Critical Human Factors in a Critical Human Factors in a Manned Martian Mission…Manned Martian Mission…

(draft outline)(draft outline)

UND Space StudiesUND Space StudiesV. Y. Rygalov, Ph.D., Math & Physical Sciences, BiophysicsV. Y. Rygalov, Ph.D., Math & Physical Sciences, Biophysics

Associate Professor, ED & HFAssociate Professor, ED & HF

The Space ShowThe Space Show29 September, 201129 September, 2011

Agenda OutlineAgenda Outline Earth vs. Space EnvironmentsEarth vs. Space Environments Life Support in Space Life Support in Space

PLSSPLSS Physiological & Medical AspectsPhysiological & Medical Aspects Individual & Group Psychology…Individual & Group Psychology…

Mission ProfilesMission Profiles Mission StrategyMission Strategy

The Split-Mission ApproachThe Split-Mission Approach ISRU & Hybrid LSISRU & Hybrid LS

Motivation for Martian Mission…Motivation for Martian Mission…

Earth ‘Biosphere’Earth ‘Biosphere’

Gravity fields (g Gravity fields (g 9.81 m/s 9.81 m/s22)) Magnetosphere Magnetosphere Atmosphere (NAtmosphere (N22~78%; O~78%; O22~21%; CO~21%; CO22; O; O+3+3, etc.), etc.)

Pressure (101.1kPa=1atm, at sea level)Pressure (101.1kPa=1atm, at sea level) Illumination (1387W/mIllumination (1387W/m22; day/night cycle); day/night cycle) Surface temperatures: ~ -80Surface temperatures: ~ -80OOC to +60C to +60OOC… local variations…C… local variations… Seasonal climate changes… geographical variations…Seasonal climate changes… geographical variations… Day/night temperature variations are rarely Day/night temperature variations are rarely 10 10 1515OOCC Global material circulation and gradients:Global material circulation and gradients:

water, Owater, O22/CO/CO22, tectonic/sedimentation (minerals), tectonic/sedimentation (minerals)

Earth ‘Biosphere’Earth ‘Biosphere’ Global material circulation and gradients:Global material circulation and gradients:

water, Owater, O22/CO/CO22, tectonic/sedimentation (minerals), tectonic/sedimentation (minerals) Human populations are distributed in the zones Human populations are distributed in the zones

with high material & energy gradients (not circulation!)with high material & energy gradients (not circulation!) To minimize energy for food collection & environmental controlTo minimize energy for food collection & environmental control

Populations are tied up to the sources of energyPopulations are tied up to the sources of energyfor environmental controlfor environmental control

Ecological processes (food pyramids…)Ecological processes (food pyramids…) We are not at the top of food pyramids naturallyWe are not at the top of food pyramids naturally By variations of local environments we can get to the top… By variations of local environments we can get to the top…

Social environments…Social environments…

Social environments are sequence of continuous Social environments are sequence of continuous efforts to survive in ‘hostile environment’ of Earth efforts to survive in ‘hostile environment’ of Earth

Human Physiology…Human Physiology… ‘‘Respiratory Machines…’ (ORespiratory Machines…’ (O22/CO/CO22…)…)

Bio – Chemical reactorsBio – Chemical reactors CVS +… + Homeostasis (adaptation to environment) CVS +… + Homeostasis (adaptation to environment)

Operational ElementsOperational ElementsSkeletonSkeletonMusclesMuscles

Control Systems Control Systems CNS (environment monitoring & orientation)CNS (environment monitoring & orientation)Perception & Cognition Perception & Cognition

Technological Interfaces (survival & comfort)Technological Interfaces (survival & comfort)Industry/Machines & Tools… balance environment…Industry/Machines & Tools… balance environment…

Environments on the way to Mars…Environments on the way to Mars… Earth surface Earth surface (No problem… (No problem… practically…practically…))

Risk to human life… Risk to human life… Minimal…Minimal… Extraterrestrial bodiesExtraterrestrial bodies (Mars) (Mars)

Risk… Risk… Low & depends on hardware (technologies)…Low & depends on hardware (technologies)… In-Space EnvironmentsIn-Space Environments

Open Space: Risk… Open Space: Risk… Intermediate Intermediate Space Capsule: Risk… Space Capsule: Risk… Intermediate Intermediate -- Low…Low…

Active Space Environments (Transitional…) Active Space Environments (Transitional…) Surface of Earth to near Earth…Surface of Earth to near Earth… Surface of Mars to near MarsSurface of Mars to near Mars Risk… Risk… High… High… Technologies work at the limits…Technologies work at the limits…

Open (interplanetary…) space environmentOpen (interplanetary…) space environment 0 – g & G - Forces0 – g & G - Forces Radiation (ionizing, UV, solar flares…)Radiation (ionizing, UV, solar flares…) Thermal variationsThermal variations Debris (asteroids, meteoroids, man-made)Debris (asteroids, meteoroids, man-made) VacuumVacuum

No air… No air… Lack of water… No ecology (food?...)Lack of water… No ecology (food?...)

