cs7is5 - content adaptation methods and techniques - the ... · content adaptation methods and...
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Definition of Adaptive Hypermedia
All hypertext and hypermedia systems which reflect some features of the user in the user model and apply this model to adapt various visible aspects of the system to the user.
Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
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What is an Adaptive Hypermedia Application?
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User Model
Repository
Rules & Hypermedia
Content Repository
Adaptive Application
Personalised Hypermedia Content User
interacts with
Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
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• Adapta&on techniques refers to methods of providing adaptaEon in exisEng AH systems
• Adapta&on methods are defined as generalizaEons of exisEng adaptaEon techniques
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Basic Forms of Adaptation
PresentaEon NavigaEon
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Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
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A Basic Hypertext
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Page
Fragment
NavigaE
on
Source: Brusilovsky, P. AdapEve Hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (2001) 11: pp87-‐110
Adaptation Techniques
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Methods of Content/Text Adaptation
• Typically trying to realise… • AddiEonal explanaEons • Prerequisite explanaEons • ComparaEve explanaEons • ExplanaEon variants • SorEng (of fragments by the relevance)
• Why do we do these? • MiEgate cogniEve overload • Ease user’s ability to assimilate new informaEon
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Cognitive Load Theory (1)
• Contents of long term memory are "sophisEcated structures that permit us to perceive, think, and solve problems," rather than a group of rote learned facts
• These structures are known as schemas
• The difference between an expert and a novice is that a novice hasn't acquired the schemas of an expert. Learning requires a change in the schemaEc structures of long term memory and is demonstrated by performance that progresses from clumsy, error-‐prone, slow and difficult to smooth and effortless.
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Source: Sweller, J., CogniEve load during problem solving: Effects on learning, CogniEve Science, 12, 257-‐285 (1988).
Cognitive Load Theory (2)
CogniEve load theory is concerned with techniques for reducing working memory load in order to facilitate the changes in long term memory associated with schema
acquisiEon.
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Source: Sweller, J., CogniEve load during problem solving: Effects on learning, CogniEve Science, 12, 257-‐285 (1988).
Adaptation Techniques
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (1)
• Condi&onal text, aka inser&ng/removing fragments
• All possible informaEon is divided into several chunks of texts, which is condiEonally (based on the user model) displayed
• Benefit: content does not take up screen real estate
• Weakness: user is not aware of what they are missing
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (2) • Dimming Fragments: similar to inserEng/removing fragments, but the opacity is adjusted instead
• Benefit: user is sEll aware that there is content • Weakness: sEll takes up screen real estate
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (3)
• Stretchtext • Replace the acEvated hotword extending the text of the current page
• Collapse the non-‐relevant stretchtext extension, uncollapse the relevant ones
• Benefits: best of dimming / inserEng-‐removing. OpEmising screen real estate.
• Weakness: user has to uncollapse hotwords to see what is there.
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (4) • Page variants techniques: two or more variants of the same page with different presentaEons of the same content
• Fragment variants: as above, but at the fragment level. Usually variants of explanaEons for each concept
• Benefit: opEmal use of screen real estate • Weakness: user does not have the ability to choose variant
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What’s missing?
• Content has been dealt with as very much textual
• What about mulEmedia content? • … and mulE-‐modality?
• What about interacEve services?
• What about the user interface?
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What we covered today
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Reading for next the lecture
• Brusilovsky, P. Adap&ve Hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (2001) 11: pp87-‐110
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