cs 1410 intro to computer tecnology computer hardware1
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CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology Computer Hardware3TRANSCRIPT
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 1
Computer Hardware
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 2
Basic Computer Architecture
• central processing unit (CPU)• memory unit• input devices• output devices
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 3
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 4
Central Processing Unit - CPU
• Microprocessor• arithmetic logic unit (ALU): performs
arithmetic and logic calculations.• control unit (CU): coordinates the actions of
the other components so that instructions (the program) are executed in sequence.
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 5
Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Arithmetic operations -- addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
• Logical operations -- AND, OR, and NOT• Comparison operations -- equal to, greater
than, less than, greater or equal to, less than or equal to, and not equal to
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 6
Control Unit
• Fetch an instruction -- retrieve an instruction or data from memory
• decoding the instruction -- translate the instruction into the commands the computer understand
• executing the instruction -- carry out the commands (by ALU)
• store the result -- write the result to memory
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 7
Registers
• Temporary storage• different types of registers, each with a
specific function– storing the memory location where from where
an instruction being fetched– storing an instruction while it is being decoded– storing data while the ALU processes it– storing the result of a calculation
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Computer Hardware 8
System Clock
• The CU controls the timing of all computer operations according to the system clock.
• The system clock generate regular electronic pulses or ticks (clock cycles)
• A CPU requires a fixed number of clock cycles to execute an instruction.
• Processor speed is determined by clock speed in MHz (megahertz).
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
Computer Hardware 9
Units
Kilo One thousand 1,000
Mega One million 1,000,000
Giga One billion 1,000,000,000
Tera One trillion 1,000,000,000,000
CS 1410 Intro to Computer Tecnology
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Data Representation
• In a computer data is represented by 1s and 0s (binary). A bit (binary digit) can be either 1 or 0. A byte is a group of 8 bits.
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Binary Numbers
• similar to the familiar decimal numbers • binary numbers use only the two symbols 1
and 0. Also, the position values are different from those of the decimal system
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Representing Symbol and text
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
• EBCDIC (Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
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ASCII Symbol EBCDIC 00110000 0 11110000 00110101 5 11110101 00111001 9 11111001 01000001 A 11000001 01001011 K 11010010 00100100 $ 01011011 00101011 + 01001110
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Buses
• Buses transfer bits from– input devices to memory– memory to CPU– CPU to memory– memory to output devices
• There are 2 types of buses – data bus -- transfer the actual data– address bus -- transfer information where the data
should go in memory
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Bus Size
• Bus width is determined by the number of bits that information can be transfer at one time.
• Power of 2 -- 8, 16, 32, 64• Use to compare CPUs
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CPU Clock Speed Bus width 8086 2 MHz 8 bits 80286 Up to 12 MHz 16 bits 80386 Up to 33 MHz 32 bits 80486 Up to 100 MHz 32 bits Pentium II 233 MHz and up 64 bits Pentium III 400 MHz and up 64 bits
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Memory
• ROM - Read Only Memory• RAM - Random Access Memory• Addressing Data
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RAM
• There are 3 basic types of memory used in PCs– dynamic RAM– static RAM– video RAM– CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor) RAM -- store system setup information
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Dynamic RAM
Main memory or RAM is where programs and data are kept when a program is running
– must be refreshed every 2 ms or it loses its contents
– FPM RAM (Fast Page Mode RAM) -- 30 MHz– EDO RAM (enhanced data-out RAM) -- 66 MHz– BEDO RAM (burst enhanced data-out RAM)– SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) -- 100
MHz
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Static RAM
RAM chip primary for special high-speed memory called level-2 cache memory
– SRAM (static RAM) -- • faster and more expensive than DRAM• speeds between 8 and 12 ns• synchronous or asynchronous• does not require a refresh operation
– PBSRAM (pipeline burst SRAM) --• collect and send multiple request for memory as a
single pipelined request
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Computer Hardware 21
Video RAMStores data that appears on a video display, there
are 3 types– VRAM (video RAM) --
• store color pixels• dual-ported -- one port to refresh the display while the
other port writes data to the display– WRAM (windows RAM) --
• optimized for video graphics– SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM) --
• two video memory pages can be opened at the time - 3D graphics
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ROM
– Read-Only Memory– The data stored in ROM is permanent, cannot
modified.– PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)– Flash memory -- used is cellular phones, digital
cameras, notebook computers
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Cache
• High speed memory• Two types:
– Level 1 -- internal cache– Level 2 -- external cache
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Data Storage
• Floppy drive• Hard drive
– IDE -- Integrated Device Electronic– Ultra ATA -- Advanced Technology
Attachment• Removable drive
– Zip drive
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Data Storage
• CD ROM drive (Compact Disc drive)– up to 650 Mb
• DVD-ROM drive (Digital Video Disc drive)– up to 17 Gb
• Tape drive