crippled creativity

8/7/2019 Crippled Creativity

1/70

CRIPPLEDCRIPPLED

CREATIVITYCREATIVITYAN INQUIERY INTOAN INQUIERY INTO

LANGUAGE, PSYCHE &LANGUAGE, PSYCHE &SOCIETYSOCIETY


2/70

"suffering comes from threequarters: from our own body......

from the outer world, which can rage

against us with the most powerfuland pitiless forces of destruction;

and finally from our own relations

with other men."

--Freud (1!:#$%


3/70

Two male-speaker-hearer as represented in Saussure

(1915)


4/70

Chomskian InterpretationChomskian Interpretation

To ma!e speakin"#hearin" s$%e'ts areTo ma!e speakin"#hearin" s$%e'ts are'reatin"#'omprehen(in" in)nite sets o*'reatin"#'omprehen(in" in)nite sets o*

senten'es o$t o* )nite sets o* or(s+senten'es o$t o* )nite sets o* or(s+


5/70

WHERE IS THE LOCUS OFWHERE IS THE LOCUS OFTHESE TWO SPEAKING-THESE TWO SPEAKING-

HEARING SUBJECTS?HEARING SUBJECTS?

here theare stan(in"here theare stan(in"rea!!-.rea!!-.


6/70

&s there any relationship between my 'empty

linguistic organism and 'human

malleability)

*hat are the effects of linguistic e+ternalityto linguistic internality)Do we 'really hae human-obect in such a

raw state without being constrained or

manipulated by the outside sociality)


7/70

Chomsk- $sti)a%!- ne"ate( an( re*$te(Chomsk- $sti)a%!- ne"ate( an( re*$te(/eha0iorisms %$t that (oes not entai!/eha0iorisms %$t that (oes not entai!

that in thethat in the realrealor!( there is no s$'hor!( there is no s$'h

%eha0iora! manip$!ation+ Then, the%eha0iora! manip$!ation+ Then, the

1$estion is i* %eha0iora! manip$!ation1$estion is i* %eha0iora! manip$!ation

'ontin$es, hat happens to the ph-si'a!'ontin$es, hat happens to the ph-si'a!

or"an !ike LA2 an( !in"$isti' 'reati0it- inor"an !ike LA2 an( !in"$isti' 'reati0it- in

"enera!."enera!.


8/70

Skinner himself captivated in his Black Box

A (rain" %- A!an E+ Co%er+ C*+ Atkinson et a!+ 34567899:


9/70

2ia"ram shos the 'reator o* Skinnerian2ia"ram shos the 'reator o* Skinnerian

%!a'k %o; is himse!* ithin the %!a'k %o;%!a'k %o; is himse!* ithin the %!a'k %o;

*$!! o* $neasiness an( (is'om*ort+ This is*$!! o* $neasiness an( (is'om*ort+ This isnot a response shos thein a spa'e o* stim$!$s>response shos the

(e*eat o* the ph-si1$e+ This (e!imitin" o*(e*eat o* the ph-si1$e+ This (e!imitin" o*

ph-si1$e %ars the s$%e't *romph-si1$e %ars the s$%e't *rom

parti'ipatin" in an inters$%e'ti0eparti'ipatin" in an inters$%e'ti0e

(is'o$rse, *ree *rom manip$!ation+(is'o$rse, *ree *rom manip$!ation+


10/70

EXTERNALIZEDEXTERNALIZEDLANGUAGE-PROBLEM?LANGUAGE-PROBLEM?

INTERNALIZEDINTERNALIZED

LANGUAGE PROBLEM?LANGUAGE PROBLEM?

