Dr.

Olatokun is a staff member at the University of Botswana, Gaborone in the Department of Library and

Information Studies.

Schaffner, B.L. & Baird, B.J. (1999) Into the dustbin of history? The evaluation and preservation of Slavic materials. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 144-151

Search Strategy: This article was found unexpectedly. I wanted to search for dust problems in libraries within Eric.I chose Eric, since it covers the social sciences.The terms I entered produced a result with the terms in the title, not as keywords. Yet, there wereonly 7 results for this search statement. I chose to examine what was produced. Once viewing the article, I found it related to my bibliography topic.

Database: Eric (Dialog)

Method: Browsing, Uncontrolled Vocabulary

Search String: s dust? and s problem? and s librar?

Abstract: The article begins with a discussion of library preservation problems in Slavic countries.

The majority of the libraries materials are in poor condition. A survey was conducted at the University

of Kansas, KU, on their collection of Slavic materials. In North America there has been little data

produced on this problem. The purpose of the evaluation is to help other institutions have a better

understanding of their own Slavic materials need's. Research was performed using a modified version

of previously conducted survey method of KU libraries. The collection totals at 300,00 volumes. A total

of 379 Polish and 476 Russian/Soviet literary and historical books were sampled. The research

examines the problems leading to deterioration. Factors evaluated were binding, size of volume, leaf

attachment, cover material, quality of paper, text block and the books overall condition.

Annotation: The collection as a whole was good. However, there are problems that will lead to future

deterioration. Books tested poorly in the PH balance test. Furthermore, 95 % of the collection is printed

on acidic paper. Even though the materials were not yet brittle, they will quickly deteriorate in a matter

of twenty years. Russian bindings were also in relatively poor condition. Since most of the materials

are not severely damaged, they can be preserved before its too late. The authors suggest preservation

procedures begin immediately. Results prove certain regions, and their production methods, are factors

for deterioration in library materials. For this reason, it would have been useful to provide studies on

materials from more than two Slavic countries. Both authors have extensively published articles on

their research of library materials.

Sobucki, W. & Drewniewska-Idziak, B. (2003) Survey of the preservation status of the 19th and 20th century collections at the national library in Warsaw. Restaurator, 24(3), 189-201

Search Strategy: I performed the search in Library Lit & Info Sci Full- Text. This database gave good results before andprovides fairly recent full-text articles in the library field.I chose to search it in dialog, because I had several terms I wanted to try together. I had to limit my search statementmultiple times to find a good number to work with. Myfinal statement warranted 29 results.

Database: Library Literature & Information Science Full-Text(Dialog)

Method of Searching: Descriptors, Title

Search String: (s corporate or national or special and s librar? and s preservation or conservation)/de,ti

e dt=a , select articles py>1999 and py<2010. Combined all of the search statements.

Abstract: A study was performed at the University of Warsaw on books from the 19th and 20th century.

The items were evaluated using the Stanford Method, created by Stanford University. The title of the

project Acid Paper: Mass Scale Recovery of Threatened Polish Library & Archival Collections was

funded by the Polish government. The project began in 2000. To effectively evaluate the massive

collection of 6 million volumes, surveyors chose to analyze 384 full shelves at random. The purpose of

the study is to initiate deacidification & paper strengthening programs to the country of Poland.

Annotation: The survey found that the books in worst condition were between 1881-1940. This is due

to the acidic paper used to publish at the time. Results indicate that 90% of the books need

deacidification. Forty-eight percent of the collection contains paper with pulp. This is highly acidic and

causes the severe yellowing in pages. The survey concluded that 31% of the collection was in such

poor condition that items needed to be withdrawn from the shelves. Additionally 28.4 % of the

collection is in urgent need of restoration. This is the only article that discusses preservation problems

specifically within Poland. Authors are both staff members at the national Library in Warsaw.

