criteria for hereditary material 1)found in nucleus 2)arranged into chromosomes 3)can control...
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Criteria for Hereditary Material
1) Found in nucleus
2) Arranged into chromosomes
3) Can control heredity
4) Self-replicating
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How did scientists show that the transforming material was DNA?
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Pneumoniae cell extracts contain protein, DNA, and RNA.
How did scientists show that the transforming material was DNA?
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Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy
1) Mix dead S and
Live R bacteria
2) Add protease
3) Add RNA-ase
4) Add DNA-ase
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Conclusion: DNA is the hereditary material!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hzUjx_oD8E
Techno
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXbyJNRwjlg
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April 29, 2010Ms. Simon Regents Biology
• Do Now: Turn in Lab Activity
• How did Griffiths show that bacteriophage DNA can “transform”?
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DNA
• Stored in the nucleus as chromosomes
• Each chromosome is a long strand of DNA
• Chromosomes are coiled using histones (proteins)
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What is the structure of DNA?
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DNA= Deoxyribose nucleic acid
The monomers of DNA are nucleotides
• Each nucleotide contains:
1) phosphate (PO4) backbone
2) deoxyribose (5 Carbon sugar)
3) nitrogenous base
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Nitrogenous Bases
Purines have two rings
Pyrimidines have one
ring
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Chargoff analyzed DNA of different species
# Adenine= # Thymine# Guanine= #Cytosine
Hypothesis: Maybe A is bound to T and G is bound to C
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Rosalind Franklin• X-ray diffraction technique- allows her to
take pictures of DNA’s structure
• Helix shape
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Watson and Crick
• Won the Noble Prize for discovering the structure of DNA
• Model of DNA is a double helix, two strands are wound around each other
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Double-helix model
Ribose and Phosphate
on the outside
Nitrogenous bases pair
as “rungs” of the ladder
equidistant
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Nitrogenous bases are bound through weak hydrogen bonds
Phosphates and riboses are covalently bonded
• Adenine and Thymine= 2 hydrogen bonds
• Guanine and cytosine= 3 hydrogen bonds
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Template Strand
C T A G T T A C A
G A T C A A T G T
Complementary Strand
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During DNA replication, DNA molecule separates into two
strands.
Two new complementary strands are formed.
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Replication is carried out by enzymes that unzip DNA molecule
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Helicase- enzyme that unwinds DNA
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DNA Polymerase
• DNA polymerase forms the new strand of DNA