G G


11/70

EXTERNALIZED LANGUAGEEXTERNALIZED LANGUAGE

INTERNALIZED LANGUAGEINTERNALIZED LANGUAGE

EXTERNALIZED LANGUAGEEXTERNALIZED LANGUAGE

____________________________________________ Sub!"#!$%&' "(b$!("()'Sub!"#!$%&' "(b$!("()'

*(+%$$+#",' $.!$#/'*(+%$$+#",' $.!$#/'&!&(+/&+u $/#&!&(+/&+u $/#

S+0$", ."0! b"&1 +#S+0$", ."0! b"&1 +#0+#%!$+#", *"0!0+#%!$+#", *"0!P"(!$0u,"(P"(!$0u,"($/#$2&(P&(.+(3"#0&$/#$2&(P&(.+(3"#0&P"(+,&P"(+,&

INTERNALIZED LANGUAGEINTERNALIZED LANGUAGE______________________________________________

Ru,&-/+%&(#&1 .+(3",Ru,&-/+%&(#&1 .+(3",)!&3 +. u3"# 0+/#$!$%&)!&3 +. u3"# 0+/#$!$%&1+3"$#1+3"$#

I##"!& 0"*"0$!) 4" $! $I##"!& 0"*"0$!) 4" $! $.+u#1 $# C"(!&$"#.+u#1 $# C"(!&$"#R"!$+#",$35'R"!$+#",$35'

P)0+-*)$+,+/$0", +(P)0+-*)$+,+/$0", +(#&u(+-b$+,+/$0", ."0!'#&u(+-b$+,+/$0", ."0!'/&!$0 +63!/&!$0 +63!

U#$%&(", .&"!u(& +6&1U#$%&(", .&"!u(& +6&1

6$! 1&2#$!& $#bu$,!6$! 1&2#$!& $#bu$,!",/+($!3' !"! 0+#!$!u!&",/+($!3' !"! 0+#!$!u!&!& #+!$+# +. U#$%&(",!& #+!$+# +. U#$%&(",G("33"( 4UG5G("33"( 4UG5

C+3*&!& L"#/u&C+3*&!& L"#/u&


12/70

INTERNAL CRITI7UE OFINTERNAL CRITI7UE OF

CHOMSKYCHOMSKY

DWELLING WITHIN ENLIGHTENMENTDWELLING WITHIN ENLIGHTENMENT

??


13/70

the accepted h!pothesis that the acceleration of a "od!

dropped in a vacuum is constant # (a"out $% feet per

second per second on earth)& impl!in# that the distance

(s) traveled after t seconds is #iven "! the formula s'1%

#t% *hen the formula is applied to various o"+ects

dropped from various hei#hts in the earth atmosphere& it

is found to hold& more or less& in usefull! man! "ut not

all cases,t can therefore "e stated under a wide ran#e of

circumstances& "odies that fall in the actual atmosphere

"ehave as if the! are fallin# in a vacuum ,n the lan#ua#e

so common in .conomics this would "e rapidl!translated into the formula assumes a vacuum /et it

clearl! does no such thin#0 the formula is accepted

"ecause it works& not "ecause we live in approximate

vacuumwhatever that means2 (3ou#et,195$14)


14/70

Chomsk-?s 'reati0it- h-pothesis a!soChomsk-?s 'reati0it- h-pothesis a!so

pres$mes


15/70

'quite contrary to follore, only a small

number of e+ecuties deelop peptic ulcers; in

fact blue-collar worers who are dissatisfiedwith their obs are more liely to deelop

ulcers than successful business e+ecuties

who are moing up on the occupational ladder.

/nd while blac people in our society show a

higher incidence of hypertension than white

people, this finding is confounded by different

dietary habits, including the e+cessie use ofsalt by many blac citi0ens. (arson et al

1$: #2!%.


16/70

Y AERICAN UNCLEY AERICAN UNCLEALAIN RESNAISB349:ALAIN RESNAISB349:

Let $s hear the '!ippin"s o* !e't$re B*rom theLet $s hear the '!ippin"s o* !e't$re B*rom the

mo0ie: "i0en %- Henri La%orit, an e0o!$tionar-mo0ie: "i0en %- Henri La%orit, an e0o!$tionar-

ps-'ho!o"ist+ps-'ho!o"ist+

He is ta!kin" a%o$t7He is ta!kin" a%o$t7h$man %o(-

re!ationship ithin the am%it o*


17/70

P!ease note the s$perimposition o* ratsP!ease note the s$perimposition o* rats

an( 'ompetin" h$man %ein"s in this )!m+an( 'ompetin" h$man %ein"s in this )!m+

This )!m %- A!ain Resnais 'riti'iFesThis )!m %- A!ain Resnais 'riti'iFes%eha0iorism as e!! as 'o"niti0e%eha0iorism as e!! as 'o"niti0e