Starmer, M.E., McGough, S.H., Leverette, A. (2005). Rare condition: Preservation assessment for rare book collections. RBM, 6 (2), 91-106

Search Strategy: I chose to use thesaurus terms in LISTA, since this method provided valuable results before. LISTA provides abstracts on useful articles in the library field. Date selection and other limitations proved to be effective.

Database: LISTA, Library Information Science& TechnologyAbstracts (Hagerty)

Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary

Search String: I searched the thesaurus term rare books with preservation, conservation and restoration. I used Boolean operators to connect the terms. Search Statement: rare books and preservation or conservation & restoration. Once I received results I then chose to limit the article year between 1999-2010. I also chose to search only scholarly materials. I was able to limit by results via the “Refine Results” box to the left of the search screen.

Abstract: The University of Tennessee conducted an environmental and physical assessment on their

special collections stacks. They focused on the rare books. The survey was adapted from other library

surveys conducted on campus. Evaluations were performed by the special collections staff,

preservation office and two graduate students from the information science department. The collection

consists of over 50,000 volumes, a majority from the 19th and 20th centuries. The final sample size

consisted of 663 volumes. The survey occurred between January and August of 2004. As a result of the

evaluation, the authors hope to see renovations performed on the building that houses the special

collections. Additionally their goal is to allocate funds for a conservation program.

Annotation: Findings reveal the collection's environment is detrimental. Books are consistently

subjected to high amounts of UV lighting, fluctuating humidity and high temperatures. As for physical

damages, red rot leather damage was the most common form of deterioration. Binding, torn

sheets,hinges text blocks and spines were also significant within the collection. A vast majority of the

books exhibited dust problems, though the accumulation was moderate. This can be attributed to poor

filtration. Other libraries can use their methods to evaluate their own special collections. This particle

provides a further examination into various environmental problems for special collections. A useful

appendix of survey charts and forms is provided. The library also houses manuscripts and university

archives. It would have been useful to see an evaluation on these items for comparative purposes.

Authors are staff members at the School of Information Sciences at the University of Tennessee,

Knoxville.

Teper, J.H. & Erekson, S.M. (2006) The condition of our hidden rare book collections: A conservation survey at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Library Resources & Technical Services, 50(3), 200-213 Search Strategy: I had success searching the similar terms in LISTA, but

wanted to search them in another database that permittedtruncation. I chose Library Literature & Information Science full-text since it provides access to libraryfull-text articles. The search warranted a good numberof results to work with.

Database: Library Literature & Information Science Full Text(Dialog)

Method of Searching: s book? and s damage?

Abstract: A study was performed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on their Rare

Book and Special Collections Library. The conservation unit took one year, beginning in February

2003, to evaluate nearly 4,000 randomly sampled items. The items were randomly selected out of a

collection of 20,000 uncatalogued materials from the 16th and 17th centuries. There were four categories

evaluated; text block, cover damage, damage to board cover and board attachment. Paper surveys were

performed by a selected team and transferred data into File Maker Pro. The goal of the survey is to

reduce handling of materials, aid future treatment projects and influence other libraries to evaluate

their own hidden book collections.

Annotation: Results prove immediate preservation is necessary in the majority of the collection.

Causes of significant damage include storage and poor handling. Some of the most significant

problems of degradation include, book binding, text block damage and enclosures. There are also

concerns for spew and mold outbreaks. As a result of such problems, conservation treatments ranging

from general cleaning to high-end treatments will be necessary. The article further examines the

preservation needs in the UIUC Rare Books and Special Collections library. Additionally, the

methodology used is helpful for evaluating backlogged or uncatalogued materials. This was the only

article that examined problems being caused by acidity in protective enclosures. Teper is the

conservation librarian at university and Erekson is the adult services librarian for the Chicago Public

Library's government publications department. Both have extensive knowledge and experience with

these problems.

Teper, T.H. & Atkins, S.S. (2003). Building preservation: The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's stacks assessment. College & Research Libraries, 64(3), 211-226

Search Strategy: I wanted to search the article “Deterioration Surveyof the Stanford University Libraries”. This was a reoccurring reference in many of the articles that I found. I chose to search the first author of the article as a cited reference in Dialog. The original authors were Buchanan and Coleman. It was published in 1987. I chose the Social Sci Search database, since it permits cited reference searches. This gave numerous results on recently published articles that cited this reference.