Physiology alterations (SAS… Physiology alterations (SAS… 0 - g) 0 - g) Medical issuesMedical issues Material degradations (OMaterial degradations (O--, radiation…), radiation…)

Durations… Technological Instabilities…Durations… Technological Instabilities…

Planetary Environment (Mars):Planetary Environment (Mars):• 3.73 m*s3.73 m*s-2-2 = 38% of Earth gravity = 38% of Earth gravity • E/magnetic radiation (light) ~ 615E/magnetic radiation (light) ~ 615718W/m718W/m22

• Pressure ~ 0.7kPa (wind 60-80 m/s)Pressure ~ 0.7kPa (wind 60-80 m/s)• Dust- and thunder-stormsDust- and thunder-storms• Temperature ~ 130K to 300KTemperature ~ 130K to 300K• UV radiation ~ 10 W/mUV radiation ~ 10 W/m22

• Estimated Dose Equivalent during Martian Estimated Dose Equivalent during Martian mission: mission: Earth Earth Mars ~ 0.32 Sv Mars ~ 0.32 Sv 30 days on Mars ~ 0.023 Sv 30 days on Mars ~ 0.023 Sv Mars Mars Earth ~ 0.35 Sv Earth ~ 0.35 Sv Van Allen Belts Van Allen Belts < 0.04 Sv< 0.04 Sv Total: 0.742 Sv compare to 0.0034 Sv on Earth (same time)Total: 0.742 Sv compare to 0.0034 Sv on Earth (same time)• Magnetic field can not protect outer MartianMagnetic field can not protect outer Martian atmosphere from GCR and SCR (SPE) atmosphere from GCR and SCR (SPE)

Life Support in Space…Life Support in Space… PLSSPLSS OO22 supply and CO supply and CO22 removal removal

WaterWater FoodFood

Environmental parameters controlEnvironmental parameters control Wastes processing (re-cycling) Wastes processing (re-cycling) Countermeasures to prevent SAS…Countermeasures to prevent SAS… Psychology of long-term confinementPsychology of long-term confinement ‘‘Habitability’ ConceptHabitability’ Concept

Hygienic & Medical issues…Hygienic & Medical issues… Duration Duration

Human Primary Life Support Requirements:

Inputs

Daily (% total Req. mass)

Oxygen 0.83 kg 2.7%Food 0.62 kg 2.0%Water 3.56 kg 11.4% (drink and food prep.)

Water 26.0 kg 83.9% (hygiene, flush laundry, dishes)

TOTAL 31.0 kg

Outputs

Daily (% total mass)

Carbon 1.00 kg 3.2% dioxideMetabolic 0.11 kg 0.35% solidsWater 29.95 kg 96.5% (metabolic / urine 12.3%) (hygiene / flush 24.7%) (laundry / dish 55.7%) (latent 3.6%)

TOTAL 31.0 kg

Source: NASA SPP 30262 Space Station ECLSS Architectural Control DocumentFood assumed to be dry except for chemically-bound water.

LS FunctionLS Function Life Support ApproachesLife Support Approaches

CommentsCommentsSupplySupply Physical/Physical/

ChemicalChemical

Bio/Bio/

RegenerativeRegenerative

AirAir ++ ++ ++ Critical variableCritical variable

WaterWater ++ ++ ++ Critical variableCritical variable

FoodFood ++ - ???- ??? ++ Critical variableCritical variable

PsychologyPsychology -, ?-, ? -, ?-, ? ++ Required for long/term Required for long/term missionmission

AutonomyAutonomy -,-,++ ?? -,-,++ ? ? ++ Required for long/term Required for long/term missionmission

ReliabilityReliability Technical/Technical/EngineeringEngineering

Technical/Technical/EngineeringEngineering

Technical/Technical/Engineering + Engineering + Bio(eco)logicalBio(eco)logical

Required for all missionsRequired for all missions(Methods of estimates?)(Methods of estimates?)

CommentsComments LSS is not LSS is not heavy;heavy;short short distancesdistances

LSS is heavier; LSS is heavier; mission mission duration is duration is longerlonger

LSS is heavy; LSS is heavy; long/termlong/termspace missionsspace missions

CELSS: Plants for Human Life Support…CELSS: Plants for Human Life Support…

food (CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O

Clean Water Waste Water

HUMANS Metabolic

Energy

food

(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O

Clean Water Waste Water

PLANTS

Light

Some Findings from NASA Testing Some Findings from NASA Testing

Closed System Studies: Closed System Studies:

How Dr Rygalov thought it should work?...How Dr Rygalov thought it should work?...