ps-'ho!o"- *rom the perspe'ti0e o*ps-'ho!o"- *rom the perspe'ti0e o*

e0o!$tionar- ps-'ho!o"-+e0o!$tionar- ps-'ho!o"-+


18/70

l6in#uistics "ecomes a social science when we face

the fact that speaker S of a lan#ua#e 7 has in S8s "rain-

constructed-as-a-mind not onl! ,& an internal

representation of 7 that ena"les S to use 7& "ut also

somethin# amountin# to .& an external representation

which em"odies S8s awareness of the communit!8s

+oint possession of 7 as represented in , ! 1944

paper proposes that for formal reasons S cannotconstruct or store a via"le :societ! function8 capa"le of

mappin# , onto an ima#ined set of parallel ,-

representations& and that instead S allows a non-formal

ima#e of 7& an external representation of discourseem"od!in# 7& to serve . Thus . is the site where a

ps!cho-sociall! real ima#e of 7 is posited and

ima#ined2 (Das#upta& 199$51)


19/70

;ro"lems of learnin# Theor! (7T)

for the or#anism < in the =o#nitive domain (D)

is 7T(?14)

This theor! can "e re#arded as function that

has certain output (a co#nitive structure of some

sort) (i"id1@)


20/70

But 7T shows certain discrepancies as there is

no place for outside socialit! in 7T

Therefore we need to reformulate 7T "! puttin#

Social =onstraints S within this theor!

Thus& natural2 or#anism A is to "e

reinterpreted as SA& which is a A "ound "!

social constraints

This reformulation& thus& is now represented as

7T (SA&7)


21/70

=A


22/70

,t is reasona"le to suppose that +ust as intrinsic

structures of mind underlie the development of

co#nitive structures& so a species character2

provides the framework for the #rowth of moralconsciousness& cultural achievement& and even

participation in a free and +ust communit! human

needs and capacities will find their fullest

expression in a societ! of free and creativeproducers2 (=homsk! l9>?1$$-$@)

S.D =


23/70

Suppose that the social and material

conditions that prevent free intellectualdevelopment were relieved2

(=homsk! l9>? 1%@)

S.D =


24/70

there must "e continual stru##le

a#ainst authoritarian social forms that

impose restrictions "e!ond those set "!

:the laws of nature82 (=homsk!

19>?1$$)

S.D =


25/70

CHOSY ANSERE2CHOSY ANSERE2THESE QUESTIONSTHESE QUESTIONS

B Re"ar(in"


26/70


27/70


28/70


29/70

Chomsk- a''epte( m-Chomsk- a''epte( m-h-pothesish-pothesis


30/70

D+& C+38)D+& C+38)

0+#$1&(0+#$1&(BODY AS ABODY AS A

MACHINE???MACHINE???

3+3+ COPUTATIONCOPUTATION

8+8+ LEICONLEICON


31/70

,)HI must provide means to present an arra! of

items from the lexicon in a form accessi"le tothe computational s!stem (=homsk!& 199%4)

%) it ma! "e possi"le to move toward the

minimalist desi#n a theor! of lan#ua#e thattakes a lin#uistic expression to "e nothin# other

than formal o"+ect that satisfies the interface

conditions in the optimal wa! (=homsk!&

199%>)


32/70

Technocratic metaphors used "! =homsk! ma!

exemplif! how he is perceivin# human "od! as a

machine The terms like =omputation8& arra!2interface2 etc (e#& =homsk! and 7asnik&1991@ used

a term like parser2 in a statement like one

component of mind"rain is a parser2) or in the

operations like =5) lan#ua#e-

free representation (;3


33/70


34/70


35/70


36/70

homsy: onte+t free ideal creatie

speaing subect with 0ero 3istory

4ed contra: onte+t-sensitiecreatie speaing corporeal with

3istory

CONCLUSION???CONCLUSION???


