Middle East Technical University

Department of Geological Engineering

5640416

Cretaceous Planktic Foraminifera

Selen Caner

1624311

Table of Contents1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................3

1.1 Plankton...........................................................................................................................3

1.2 Foraminifera.....................................................................................................................3

2. Cretaceous Planktic Foraminifera.......................................................................................4

Bibliography.............................................................................................................................10

Appendix...................................................................................................................................12

1. Introduction

1.1 Plankton

As clearly known, Plankton are organisms that does not swim or move about the water but simply flow with it thanks to currents and other movements. They can be animals, plants, bacteria and they can be found in oceans, seas as well as fresh water. Accordingly, they are defined by where they choose to be, their response to the ecological surroundings; where there is more light, more food, less competition and less of life-threatening conditions. Thus it is said that they are confined to surface waters despite the fact that they can be found throughout the water body.

According to Omori (1992), plankton can be described with respect to their sizes in 7 main divisions, namely Megaplankton, Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Microplankton, Nanoplankton, Picoplankton and Femtoplankton. Having sizes 2×10−5 to 2×10−4 m, microplankton is what contains the focus group of this report, foraminifera.

1.2 ForaminiferaPart of the Kingdom Protista, foraminifera is defined with a single cell and a shell. Although can be found in many different forms this shell usually has chambers added delicately one by one as the organism grows. If not as described they can also form very simple tubes or spheres, not to mention the variety of material used in the formation process, such as sediment grains or calcium carbonate.

In fact, these are the most important properties of foraminifera being the bases of classification; test composition and the morphology. Basically, there are three main compositions: organic material, agglutinated and calcium carbonate. However, carbonate walls also have sub forms as microgranular, porselaneous, and hyaline. That is how they, foraminifera, are divided into suborders. If the wall is agglutinated, meaning being composed of random grains, it is part of Textulariina. Similarly when it is microgranular Fusulinina; porselaneous Miliolina; hyaline rotaliina.

Microgranular walls are formed by crystal grains of calcite, equigranular as much as possible. When porselaneous, wall has a cleverly structured system with crystal beams covered from both ends forming a whitish clear form, which contrarily looks very dark under microscope. Hyaline walls, being a part of the structure either first hand or as a second layer, are usually very close to transparent if not perforated. Apart from carbonates, silica and aragonite may also be present in some wall structures according to the environmental conditions.

2. Cretaceous Planktic ForaminiferaThe age of the dinosaurs, as it is famously known, Cretaceous period had hosted many species of foraminifera before they went extinct. However as the title indicates, the focus is not all but ones going by the name of foraminifera which described as floater by the nature.

To discriminate planktic foraminifera some basic properties are considered;-Type of coiling, development of the test-Chamber shape and alterations-Aperture types and their position

Micropaleontology lecture notes of Altiner (2011) states that the main classification is two-fold: uncoiled (Superfamily Heterohelicacea) and coiled. Coiled forms include other three Superfamilies, which include Planomalinacea, Rotaliporacea and Globotruncanacea, further divided as planispiral and trochospiral. Similarly, while planispiral forms included Superfamily Hantkeninacea, trochospiral forms are divided according to their apertural properties as extraumbilical-umbilical and umbilical, such characteristics can be observed in Superfamily Globorotaliacea and Superfamily Globigerinacea, respectively.

Shared by Bristol University, Plankrange (2002), the database of planktic foraminifera shed a light on the impossible search of a listing of all these genera. By filtering the database for Cretaceous species betwixt 65.5 and 145.5 Ma a list is formed. (See Appendix) Here are the properties of those who made the list according to Löeblich & Tappan 1988.

