crusades, reconquista, and mongol invasions carl w. ernst reli 180, introduction to islamic...
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Crusades, Reconquista, and Mongol invasions
Carl W. Ernst
Reli 180, Introduction to Islamic Civilization
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Last time: Internal fractures of the post-caliphate world
1. Buyid Sultanate
2. Turks, especially Saljuqs
3. Fatimid Empire
4. Western Mediterranean: Almoravid Berber empire
2
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External attacks on Muslim-ruled realms, 1100-1260
Crusader invasions by Frankish forces
Conquest of much of Andalus by armies of the Christian rulers of Northern Spain
Mongol (“pagan”) invasions throughout Nile-to-Oxus region (halted by Turkish armies in Egypt and India)
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4 major Crusades, 2 sequels
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First Crusade, 1096-1099
Only successful Crusade
Not requested by Eastern Christians; Alexius in 1095 asked Pope for soldiers
Mixed motives of “armed pilgrimage”
Hostility of Franks towards Byzantines
Fatimids offer alliance to Crusaders
1099 – Jerusalem captured, massacre
What is the role of religion here?
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2nd and 3rd Crusades
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Opponents of the crusaders
Zengis in Syria and Iraq capture Edessa
2nd Crusade (1147-49) fails to take Damascus
Weakened Fatimids play off Franks against Zengis, who conquer Egypt
Salah al-Din (Saladin, a Kurd) ends Fatimid rule
3rd Crusade (1189-1193) disappointing; Salah al-Din more admired than Richard
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Ironies of CrusadesNo efforts at understanding
No unified “Muslim” resistance
4th Crusade sacks Constantinople 1204, permanent division between Latin and Orthodox Christians
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Cecil B. DeMille’s “The Crusades”
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Loss of Andalus (“reconquista” after the fact)
Berber empire of Almoravids
Almoravids (from al-Murabit, “related to the fortified sanctuary”): religious inspiration
Adopted Maliki school of law
Veiling issues with Berbers
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2nd Berber empire: Almohads
Almohads (al-Muwahhidun, “Unitarians”), new movement rejecting previous Berber customs as pagan
Ibn Tumart on figurative interpretation of divine attributes; claims to be Mahdi
These claims rejected by caliph al-Ma’mun in 1230: Jesus as Mahdi
Pope declares crusade vs. Spain
Andalusian Muslims under Christian rule
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El Cid
•“Al-Sayyid “Spanish•Realistic epic in comparison with “Song of Roland”
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Royal style
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Chivalry without borders(lecture tonight at 6 pm)
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The Alcazar of Pedro the Cruel(1351)
Seville
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Gateway of Pedro (detail)
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Patio del Yeso
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The motto of Granada:“There is no victor but God”
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Christian arabesque
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Arabic inscriptions for Sultan Don Pedro (1)
“Glory to our master, Sultan Don Pedro, may he be exalted!”
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Arabic inscriptions for Sultan Don Pedro (2)
“Glory to our master, Sultan Don Pedro! May God aid and defend him!”
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Toledo Synagogue interior
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“Party Kings” (reyes al-taifas)
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Collapse of Great Saljuqs
Brief revival of Abbasid caliphate
Khwarazm-Shah aims at empire
Isma`ili Imam at Alamut declares Resurrection (1164); successor becomes a Sunni
Mongols avenge an insult by invading (1219)
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Chinggis Khan
• descendants in Iran – “Il-Khans” – become Muslims
• Destruction of caliphate, Assassins
• Artisans preserved