37/70

EXTERNAL CRITI7UEEXTERNAL CRITI7UEOF CHOMSKY9OF CHOMSKY9

FROM CARTESIANFROM CARTESIAN

MIND TO PSYCHEMIND TO PSYCHE


38/70

all instincts that do not dischargethemselves outwardly turn inward- this is

what I call internali0ation of man first

developed what was later called his

:soul82 (CietKsche& 195?%%L& emphasis

added)


39/70

*hen , m!self was a pu"lic sMuare& a sooN Throu#h

me passed words& tin! s!nta#ms& "its of formulae& and

no sentence formed& as thou#h at were the law of sucha lan#ua#e This lan#ua#e at once ver! cultural and

ver! sava#e& was a"ove all lexical& sporadicN This

non-sentence was in no wa! somethin# that could not

have acceded to the sentence& that mi#ht have "een"efore the sentenceN it wasN what is eternall!&

splendidl! outside the sentence Then potentiall! all

lin#uistics fell& lin#uistics which "elieves onl! in the

sentence and alwa!s attri"uted an exor"itant di#nit! to

predicative s!ntax (as the for of lo#ic& of a rationalit!)N ,

recalled this scientific scandal2

contd0


40/70

Theor! (=homsk!) sa!s that the sentence ispotentiall! infinite (infinitel! catal!Ka"le)& "ut

practice alwa!s o"li#es the sentence to end

Theor! did not consider like science& su"+ects

"od! as a historical su"+ectN for it is at end of aver! complex process com"inin# "io#raphical&

historical& sociolo#ical and neurotic elements

(education& social class& childhood

confi#uration& etc) (Barthes&19>5 @9-5L)


41/70

Ell the official institutions of lan#ua#e arerecapturin# mechanism school& sports&

advertisin#& pulp novels pop son#s& news&

alwa!s repeat the same structure& the same

sense& often the same words Stereot!pes area political fact& the principal aspects of

ideolo#!2 (Barthes&19>5 @L)


42/70

La'anLa'an

S)3b+,$0S)3b+,$0O(1&(L"0"#:O(1&(L"0"#:P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$

____________________________________

S$%e't?s %o(- asS$%e't?s %o(- asree'te( in the mirror+ree'te( in the mirror+The ree'tion !ea(s toThe ree'tion !ea(s tos-m%o!iFation+ Thiss-m%o!iFation+ This

pres$ppose( or(er ispres$ppose( or(er is"i0en %- the other to"i0en %- the other tothe s$%e't+ S$%e't?sthe s$%e't+ S$%e't?s

EL is *orme( %- thisEL is *orme( %- thisprimar- repression+primar- repression+

R&", O(1&( L"0"#:R&", O(1&( L"0"#:P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$

______________________________________

H$man s$%e't 'annotH$man s$%e't 'annot

e;perien'e the


43/70

LACANLACAN

I3"/$#"() +(1&(I3"/$#"() +(1&(L"0"#:L"0"#:

P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$

____________________________________________

I(entit- o* si"ni)er


44/70

riste0a?s semio!o"-riste0a?s semio!o"-

S)3b+,$0 O(1&(S)3b+,$0 O(1&(

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

La $n(er hi'h Lan"$a"eLa $n(er hi'h Lan"$a"eBL: operates, L o%e-s theBL: operates, L o%e-s ther$!e, "rammar, so'ia!r$!e, "rammar, so'ia!'o(es, str$'t$re,'o(es, str$'t$re,meanin"*$!ness,meanin"*$!ness,a''epta%i!it-, si"ni)'an'ea''epta%i!it-, si"ni)'an'eet'+et'+

R&", O(1&(R&", O(1&(

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

Rea! 'annot %e *e!t itho$tRea! 'annot %e *e!t itho$t%ein" s-m%o!iFe(+%ein" s-m%o!iFe(+

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

P+!&>!P+!&>!is the part o*is the part o*


45/70

riste0a?s semio!o"-riste0a?s semio!o"-

I3"/$#"() +(1&(I3"/$#"() +(1&(Disruptive elementsDisruptive elementspresent within thepresent within thesignifying process.signifying process.Repressed non-linguisticRepressed non-linguistic

sounds, moments ofsounds, moments ofmeaninglessness, silencemeaninglessness, silenceetc.etc.