GUEMBELITRIA Guembelitria cretacea Subconical test, globular chambers, triserial, distinct sutures; calcareous wall may be perforate; interiomarginal aperture at the base of the final chamber with a lip. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Albian – Maastrichtian)

HETEROHELIXTextilaria americana Planispiral coiling in early chambers, later biseral, a couple of final chambers are subtrangular with a blunt spine, depressed sutures; calcareous wall, mostly perforate and ornamented with striae; aperture is at the base of the last chamber quite narrow. U. Cretaceous (Santonian – Campanian)

SIGALIA Guembelina deflaensis Subtriangular test, compressed and biserial, although looks truncate because of the elevated and beaded sutures it is not (beaded sutures are characteristic of the genus); calcareous wall; slight perforations and ribs are present on the surface; aperture is at the base of the last chamber. U. Cretaceous (Coniacian – Santonian)

BLOWIELLA Planomalina blowi It has small, planispiral (evolute) test, which is also biumbilicate with globular chambers growing rapidly; radial, depressed sutures; calcareous perforate wall, some specimens have overgrowths concealing the original surface; interiomarginal, equatiorial or sometimes relict apertures. L. Cretaceous (Aptian – Albian)

GLOBIGERINELLOIDESGlobigerinelloides algerianaInvolute to evolute planispiral, biumbilicate test, lobulate outline, chambers can be globular to elongate (changes with the coiling type); depressed sutures; calcareous, perforate wall; equatorial, interiomarginal, bordered aperture.L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Aptian – Maastrichtian)

BIGLOBIGERINELLABiglobigerinella multispinaNearly involute planispiral, biumbilicate test with globular chambers later broadening;final stage developing two opposing chambers, depressed sutures; calcareous, perforate wall with a smooth surface (could be pitted); interiomarginal and equatorial aperture dividing into two for those last two opposing chambers. U. Cretaceous (Campanian).

PLANOMALINA Planomalina apsidostroba Planispiral (partly evolute), biumbilicate test; broadly curved, elevated, thick sutures; lobulate peripheral outline; calcareous, finely perforate, radial wall with ornamentations as nodose structures and keels; aperture is an equatorial arch with a bordering lip. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Albian – Cenomanian)

HASTIGERINOIDESHastigerina alexanderiPlanispiral, involute, biumbilicate test with globular early chambers that become radially elongate later; calcareous, finely perforate wall; interiomarginal, equatorial aperture with a distinct bordering lip and also supplementary apertures around the umbilicus added with each new chamber. U. Cretaceous (Coniacian – Santonian)

LEUPOLDINA Leupoldina protuberansIrregular, low trochospiral test with small and subglobular early chambers which then grow rapidly into radially elongate. A couple of the final chambers have bulbous projections; distinct, depressed sutures; calcareous, perforate wall, smooth or pitted; interiomarginal and equatorial apertures with a lip. There may be apertures on each side of the median plane of the last chamber. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Barremian – Cenomanian)

SCHACKOINA Siderolina cenomana Small low trochospiral to planispiral, biumbilicate test becoming radially elongate and compressed; there aretubulospines extending from the middle of each chamber; depressed sutures; very finely perforate, calcareous wall with a slightly hispid surface; low, interiomarginal and equatorial aperture bordering a lip, lateral parts extending into umbilicus might remain as relict apertures. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Albian - Maastrichtian)

HEDERBERGELLA Anomalina lorneiana Low trochospiral test with a narrow umbilicus and gradually enlarging globular chambers; radial, depressed sutures; finely perforate calcareous wall with a smooth/hispid surface; interiomarginal and umbilical-extraumbilical arch with a narrow lip as aperture. L. Cretaceous to U. Creteceocs ( Hauterivian - Maastrichtian)

WHITEINELLA Whiteinella archaocretacea Low trochospiral test with gradually growing globular chambers; sutures are radial and depressed; finely perforate calcareous wall with a pustulose surface ( especially on early chambers); interiomarginal and umbilical-extraumbilical arch bordering a flap as aperture, successive chambers overlap but they are not attached to previous flaps. U. Cretaceous (Cenomanian - Turonian)

FALSOTRUNCANA Fatsotruncuna maslakovaeLow trochospiral test with petal-like compressed chambers; slightly curved radial sutures which are depressed on the spiral side and shallow on the umbilical side; truncate peripheral margin which occurs with imperforate carina band bordered by keels; perforate calcareous wall with pustulose early chambers; primarily it has interiomarginal and umbilical-extraumbilical aperture bordered with a lip but without umbilical extensions. U. Cretaceous (Turonian – Coniacian)