Database: Social Sci Search (Dialog)

Method of Searching: Author, Cited Reference

Search String: e cr= buchanan s, 1987

Abstract: The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign performed a stack assessment in 2002 .The

stacks collection contains the older, rarely used materials. It is the largest depository on campus,

consisting of almost 6 million volumes. The evaluation was a follow up to a survey performed in 1989.

The original survey method served as the guide for 2002. An assessment was performed on 13 decks

with a total of 390 items. Some materials were left out of the collection for specific reasons. The

evaluation was performed by trained student workers, the assistant circulation and the book stacks

librarian. The results display what thirteen years of preservation neglect has done to the stacks

collection. The goal of the evaluation is to obtain a long term preservation and conservation policy for

the collection. It also serves as an example for other academic libraries to perform evaluations on their

own special collections.

Annotation: Roughly 350,000 volumes had detached or missing boards. Additionally 936, 227

volumes were misshapen or scratched due to overcrowding and improper shelving. Findings indicate

the storage environment is causing water damage and staining. A high percentage of books are also

embrittled or acidic. This is related to the building's lack of air-conditioning, fluctuating temperatures

and inadequate humidity controls. Damages are also caused by poor handling and improper

preservation practices. Useful tables exhibiting assessments are displayed in the article. There is

possible bias, due to the fact that authors are entering research with knowledge of existing problems in

the library. Tone in the introduction of the article indicates frustration with the university's inability to

create a long-term preservation unit. Both authors are librarians at the university. Teper is the head of

preservation at the university and Atkins is the assistant circulation and book stacks librarian. Both

would have extensive knowledge of this problem.

Personal Statement

While searching for information for the annotated bibliography I discovered that broader terms

produced better results. Additionally, I found database thesaurus terms to be particularly helpful. They

provided words or phrases I wouldn’t have thought to use. Within the Hagerty databases, I usually

opted for the thesaurus terms over my originally selected words. When using dialog, I typically chose

my broader terms. Using descriptors and key words were also particularly useful in my searches.

There were many similarities across the Hagerty LIS databases. This is especially true in LISA

and Library Literature & Information Full-Text. Within the advanced search engines, a user can limit

based on document type, date range, scholarly journals and links to full-text. Additionally there are

drop downs that allow one to search their word as a keyword, descriptor, author etc. These are

incredibly useful in finding specific, scholarly research articles. LISTA, proved to be a bit different

from the other two databases discussed. Though it limited publication dates, document type and gave

full-text options, there was no option for drop down limitations. Rather there is an option to use

Boolean operations. I found this feature to be helpful when combining thesaurus terms. The results

produced in the LIS databases permit further limitations in the results screens, such as ranking by

relevance or source limitations. This was useful when I found too many results and wanted to limit my

search further.

ERIC was a bit complicated to navigate within Dialog. It was difficult to find appropriate terms

that warranted relevant research. This is likely due to the fact that ERIC does not specifically focus in

the library sciences. Social Science search in dialog was helpful when I was researching modern works

that cited a specific author. It produced concise, orderly results that were easy to select from.

In regard to the annotations and literature itself, I realized the difficulties in choosing a few

important facts from extensive articles. I found this problem in writing the literature review as well. In

some instances I was able to leave out information that was thoroughly discussed in another annotation.

Additionally, to find the articles for my bibliography I used the Hagerty databases more extensively

than dialog. This resulted in lengthy, tedious search strings in my annotations.

I certify that:

This paper/project/exam is entirely my own work.

I have not quoted the words of any other person from a printed source, online source, or a website without indicating what has been quoted and providing an appropriate citation.

I have not submitted this paper / project to satisfy the requirements of any other course.

Signature____Caitlin Hawe_________Date ______12/8/2010___