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CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA ANKUR VASHISHTHA

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Page 1: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

ISOSPORACYCLOSPORA

MICROSPORIDIA

ANKUR VASHISHTHA

Page 2: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

Lesson Plan

Introduction

Morphology

Life cycle

Clinical features

Lab diagnosis

Treatment

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Introduction

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Class : Sporozoa

Subclass : Coccidea

Order : Eimeriida

Genus : Isospora

Cyclospora

Cryptosporidium

Sarcocysti

Toxoplasma

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Cryptosporidium parvum causes cryptosporidiosis.

Amongst several species of cryptosporidium only C. parvum infects human.

Cryptosporidium parvum is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts.

Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported

from man particularly patient with AIDS disease.

The organisms can infect both adult and children .

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Cyclospora Cayetanensis produces prolonged diarrhoea in

human.

In recent years, human cyclosporiasis has emerged as an

important infection.

All are transmitted by faecal oral route.

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Morphology of oocyst

Size: 1.5-5μm in diameter

Morphology: round, oval

They are mainly located in the jejunum of the host.

The infective form of parasite is oocyst exist in two forms-

Cryptosporidium parvum

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Z-N staining Wet mount

Page 8: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

Morphology of oocyst

22µm long and 15µm wide.

Mature oocyst contains 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

each; usual diagnostic stage in feces is immature Oocyst

containing spherical mass of protoplasm.

They mainly located in small intestine(lower part of ileum)

of host.

Isospora belli

Page 9: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

The oocyst of isospora belli is surrounded by a cyst-wall

having two layers.

Page 10: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

Wet mount of isospora belliZ-N Staining

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Morphology of oocyst

C.cayetanensis are nonrefractile, spherical to oval, slightly

wrinkled bodies

Size of oocysts that are between 8 -10 micrometers in

diameter.

Oocyst contains 2 sporocysts, each containing 2 sporozoites.

Sporozoites are semilunar in shape & 9µm by 1.2µm in size

They are located within epithelial cells of gastrointestinal

tract of host.

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Page 12: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

Wet mount of C.cayetanensis

Z-N Staining

Page 13: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

LIFE CYCLE OF

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

Page 14: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with
Page 15: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

LIFE CYCLE OF ISOSPORA

BELLI

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Page 17: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

clinical feature lab diagnosis Treatment

Cryptosporadium

parvum

Incubation period one week

Gastrointestinal infection (acute watery

diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and

abdominal pain).

Extra- intestinal infection of respiratory tract

(respiratory cryptosporidiosis), cholecystitis and

hepatitis have been reported in severely

immunocompromised patient.

Specimen- Stool, Sputum

Wet mount

Modified Z-N staining

Serology:-

IFA and ELISA test have been

developed for detection of

serum antibody to oocyst

antigen but are not used

routinely.

Spiramycin,

Azithromycin,

Paromycin and

Nitazoxanide.

Isospora belli Incubation period is 7to 11 days.

Mild, self-limited diarrhoea. May be produce

severe inection in AIDS patients.

Several deaths have been reported in case of

isosporiasis in AIDS patient.

Watery diarrhoea without blood, abdominal

cramps, fever, malaise and weight loss.

Direct microscopy : Wet

mount

.Normal saline mount

Modified Z-N staining

co-trimoxazole.

Cyclospora

cayetanensis

Incubation period is around one week.

Man acquires infection by ingestion of food and

water contaminated with faeces containing

oocysts.

It causeswatery diarrhoea, fever, fatigue,

abdominal cramps and its associated with poor

sanitation.

Direct microscopy : Wet

mount

.Normal saline mount

Modified Z-N staining

Co-trimoxazole

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MICROSPORIDIA

Microsporidia belong to

Phylum – Microspora

Order – Microsporida

They are obligate intracellular parasites

Eight genera have been reported to cause disease in human.

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• Spores are all oval or

cylendrical in shape &

measure 0.5-4 µm size

thick double layered wall.

• Within the cytoplasm

spore posseses a coiled

polar tube.

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Microsporidia causing human diseaseGenus Species Main sites of infection

Enterocytozoon bieneusi Small intestine epithelium, bile duct

epithelium and rarely nasal polyps and

bronchial epithelium

encephalitozoon Hellem

intestinallis

Corneal and conjuntival epithelial, nasal

polyps, kidney, tracheobronchial tree epithelia

of the gut from small intestine to colon,

macrophase in the lamina propria,eyes and

gall bladder

Trachipleistophora Cuniculi

Hominis

anthropophthera

Liver, peritoneum, kidney, intestine, eyes

Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, corneal

epithelium, kidney, nasopharynx Brain,

kidney, heart, pancreas, thyroid, parathroid,

liver, spleen, bone marrow

Pleistophora spp. Skeletal muscle

Brachiola Vesicularum

Conori (synonym

Nosemaconori)

Smooth and cardiac muscle, kidney, liver,

lungs, adrenal cortex

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Vittaforma Corneae (synonym nosema corneum)

Corneal stroma of the eye

Nosema ocularum Corneal stroma of the eye

Microsporidium Cewylonensisafricanum

Corneal stroma of the eyeCorneal stroma of the eye

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Life cycle has not fully worked out

They have two stages of development inside a host’s cell

1. Schizogony

2. Sporogony

LIFE CYCLE

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Transmission:

• Human-to-human

• Animal-to-human

• Water transmission

• Inhalation or ingestion

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Microsporidia can cause persistent diarrhoea

with wasting.

Keratoconjunctivitis

Myositis

Clinical features

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Laboratory diagnosis

Sample collection:- three consecutive specimens of stool be

examined.

Processing :-

Direct microscopy :1 Wet mount

2 . Enterotest method can be

detected by staining

. Modified trichrome stain

. Giemsa or fluorescent dyes

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Indirect immunofluorescence antibody stains using

polyclonal antisera.

Culture of microsporidia: spore can be cultured in cell

lines.

Microsporidian DNA can be amplified by PCR.

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Small-intestinal biopsy :

Tiny intracytoplasmic spores are best demonstrated

using:

1. Brown-brenn

Page 28: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ISOSPORA CYCLOSPORA MICROSPORIDIA · Life cycle Clinical features ... Isospora belli, a parasite causing isosporiasis is reported from man particularly patient with

TREATMENT

Albendazole- Gastro, muscle, disseminated and

ocular infections.

Metronidazole- E. bieneusi and others.

Fumagillin- Keratoconjunctivitis and ocular

lesions

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THANK YOU