FAVUSELLA Globigerina washitensisTrochospiral test with rapidly enlarging globular chambers; radial and depressed sutures; narrow – wide umbilicus and broadly rounded periphery; hyaline perforate calcareous wall without keel or carinal band, but has a distinct honeycomb-like pattern on the surface; aperture is a variable interiomarginal arche with a bordering lip. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Barremian – Cenomanian)

BITICINELLAAnomalina breggiensis Early flat trochospiral, later biumbilicate planispiral (involute to evolute) test; radial depressed sutures; lobulate peripheral outline; coarsely perforate calcareous wall; commonly asymmetrical interiomarginal umbilical-equatorial aperture of which some parts bay become relict supplementary apertures, usually bordered by a lip form the primary aperture. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Albian – Cenomanian)

CLAVIHEDBERGELLAHastigerinella subcretacea Low trochospiral, flattened test with early globular to radially elongate; lobulate peripheral outline with rounded margins; moderately high interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical arch as aperture with a perforate bordering lip and poorly developed relict apertures in the umbilicus. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Aptian – Coniacian)

TICINELLA Anomatina roberti Trochospiral, umbilicate, biconvex to planoconvex test with globular/ovate chambers; depressed sutures curved on the spiral side and radial o the umbilical side; rounded periphery without keel; radial calcareous wall with a finely perforate-smooth surface and secondary lamellae hiding some pores. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Aptian – Cenomanian)

ROTALIPORA Rotalipora turonica Trochospiral, biconvex to planoconvex, umbilicate test with angular to rhomboidal chambers; sutures are elevated and curved (can be beaded), oblique on the spiral and radial on the umbilical side; angular periphery because of the presence of a keel; densely perforate optically radial calcareous wall with a smooth to pustulose surface; interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical aperture bordered with a wide imperforate lip, accessory apertures could be formed by the extensions coming from umbilical flaps. L. Cretaceous to U. Cretaceous (Albian – Turonian)

GANSSERINA Globotruncana gansseri Flat trochospiral, with convex umbilicus occupied by tegilla and asymmetrical flap; early chambers are globular later becoming rhomboidal; strongly curved, elevated and oblique suture on the spiral side and radial, depressed on the umbilical side; distinct peripheral keel, second keel could be developed on the peripheral margin; perforate, pustulose calcareous wall; primary aperture is interiomarginal, umbilical and bordered by a porticus also forming accessory apertures. U. Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

G LOROTRUNCANITA Rosalina stuarti Trochospiral and biconvex test with rhomboidal chambers, elevated, oblique suture which is curved on the spiral side and depressed-elevated on the umbilical side; subcircular , polygonal or ovate peripheral outline; finely perforate, calcareous wall with a smooth surface except the beaded sutures, peripheral keel and the pustules on the umbilical side; primary aperture is interiomarginal and generally umbilical, other successive apertures are covered by portici although not entirely. U. Cretaceous ( Campanian – Maastrichtian)

RUGOTRUNCANA Rugotruncana tilevi Low trochospiral test, subglobular to compressed chambers; sutures are curved on the spiral side and straight, radial, depressed on the umbilical side; wide umbilicus has keeled imperforate carinal band; finely perforate, calcareous wall with a strongly pustulose surface; primary aperture is interiomarginal; umbilical portici in the early chambers, later with a distinct form of tegilla forming accessory apertures. U. Cretaceous (Maastrchtian)

MARGINOTRUNCANA Rosalina marginata Trochospiral, biconvex to planoconvex test; sutures are sigmoidal but curved, elevated and beaded on the spiral side; between the peripheral keels an imperforate carina can be found; perforate calcareous wall with a rather smoothly pustulose surface; primary aperture is interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical and bordered by porticus which may cause the formation of true tegilla and accessory apertures. U. Cretaceous (Turonian - Santonian)

According to Leckie (1987), modern planktic foraminifera prefer open marine environments where the salinity is normal with respect to oceanic conditions and the water is clear. Studies have shown that although many individuals require light, thus living in Euphotic zone (right beneath the water surface), some species occupy deeper parts of the water body. This is thought to be closely related to the nutrient availability. They are also mostly far from coastal environments and the abundance increases as the conditions leave that of the continental shelves. These points on the distribution of planktic foraminifera are thought to be similar to their Cretaceous predecessors’. Hart and Bailey (1979) implies that, globigerina and globorotaliida, having globular and flattened - keeled forms respectively, are two distinct examples to prove that while some of them habited surface waters, the others preferred the deep.