G+!&>!G+!&>!7 (e0iations,7 (e0iations,hi'h *orm a re!ati0e an(hi'h *orm a re!ati0e an(shi*tin" trae'tor- notshi*tin" trae'tor- notrestri'te( to to po!es o*restri'te( to to po!es o*inters$%e'ti0it- o* S#HS+inters$%e'ti0it- o* S#HS+


46/70

*ithin this process one mi#ht see the

release and su"seMuent articulation of

the drives as constrained "! the social

code !et not reduci"le to the lan#ua#e

s!stem as a genote+t and as the

si#nif!in# s!stem as it presents itself tophenomenolo#ical intuition as a

phenote+tN descri"a"le in terms of

structure& or of competence

performanceThe presence of genote+twithin the phenote+t is indicated "!0 a

semiotic disposition risteva

(19>$1%5L)


47/70

Genotext is within

phenotext and vise versainside is outside andoutside in. It is a paradoxan aporia. Psi-properties are operatinghere. Unconscious is(un)structured likelanguage.


48/70

;S,-;3


49/70

The ,nternaliKed 7an#ua#e (,) in speakin# su"+ect (S) is& as Barthes

pointed out& thus devoid of hisher histor!& childhood confi#urationand neurotic element But if an!one tries to find the locus standiof

such ideal speaker-hearer in the "ehavioral manipulative world&

she ma! find that the su"+ectification and su"+ection of S8s "od!

is under the control of dispotif , or 7ED& a ph!sical or#an cannot

"e ima#ined without accommodatin# a social interpretation of

ps!che& and that is missin# in the formaliKation of waterti#ht

essence of , as such Eccordin# to this proposed interpretation , of

S& "ein# contaminated "! the outside socialit! or unweilt& is not

somethin# transcendental or somethin# outside social .xternaliKed

7an#ua#e and it is eMuall! via"le to ps!cho-social properties&

which , a""reviated as (psi)-; These -; reasserts that the "ein#is alwa!s in the "ein#-in-the-(social) world as well as "ein#-for-

others


50/70

INTER-PRETING-RUPTINGINTER-PRETING-RUPTING

FACTS AND FICTIONSFACTS AND FICTIONS


51/70

Then ho 'o$!( e (istin"$ishThen ho 'o$!( e (istin"$ish

%eteen%eteen

FactsFacts

&&FictionFiction..


52/70

F"0!-I9F"0!-I9 In one a(0ertisement, I *o$n(In one a(0ertisement, I *o$n(

that the prota"onist oers athat the prota"onist oers a

pres'ription to a(0ertisement is in Hin(i, the s$%e't>

0er%> "en(er a"reement 'an %e0er%> "en(er a"reement 'an %e

noti'e(7noti'e(7


53/70

ap"hi istemal k


54/70

F"0!-II9F"0!-II9 In one /an"!a a"it>prop son" %-In one /an"!a a"it>prop son" %-

S$man Chattopa(h-a- shoe( theS$man Chattopa(h-a- shoe( the

'omin" o* the !ea(er in he!i'opter ith'omin" o* the !ea(er in he!i'opter ithti"ht se'$rit-+ At the mi(st o* that son"s,ti"ht se'$rit-+ At the mi(st o* that son"s,

there are three (i't$ms, hi'h ma- %ethere are three (i't$ms, hi'h ma- %e

ser0e( as 'orp$s *or o$r p$rpose7ser0e( as 'orp$s *or o$r p$rpose7


55/70

% a)(tu!) "hoT diechis

vote #ive

Aave !ou cast !our voteF%")(tumi) "hoT diecho

vote #ive

Aave !ou cast !our voteF

%c) (apni)"hoT diechen

vote #iveAave !ou cast !our voteF

The %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son" %$tThe %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son" %$t


56/70

The %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son", %$tThe %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son", %$tthe- are easi!- re'o0era%!e *rom the nomina!theare easi!- re'o0era%!e *rom the nomina!person> 0er% a"reement+ The point is that the son"person> 0er% a"reement+ The point is that the son"

(epi'ts the


57/70

F"0!-III9F"0!-III9 In one sit$ation o* pop$!ar /an"!a mono>In one sit$ation o* pop$!ar /an"!a mono>

