crystallography and minerals arranged by crystal form

Crystallography and Minerals Arranged by Crystal FormAmorphousIsometricTetragonalOrthorhombicHexagonalTrigonalMonoclinicTriclinic

Crystal Groups and Classes - Crystallography groups are composed of 32 classes of symmetry derived from observations of the external crystal form. From these 32 classes, 230 space groups (see Crystallography 101) are distinguishable using x-ray analysis. For additional information on crystal systems, please review an excellent on-line treatment of this subject, the Introduction to Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems by Mike and Darcy Howard.Example Crystal Morphology - To further illustrate these symmetry elements, the example crystalline forms for each symmetry class were constructed using Faces (version 3.7) by Georges Favreau for older browsers and a JAVA language program called JCrystal by Steffen Weber for the java-capable browsers. In addition, Steffen Weber has a new version of JCrystal called KrystalShaper that can produce paper models of the example crystals. The paper models for each crystal class have been reproduced in .pdf format (see below) and can be printed on heavy card stock to construct a physical model. Please note: the paper model forms may be simplified from the JCrystal forms to avoid overly-complicated cutting.The example crystals in each group and class were constructedusing the following parameters: Crystallographic axes: a=1, b=1, c=1. Forms: [214], [104], [024], [100], [010] (Color coded in all example crystals).This morphology was used in all the crystal groups and classes for drawing the examples and the stereo images. The higher order forms were selected to best illustrate some of the subtle differences in the symmetry classes. Remember, most real crystals will probably not have similar forms when compared to the examples.Table Crystallography (Mason 68, p18) - The thirty-two crystal classes are summarized by symmetry elements in the following table which is linked to:1. Example crystal images within the crystallography group in the yellow columns.2. Stereo crystal images/java example and mineral listings of each group and class in the green columns.3. JAVA crystal examples on the individual crystal classes for detailed study. Please note that the rotational inversion axes of 3,(3BAR) 4 (4BAR), and 6 (6BAR) may not be visible to older browsers which don't use cascading style sheets (.css).System (1)Class Name (2)AXESPlanesCenterHermann-Maugin Symbols (3)

2-Fold3-Fold4-Fold6-Fold

IsometricTetartoidal34----23

Diploidal34--3yes2/m 3

Hextetrahedral34--6-4 3m

Gyroidal643---432

Hexoctahedral643-9yes4/m 3 2/m

TetragonalDisphenoidal1-----4

Pyramidal--1---4

Dipyramidal--1-1yes4/m

Scalenohedral3---2-4 2m

Ditetragonal pyramidal----4-4mm

Trapezohedral4-1---422

Ditetragonal-Dipyramidal4-1-5yes4/m 2/m 2/m

OrthorhombicPyramidal1---2-mm2

Disphenoidal3-----222

Dipyramidal3---3yes2/m 2/m 2/m

HexagonalTrigonal Dipyramidal-1--1-6

Pyramidal---1--6

Dipyramidal---11yes6/m

Ditrigonal Dipyramidal31--4-6m2

Dihexagonal Pyramidal---16-6mm

Trapezohedral6--1--622

Dihexagonal Dipyramidal6--17yes6/m 2/m 2/m

TrigonalPyramidal-1----3

Rhombohedral-1---yes3

Ditrigonal Pyramidal-1--3-3m

Trapezohedral31----32

Hexagonal Scalenohedral31--3yes3 2/m

MonoclinicDomatic----1-m

Sphenoidal1-----2

Prismatic1---1yes2/m

TriclinicPedial------1

Pinacoidal-----yes1

ISOMETRIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Cubic (Isometric) System Isometric (Cubic) Crystal Classes

Crystal AxesExample FormJava Example Forms and Links to Mineral ListingsPaper Models

IsometricCrystallographicAxesIsometric Minerals Crystal Form Example[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing

Isometric Diploidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2/m 3)Top of FormBottom of Form

IsometricGyroidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4 3 2)Top of FormBottom of Form

IsometricHexoctahedral Mineral Listing H-M Symbol (4/m 3 2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

IsometricHextetrahedral Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4 3m)Top of FormBottom of Form

IsometricTetartoidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2 3)Top of FormBottom of Form

TETRAGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Tetragonal System Tetragonal Crystal Classes


TetragonalCrystallographicAxesTetragonal Mineral Crystal Form Example[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing

TetragonalDipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

TetragonalDisphenoidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4)Top of FormBottom of Form

Tetragonal Ditetragonal Dipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4/m 2/m 2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

TetragonalPyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4)Top of FormBottom of Form

TetragonalDitetragonal-pyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4mm)Top of FormBottom of Form

Tetragonal Scalenohedral Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (4 2m)Top of FormBottom of Form

TetragonalTrapezohedral MineralH-M Symbol (4 2 2)Top of FormBottom of Form

ORTHORHOMBIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Orthorhombic SystemOrthorhombic Crystal Classes


OrthorhobicCrystallographicAxesOrthorhombic Minerals Crystal Form Example[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

OrthorhombicDipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2/m 2/m 2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

OrthorhombicDisphenoidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2 2 2)Top of FormBottom of Form

OrthorhombicPyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (mm2)Top of FormBottom of Form

HEXAGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Hexagonal System (Hexagonal Division)Hexagonal Crystal Classes


HexagonalCrystallographicAxesHexagonal Minerals Crystal Form Example.[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

HexagonalDihexagonal Dipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6/m 2/m 2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

HexagonalDihexagonal Pyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6mm)Top of FormBottom of Form

HexagonalDipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

HexagonalDitrigonal Dipyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6 m2)Top of FormBottom of Form

HexagonalPyramidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6)Top of FormBottom of Form

HexagonalTrapezohedral Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (6 2 2)Top of FormBottom of Form

Hexagonal Trigonal Dipyramidal MineralH-M Symbol (6)Top of FormBottom of Form

TRIGONAL - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Hexagonal System (Trigonal Division)Trigonal Crystal Classes


TrigonalCrystallographicAxesTrigonal Minerals Crystal Form Example.[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

TrigonalDitrigonal Pyramidal Mineral Listing and Stereo image.H-M Symbol (3m)Top of FormBottom of Form

TrigonalHexagonal Scalenohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.H-M Symbol (3 2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

TrigonalPyramidal Mineral Listing and Stereo image.H-M Symbol (3)Top of FormBottom of Form

TrigonalRhombohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.H-M Symbol ( 3)Top of FormBottom of Form

Trigonal Trapezohedral Mineral Listing and Stereo image.H-M Symbol (3 2)Top of FormBottom of Form

MONOCLINIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Monoclinic System Monoclinic Crystal Classes


MonoclinicCrystallographicAxes90Monoclinic Minerals Crystal Form Example.[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

MonoclinicDomatic Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (m)Top of FormBottom of Form

MonoclinicPrismatic Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2/m)Top of FormBottom of Form

MonoclinicSphenoidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (2)Top of FormBottom of Form

TRICLINIC - Mike and Darcy Howard's Details on The Triclinic SystemTriclinic Crystal Classes


TriclinicCrystallographicAxes,,90Triclinic Minerals Crystal Form Example.[214], [104], [024], [100], [010]Class Unknown Mineral Listing.

TriclinicPedial Mineral ListingH-M Symbol (1)Top of FormBottom of Form

TriclinicPinacoidal Mineral ListingH-M Symbol ( 1)Top of FormBottom of Form

crystallography and minerals arranged by crystal form

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