In Douglas’ (1969) Upper Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera in Northern California - Part 1 there

is a 100-m boundary for the species living above or below this limit throughout the water body, and the division is based on the similarities to the Globorotalia species of this age.

Heterohelix and Guembelitria is the characteristic species of the Epicontinental part. Apparently they were very abundant in shallow waters of Cretaceous. Besides these examples, shallow and warm waters were also hosting Hedbergella , Globigerinelloides, Clavihedbergella, Schackoina, and Ticinella. Considering these species it can be said that shallow water Cretaceous planktic foraminifera consist of mostly planispiral and biumbilicate tests having areal apertures. Mostly; because these are not the original characteristics of Clavihedbergellida.

On the other hand, Rotalipora, Planomalina, Praeloglobotruncana are thought to be of the deeper, even deepest, part of the waters in Cretaceous with their keels (like globorotalia) and of course according to the oxygen isotope data. (Leckie, 1987)

Bibliography

Bellier, J, P. (1998). Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers, eastern equatorial atlantic. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 159335

Douglas, R, G. (1969). Upper Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera in Northern California. Part 1. Micropaleontology, pp. 151-209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1484919

Leckie, R. M. (1987). Paleogeology of mid cretaceous planktonic foraminifera: a comparison of open ocean and epicontinental sea assemblages. Micropaleontology , pp. 164-176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1485491

Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H. (1988). Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Omori, M., Ikeda, T., (1992). Methods in marine zooplankton ecology. Malabar, USA: Krieger Publishing Company.

PLANKRANGE: A Database of Planktonic Foraminiferal Ranges . (2002). Stewart, D.R.M, & Pearson, P.N. http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Data/plankrange.html

Appendix

Genus Name Species Name Original Genus Name Author, YearRng

. FADLO

DAbathomphalus intermedius Globotruncana intermedia Bolli, 1951 1,8 67,7 65,9

Alanlordella aptiensisGlobigerinelloides aptiense Longoria, 1974 2,9

115,1

112,2

  bosquensisArcheaoglobigerina bosquensis Pessagno, 1967 3,5 87 83,5

  cretacea Globigerina cretacea d'Orbigny, 1840 19,1 89 69,9

Ascoliella nitida Favusella nitida Michael, 1973 17,7116,

6 98,9

  quadrata Favusella quadrata Michael, 1973 6,7105,

6 98,9

  scitula Favusella scitula Michael, 1973 13,3112,

2 98,9

  voloshinae Favusella voloshinaeLongoria & Gamper, 1977 6,7

105,6 98,9

Biglobigerinella barri Biglobigerinella barri Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957 4,4