(rama Ba!so p!a-e( in Hin(i:,


58/70

F"0!-IV9F"0!-IV9 In one sit$ation o* TarashankarIn one sit$ation o* Tarashankar/an(-opa(h-a-?s *amo$s no0e!/an(-opa(h-a-?s *amo$s no0e! #anadevata$#anadevata$

B"o(@, the no0e! (epi'ts the sit$ation o*B"o(@, the no0e! (epi'ts the sit$ation o*or(inar- peop!e in the 'onte;t o* 'han"in" s'enarioor(inar- peop!e in the 'onte;t o* 'han"in" s'enarioin the !ate 'o!onia! perio( $n(er the /ritish Ra:,in the !ate 'o!onia! perio( $n(er the /ritish Ra:,2e%$ Ghosh, a !iterate *armer, ho is o*ten re*erre(2e%$ Ghosh, a !iterate *armer, ho is o*ten re*erre(to as #pon2it# a((ress, a!so $se( #t$-# to re*erret$rn>a((ress, a!so $se( #t$-# to re*eran$n"o+The 0i!!a"ers as e!! as 2e%$ ere notan$n"o+The 0i!!a"ers as e!! as 2e%$ ere not

happ- ith the !an(>s$r0e- an( 2e%$ e;presse(happ- ith the !an(>s$r0e- an( 2e%$ e;presse(his (is'ontent at the time o* the s$r0e-+ in"!in"his (is'ontent at the time o* the s$r0e-+ in"!in"ith this *a't an( the in'i(en'e o* re*errin"ith this *a't an( the in'i(en'e o* re*errin"an$n"o as #t$-# !ea( to the arrest o* 2e%$+an$n"o as #t$-# !ea( to the arrest o* 2e%$+

The incidence of imprisonment due to referring back inThe incidence of imprisonment due to referring back in


59/70

The incidence of imprisonment due to referring back inThe incidence of imprisonment due to referring back in-honorific and to resist survey make us remember the-honorific and to resist survey make us remember thepower over life-hypothesis of oucault! "s oucaultpower over life-hypothesis of oucault! "s oucault

showed that# in the $%th &!# the proliferation ofshowed that# in the $%th &!# the proliferation ofdemographic techni'ues# taking cue from the classicaldemographic techni'ues# taking cue from the classicalperiod# to know the body lead to the administration andperiod# to know the body lead to the administration andsub(ection of the docile body! The procedures of powersub(ection of the docile body! The procedures of powerhere get a chance to know and penetrate the bodyhere get a chance to know and penetrate the body

through# what oucault called as anatomo-politics! )nthrough# what oucault called as anatomo-politics! )nthe other hand# the procedures of power also penetratethe other hand# the procedures of power also penetratethe human species by deploying universal mechanicsthe human species by deploying universal mechanics*$+,%+./$0+-1.2! These attempts to intervene with*$+,%+./$0+-1.2! These attempts to intervene with

regulatory control over the species# according to oucault#regulatory control over the species# according to oucault#are the bio-politics! In case of 3ebu 4hosh# theare the bio-politics! In case of 3ebu 4hosh# theanatomo-political intervention in the domain of land leadsanatomo-political intervention in the domain of land leadsthe imprisonment of 3ebu5s docile body!the imprisonment of 3ebu5s docile body!


60/70

I (o notI (o notkno e;a't!- hether these *a'tskno e;a't!- hether these *a'ts

taken *rom /an"!a )'tions an( Hin(itaken *rom /an"!a )'tions an( Hin(i

a(0ertisement are to %e 'onsi(ere( as ELa(0ertisement are to %e 'onsi(ere( as ELe0i(en'es or not+ I think, these e;amp!es o*e0i(en'es or not+ I think, these e;amp!es o*

*>*eat$res are not e;terna! e0i(en'es+ The*>*eat$res are not e;terna! e0i(en'es+ The

pronomina!>0er% a"reement in /an"!a an(pronomina!>0er% a"reement in /an"!a an(

"en(er>0er% a"reement in Hin(i shos a"en(er>0er% a"reement in Hin(i shos a'r$'ia! *a't o* poer*$! so'ia! 'o(e that'r$'ia! *a't o* poer*$! so'ia! 'o(e that

'ontro!s interna!iFe( !in"$isti' 'o(e an('ontro!s interna!iFe( !in"$isti' 'o(e an(

those are Psi>Properties, a Properties, a


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No e ma- anser o$r initia!No e ma- anser o$r initia!1$estion71$estion7

hat, then, is the re!ationshiphat, then, is the re!ationship

%eteen so'ia! ma!!ea%i!it- an( empt-%eteen so'ia! ma!!ea%i!it- an( empt-

!in"$isti' or"anism.!in"$isti' or"anism.