What the LPG design became…finallyWhat the LPG design became…finally

Send to Mars???Send to Mars???

More ideas for GreenhousesMore ideas for Greenhouses

More GreenhousesMore Greenhouses

Copyright Sadler Machine Company 99

Lessons learned (ground tests) ESM analysis shows

Bio-regenerative LS becomes competitive for P/C only with mission durations longer than 1.98 – 2.73 years = 723 – 997 days (reduced gravity is included)

Bio-regenerative LSS are inherently unstable ‘Error’ accumulations happen in ~ 180 days

Spare parts & buffer materials storage LSS environment changes Materials leaching, deposits and dead-locks

Algorithm of Stability Control ?... Technology? Mission autonomy has to be up to the mission duration…

Role of Bioregenerative Components Role of Bioregenerative Components for Future Missionsfor Future Missions

Short Durations Longer Durations Autonomous(early missions) Colonies

Bioregenerative

Stowage and Physico-Chemical

~1-5 m 2 total ~10-25 m 2 / person ~50 m 2 / person

Plant Growing Area

Constraints for Crop Production on Mars:Constraints for Crop Production on Mars:(“Economics” of Life Support)(“Economics” of Life Support)

Energy RequirementsEnergy Requirements System MassSystem Mass System VolumeSystem Volume Crew TimeCrew Time System Reliability…System Reliability… ISRU technologies ?...ISRU technologies ?...

CES have never been tested in spaceCES have never been tested in space

These Apply for All Life Support Technologies

For Plants, Lighting Dominates These Costs !

Physiological dynamics in spacePhysiological dynamics in space SMS (few days syndrome) SMS (few days syndrome) Body liquids re-distributionBody liquids re-distribution Cardio – Vascular de-conditioningCardio – Vascular de-conditioning Muscles & Bones structural integrity lossesMuscles & Bones structural integrity losses Blood componentsBlood components

RBC ~ Space Anemia…RBC ~ Space Anemia… WBC ~ dynamics are not clearWBC ~ dynamics are not clear

Immune System (IS) alterations Immune System (IS) alterations

Multiple Changes in 0 – gravityMultiple Changes in 0 – gravity

Physiological & Medical Implications Physiological & Medical Implications Body liquid shift upward…Body liquid shift upward… Muscles weakeningMuscles weakening Bone de-mineralization and structural lossesBone de-mineralization and structural losses

CaCa+2+2 & Minerals balance disturbances & Minerals balance disturbances OthersOthers

Des-orientation in space & timeDes-orientation in space & time Cardio-vascular de-conditioning (OI) Cardio-vascular de-conditioning (OI)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2uSsgOBHDI&feature=related

Radiation Doses Radiation Doses

Multiple Physiological De-Conditioning in 0-GravityMultiple Physiological De-Conditioning in 0-Gravity

Human Physiology Changes in Micro-Gravity

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time, month

% C

han

ges f

rom

1-g

en

vir

on

men

t

Earth

Card Ind

Fluids

Muscle

Bone Mass

RBC

Immune

NeuroVestib

Course of Re-adaptation to 1-g…Course of Re-adaptation to 1-g…

Physiologic Readaptation to 1-g Environment

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time, week

% C

han

ges

1-G

Clinical

Irreversible

Fluids

CardioVasc

NeuroVest

RBC

B-Mass

Psychology of Confinement: Motivation … Psychology of Confinement: Motivation …

1 quarter…

2 quarter…

3 quarter…

4 quarter…Artificial Control

0 quarter,pre-mission

Fifth phase! ~ 2 weeks Fifth phase! ~ 2 weeks

before return…before return…

Effects of Isolation & Confinement Effects of Isolation & Confinement Long-Term Confined & Isolated Groups: space stations, Long-Term Confined & Isolated Groups: space stations,

polar bases, remote terrains, high mountain expeditions, polar bases, remote terrains, high mountain expeditions, submarines, “new artificial worlds” (Biosphere-2, BIOS-3, submarines, “new artificial worlds” (Biosphere-2, BIOS-3, “Mars500 ~ 500-700 days test”“Mars500 ~ 500-700 days test”…)…)

Symptoms: boredom, restlessness, anxiety, depression, Symptoms: boredom, restlessness, anxiety, depression, headache, physical complaints, temporal & spatial headache, physical complaints, temporal & spatial disorientation, irritability, anger, occasional hostility, sleep disorientation, irritability, anger, occasional hostility, sleep disturbance…disturbance…

Deficits in individual (feelings of incompleteness & Deficits in individual (feelings of incompleteness & isolation) and group compatibility/performanceisolation) and group compatibility/performance

Symptoms increase over time in isolation…Symptoms increase over time in isolation…Transcendent experiences (consciousness alterations)… Transcendent experiences (consciousness alterations)…