116,6

112,2

Biticinella breggiensis Anomalina breggiensis Gandolfi, 1942 8,7108,

7 100

Blefuscuiana aptiana s.s. Hedbergella aptiana Bartenstein, 1965 21,4 127105,

6

  convexa Loeblichella convexa Longoria, 1974 2,6116,

6 114

  excelsa s.s. Hedbergella excelsa Longoria, 1974 4,4 121116,

6

  hispaniae Hedbergella hispaniae Longoria, 1974 2,6114,

8112,

2

  infracretacea s.s. Globigerina infracretacea Glaessner, 1937 13,4 119105,

6

  kuznetsovae Blefuscuiana kuznetsovaeBanner & Desai, 1988 4,4

116,6

112,2

  laculata s.s. Blefuscuiana laculataBanner, Copestake & White, 1993 3 127 124

  occulta s.s. Hedbergella occulta Longoria, 1974 8,8 121112,

2

  praetrocoidea Hedbergella praetrocoideaKretchmar & Gorbachik, 1986 4,4 121

116,6

  speetonensis s.s. Blefuscuiana speetonensisBanner & Desai, 1988 4,1

114,1 110

Blowiella maridalensis Planomalina maridalensis Bolli, 1959 4,4116,

6112,

2

  solida Blowiella solidaKretchmar & Gorbachik, 1986 4,4

116,6

112,2

Claviblowiella saundersai Planomalina saundersi Bolli, 1959 5,7 117111,

3

  sigali Globigerinelloides sigali Longoria, 1974 4,4116,

6112,

2

Clavihedbergella moremani Hastigerinella moremani Cushman, 1931 5 93 88

  caucasia Globuligerina caucasicaGorbachik & Prorshina, 1979 7,7

142,2

134,5

  gulekhensis Globuligerina gulekhensisGorbachik & Poroshina, 1979 7,7

142,2

134,5

  fornicata Globotruncana fornicata Plummer, 1931 18,2 85,6 67,4

  patelliformisGlobotruncana patelliformis Gandolfi, 1955 13 79,7 66,7

  plummeraeGlobotruncana fornicata Plummer Gandolfi, 1955 10,8 79,7 68,9

Dicarinella algerianaPraeglobotruncana algeriana Caron, 1966 3,6 93,9 90,3

  asymetrica Globotruncana asymetrica Sigal, 1952 1,5 85 83,5  concavata Rotalia concavata Brotzen, 1934 3,1 87 83,9  hagni Praeglobotruncana hagni Scheibnerova, 1962 3,7 92,7 89

  imbricataGlobotruncana (Globotruncana) imbricata Mornod, 1949-1950 6,2 92,8 86,6

  primitivaGlobotruncana ventricosa White Dalbiez, 1955 3,6 89 85,4

Falsotruncana maslakovae Faslotruncana maslakovae Caron, 1981 0,6 89,2 88,6

Favusella hiltermani Hedbergella hiltermaniLoeblich & Tappan, 1961 2,7 98,9 96,2

  stiftia Favusella stiftiaRosler, Lutze & Pflaumann, 1979 11 132 121

  washitensis Globigerina washitensis Carsey, 1926 20,4116,

6 96,2Gansserina gansseri Globotruncana gansseri Bolli, 1951 2,3 68,2 65,9

Globigerinelloides algerianusGlobigerinelloides algeriana

Cushman & ten Dam, 1948 1,5

116,2

114,7

  blowiGlobigerinelloides blowi (Bolli) Bolli, 1959 4,5

120,4

115,9

  duboisi Globigerinella duboisi Chevalier, 1961 4,4116,

6112,

2

  ferreolensis Bitcinella ferreolensis Moullade, 1961 4,4116,

6112,

2

  prairiehillensisGlobigerinelloides prairiehillensis Pessagno, 1967 12 79 67

  ultramicra Globigerinella ultramicra Subbotina, 1949 31,2101,

6 70,4  arca Pulvinulina arca Cushman, 1926 18,3 84,3 66  bulloides Globotruncana linnei Volger, 1941 16,7 84,1 67,4

  insignisGlobotruncana rosetta insignis Gandolfi, 1955 9,9 75,8 65,9

  lapparenti Globotruncana lapparenti Brotzen, 1936 15 84,1 69,1  linneiana Rosalina linneiana d'Orbigny, 1839 15,8 83,9 68,1

  mariei Globotruncana marieiBanner & Blow, 1960 15,8 83,7 67,9

  orientalis Globotruncana orientalis El Naggar, 1966 13,4 81 67,6  rugosa Rosalinella rugosa Marie, 1941 7,3 78,8 71,5

  ventricosaGlobotruncana canaliculata White, 1928 11 79,4 68,4

Globotruncanita atlantica Globotruncana atlantica Caron, 1972 6,2 77,5 71,3  calcarata Globotruncana calcerata Cushman, 1927 4,1 75,4 71,3  elevata Globorotalia elevata Brotzen, 1934 10,1 83,7 73,6  fareedi Globotruncana fareedi El-Naggar, 1966 6,3 72,2 65,9

  stuartiformisGlobotruncana elevata stuartiformis Dalbiez, 1955 17,5 83,7 66,2

  subspinosa Globotruncana subspinosa Pessagno, 1960 9,9 77,6 67,7

  hoterivica Globigerina hoterivica Subbotina, 1953 25,6142,

2116,

6

Gorbachikella kugleri Globigerina kugleri Bolli, 1959 19,8 132112,

2Guembelitria cenomana Guembelina cenomana Keller, 1935 7,5 100 92,5Hastigerinoides alexanderi Hastigerinella alexanderi Cushman, 1931 3,5 87 83,5  subdigitata Globigerina subdigitata Carmen, 1929 16,7 85,6 68,9  watersi Hastigerinella watersi Cushman, 1931 13,7 85 71,3