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PLURIMETHODPLURIMETHOD

4T& 3&!+1 I "%&4T& 3&!+1 I "%&1&*,+)&1 $# !$ 6+(851&*,+)&1 $# !$ 6+(85


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=ompare different theories with other theories

rather than with :experience8& :data8& :fact8 and , will

tr! to improve rather than discard the views thatappear to lose into competition2 (Ge!era"end& 194>

$$)

=homskian Theor! T8 successfull! descri"es the

situations inside domain D8 T8 a#rees with a finitenum"ers of o"servations (let their class "e G) and it

a#rees with these o"servations inside a mar#in of

error En! alternative that contradicts T8 outside G

and inside is supported "! exactl! the same

o"servations and is therefore accepta"le if T8 wasaccepta"le2 (Ge!era"end& 1944 %5)


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,n =homskian Theor! T8& the is the omission of social

constraints The class G confines itself to well or#aniKedset of sentences i#norin# the social-context or

=homskian Theor! TP successfull! descri"es the

situations inside domain DP TP a#rees with a finite

num"ers of o"servations (let their class "e G ) and ita#rees with these o"servations inside a mar#in of

error En! alternative that contradicts TP outside G and

inside is supported "! exactl! the same o"servations

and is therefore accepta"le if TP was accepta"le

(Ge!era"end&1944%5) ,n the =homskian Theor! TP& the

is the omission of social constraints The class G

confines itself to well-or#aniKed set of sentences

i#norin# the actual performance of the sentences


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TP also i#nores the failure of ,7 or competence whichleads to performance error as competence andperformance are two distinct and discrete phenomena inTP Therefore& the proposed 7T(SA& 7) not onl! contradictsT8 (' 7T (A& 7) , inside & "ut also inside G as G (lin#uisticdata or sentences in this case) is (a) selected "! partialo"servation led "! predetermined architecture or S!ntaxN(") constructed as natural Aow do we know what isnatural and what is cultural phenomenaF The essentialconstruction of nature2 cannot escape the pro"lems of

essentialism Thus T8 creates a metanarratlve oftranscendental speakin# su"+ect "! o"servin# thesu"+ect #lo"all!& not locall!


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END OF DIALOGUE?END OF DIALOGUE?


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%ocrates was murdered%ocrates was murdered

'hen %ocrates was murdered, the power of'hen %ocrates was murdered, the power ofdialogue revealed. (he forced death ofdialogue revealed. (he forced death of%ocrates does not entail the forced death of%ocrates does not entail the forced death ofdialogue ut proves the celeration ofdialogue ut proves the celeration of

dialogue. From the perspective of authority,dialogue. From the perspective of authority,dialogue is something poisonous and thedialogue is something poisonous and theinitiator of dialogue can e terminated y theinitiator of dialogue can e terminated y theremedy of poison only. )ere comesremedy of poison only. )ere comespharmacon*poison as well as nectar+..pharmacon*poison as well as nectar+..

(here is creation of innite sets of sentences(here is creation of innite sets of sentencesas well as there is no creation of innite setsas well as there is no creation of innite setsof sentences. ou !now, this statementof sentences. ou !now, this statementviolates law of excluded middle.violates law of excluded middle.


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,n an inter-su"+ective position& if the dialo#ueis controlled "! the Dominant other& the

dialo#ue ends

,f the inter-su"+ectivit! is controlled "! thedominant& repressive or coercive or

ideolo#ical institutions& (the another PotherP)

the dialo#ue ends


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OR#AN2OR#AN2

E AY /YPASS THE ETERNALE AY /YPASS THE ETERNAL

COERCIONCOERCION

/Y+/Y+

THIS IS A SILENT ONE+ EEP UTHIS IS A SILENT ONE+ EEP U


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LET US SEE THE OIE

crippled creativity

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