Effectiveness/Efficacy losses, mission failure, serious Effectiveness/Efficacy losses, mission failure, serious survival problems…survival problems… without external supportwithout external support Sensory deprivation… Sensory deprivation…

Mission profile optionsMission profile options Short – Stay MissionShort – Stay Mission Long – Stay Mission (minimum energy)Long – Stay Mission (minimum energy) Long - Stay Mission (fast transit)Long - Stay Mission (fast transit) The Split – Mission Strategy The Split – Mission Strategy

Short – Stay Mission…Short – Stay Mission…

Short stay on MarsShort stay on Marsbut…but…

Higher radiation exposureHigher radiation exposure Transits through highestTransits through highest

risk environmentsrisk environments Trajectory isTrajectory is

acceptable foracceptable forcargo-ships cargo-ships

Long – Stay Mission (min energy)Long – Stay Mission (min energy) Less risks associated with inner Solar System Less risks associated with inner Solar System

orbitsorbitsbut…but…

Long exposure to Long exposure to the factors of openthe factors of openspace environmentspace environment(0 – g)(0 – g)

Cargo-shipsCargo-ships

Long - Stay Mission (fast transit)Long - Stay Mission (fast transit) Minimizes crew exposure to open spaceMinimizes crew exposure to open space Maximizes surface stay Maximizes surface stay ReasonableReasonable

energy requirementsenergy requirements Crewed MissionCrewed Mission

MISSION TIMES

OUTBOUND 150 days STAY 619 days RETURN 110 days TOTAL MISSION 879 days

Earth Launch 2/1/2014

Nominal Departure 3/11/2016

Arrive Mars 7/1/2014

Earth Return 6/29/2016

250,000 miles50,000,000 miles

Moon

Mars Earth Crewed Mars Mission Options

Split Mission Strategy…Split Mission Strategy…

Heavy Lift Capability…Heavy Lift Capability…

+ Deployable + Deployable Structures for Structures for Martian Habitat,Martian Habitat,IncludingIncludingGreenhouse…Greenhouse…

ConclusionsConclusions Manned Mission to Mars is possible…Manned Mission to Mars is possible…

… … as a very RISKY enterprise… as a very RISKY enterprise… Key PLS technologies have been tested only in 1-gKey PLS technologies have been tested only in 1-g

… … and never been tested in altered gravitiesand never been tested in altered gravities

Bone losses and radiation effects remains unresolved issuesBone losses and radiation effects remains unresolved issues ISRU concept have been tested… but in limited version and mostly ISRU concept have been tested… but in limited version and mostly

on Earthon Earth 1-g environment1-g environment Control algorithms ?...Control algorithms ?... Technological maturity ~ 8-10 years of intensive effortsTechnological maturity ~ 8-10 years of intensive efforts

Psychology of high risk confinements ?Psychology of high risk confinements ? Crew training ??? More than NEVY SEAL…Crew training ??? More than NEVY SEAL…

Crew training… Crew training… Professional trainingProfessional training

Technological & PhysiologicalTechnological & Physiological Science – ResearchScience – Research Socio-Psychological Socio-Psychological

Special physical/physiological trainingSpecial physical/physiological training Special psychological resistance training…Special psychological resistance training…

‘‘Special endurance’Special endurance’http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DeSyl1CGIQ

Realism vs. ControlRealism vs. Control Motivation ???Motivation ???

Why Go to Mars? (Courtesy of Prof. M. Gaffey) Biological

Biological systems expand into new environments

Social & CulturalSocieties without external boundaries tend to become

more internalized and restrictive Increase the number of “baskets”

TechnicalAttempting the difficult is how progress is made

ScientificLife on Mars?Comparative planetology

Why Mars? (August’92, Houston, TX) Human Evolution (Bio-Technical) Comparative planetology (Science) International Cooperation Technological Advancements Inspiration Investments (in the future ?...) ??? There are NO any commercial or business related rationales

behind mission to Mars…

except

‘Extreme (Ultimate) Adventure…’

Why Go to Mars? (A. Maslow)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJMCrPb-EEM

Why should humans go to Mars?...Why should humans go to Mars?... Searching for ‘New Heavens’… (?)Searching for ‘New Heavens’… (?) Exploratory Instincts… ?Exploratory Instincts… ? Testing for maturity of our technologies, Testing for maturity of our technologies,

integration, and risk taking capabilities…integration, and risk taking capabilities… Searching for Life…?Searching for Life…? Self-Actualization (top of motivations)Self-Actualization (top of motivations)

… And testing for our intellectual-mental … And testing for our intellectual-mental limits…limits… ‘ ‘Bio-Technological’ EvolutionBio-Technological’ Evolution

Questions & Discussion ?Questions & Discussion ?

A Crewed Mission to Mars:A Crewed Mission to Mars:http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/marsprof.html