Hedbergella bizonae Hastigerinella bizonae Chevalier, 1961 4,4116,

6112,

2

  delrioensisHedbergella delrioensis (Carsey) Carsey, 1926 32,1

117,5 85,4

  flandrini Hedbergella flandrini Porthault, 1970 4,7 89,7 85

  gorbachikae Hedbergella gorbachikae Longoria, 1974 15,4 121105,

6  hoelzli Hedbergella hoelzli Hagn & Zeil, 1954 5,5 93,9 88,4

  maslakovae Hedbergella maslakovae Longoria, 1974 3,5117,

5 114

  planispira Globigerina planispira Tappan, 1940 29,5118,

1 88,6  sigali Hedbergella sigali Moullade, 1966 6 127 121

  simplex Hastigerinella simplex Morrow, 1934 21,7110,

3 88,6

  trocoideaHedbergella trocoidea (Gandolfi) Gandolfi, 1942 4,8

115,9

111,1

Heterohelix globulosaHeterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1840 14,2 83,5 69,3

  moremani Guembelina moremani Cushman, 1938 10,9101,

6 90,7

  planataHeterohelix planata (Cushman) Cushman, 1938 8 75,3 67,3

  reussi Gumbelina reussi Cushman, 1938 8,3 91,8 83,5

  semicostataHeterohelix semicostata (Cushman) Cushman, 1938 12,4 80,8 68,4

Leupoldina cabri Schackoina cabri Sigal, 1952 11116,

6105,

6

  protruberans Leupoldina protruberans Bolli, 1957 13,2121,

8108,

6

Lilliputianella globuliferaClavihedbergella globulifera

Kretchmar & Gorbachik, 1971 9,6

121,8

112,2

  kuhryi Hedbergella kuhryi Longoria, 1974 6,1118,

3112,

2

  roblesae Lilliputianella roblesaeObregon de la Parra, 1959 4,4

116,6

112,2

Lilliputianelloides eocretaceusClavihedbergella eocretacea Neagu,1975 4 125 121

Marginotruncana canaliculata Rosalina canaliculata Reuss, 1854 6,4 93 86,6

  coronataGlobotruncata lapparenti Brotzen Bolli, 1945 8,6 90,7 82,1

  marginata Rosalina marginata Reuss, 1845 6,8 90,3 83,5  marianosi Globotruncana marianosi Douglas, 1969 1,3 91 89,7

  paraconcavataMarginotruncana paraconcavata/renzi Porthault, 1970 4,8 89,8 85

  pseudolinneianaMarginotruncana pseudolinneiana Pessagno, 1967 7,2 90,7 83,5

  renzi Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi, 1942 6,6 92 85,4

  schneegansiGlobotruncana schneegansi Sigal, 1952 7,6 91,7 84,1

  sigaliGlobotruncana (Globotruncana) sigali Reichel, 1950 6,5 91,7 85,2

  sinuosa Marginotruncana sinuosa Porthault, 1970 4,6 89,3 84,7

  tarfayaensisMarginotruncana tarfayaensis Lehmann, 1963 6,1 89 82,9

  undulata Marginotruncana undulata Lehmann, 1963 6,5 89,7 83,2

  multicamerataPlanoglobulina multicamerata De Klasz, 1953 6,5 74,7 68,2

Planomalina buxtorfi Planulina buxtorfi Gandolfi, 1942 12,1105,

6 93,5

  cheniourensis Planulina cheniourensis Sigal, 1952 1,5113,

7112,

2

  praebuxtorfi Planomalina praebuxtorfi Wonders, 1975 6,7105,

6 98,9

Praeglobotruncana aumalensisPraeglobotruncana aumalensis Sigal, 1952 4,3 95,5 91,2

  delrioensis Globorotalia delrioensis Plummer, 1931 8,7 103 94,3

  gibbaPraeglobotruncana stephani Klaus 1960 7,1 97,4 90,3

Helvetoglobotruncana? helvetica Globotruncana helvetica Bolli, 1945 1,5 91,8 90,3Helvetoglobotruncana? praehelvetica

Rogoglobigerina praehelvetica Trujillo, 1960 3,2 93,9 90,7

  stephani Globotruncana stephani Gandolfi, 1942 10,3101,

3 91

Praehedbergella handousi Caucasella handousi Salaj, 1984 2,5 132129,

5

  pseudosigaliPraehedbergella pseudosigali

Banner, Copestake & White, 1993 3 124 121

  tuschepsensis s.s. Globigerina tuschepensis Antonova, 1964 3 127 124

Rotalipora appenninicaGlobotruncana appenninica Renz, 1936 7

101,3 94,3

  cushmani Globorotalia cushmani Morrow, 1934 1,7 95,2 93,5  deeckei Rotalipora deeckei Franke, 1925 1 95,1 94,1

  gandolfiiRotalipora appenninica gandolfii

Luterbacher & Premoli-Silva, 1962 2,1 99,1 97

  globotruncanoide Thalmanninella brotzeni Sigal, 1948 4,6 98,9 94,3

s

  greenhornensisGloborotalia greenhornensis Morrow, 1934 1,5 95,2 93,7

  micheli Roatlipora micheliSacal & Debourle, 1957 2,2 99 96,8

  montsalvensis

Globotruncana (Rotalipora) montsalvensis Mornod, 1949-50 3,4 97,7 94,3

  reichleliGlobotruncana (Rotalipora) reicheli Mornod, 1949-50 1,8 97 95,2

  subticiensis

Globotruncana (Thalmanninella) ticinensis Gandolfi, 1957 4,6

106,2

101,6

  ticiensis Globotruncana ticinensis Gandolfi, 1942 4,4103,

8 99,4

  pilulaRugoglobigerina (Rugoglobigerina) pilula Belford, 1960 6,5 84,5 78

Rugotruncanasubcircumnodifer

Globotruncana circum. subcircumnodifer Gandolfi, 1955 7,4 73,1 65,7

  subpennyiGlobotruncana pennyi subpennyi Gandolfi, 1955 3,3 69,8 66,5

Schackoina cenomana Siderolina cenomana Schacko, 1897 17,7116,

6 98,9

  cepedai Hastigerinelloides cepedaiObregon de la Parra, 1959 4,4

116,6

112,2

  multispinata Schakoina multispinata Cushman & Wickenden, 1930 18,4 98,1 79,7

Sigalia decoratissimaVentilabrella decoratissima De Klasz, 1953 1,5 86 84,5

Ticinella bejaouensisTicinella roberti var. bejaouensis Sigal, 1966 12,7 113

100,3

  madecassiana Ticinella madecassiana Sigal, 1966 3,3102,

2 98,9

  praeticinensis Ticinella praeticinensis Sigal, 1966 6109,

2103,

2

  primula Ticinella primulaLuterbacher & Schneider, 1963 9,5

110,8

101,3

  raynaudi Ticinella raynaudi Sigal, 1966 6,5107,

3100,

8

Whiteinella aprica Whiteinella apricaLoeblich & Tappan, 1961 5,2 94 88,8

  archaeocretaceaWhiteinella archaeocretacea Pessagno, 1967 7,2 93,5 86,3

  baltica Whiteinella balticaDouglas & Rankin, 1969 9,5 94,7 85,2

  brittonensis Whiteinella brittonensis Loeblich & Tappan, 11,6 96 84,4  inornata Whiteinella inornata Bolli, 1957 8 92,7 84,7  paradubia Globigerina paradubia Sigal, 1952 6,2 94,3 88,1

Wondersella athersuchi Wondersella athersuchiBanner & Strank, 1987 3,5

113,5 110