credential templates - islamic republic of...

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Credential Templates - Islamic Republic of Pakistan

International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS), Government of Alberta

TABLE OF CONTENTS Secondary School Certificate.....................................................................................2 Higher Secondary Certificate...................................................................................12 Diploma of Associate Engineer ...............................................................................18 Bachelor (Pass) Degree............................................................................................22 Bachelor (Honours) Degree (3 Years) .....................................................................28 Bachelor (Honours) Degree (4-5 Years)..................................................................33 Bachelor of Technology...........................................................................................41 Bachelor of Education..............................................................................................48 Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) .......................................................................................53 First Degrees – Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine...............................61 Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas ..................................................................67 Master Degree (3+1 or 2+2 Years) ..........................................................................72 Master of Education.................................................................................................77 Master of Philosophy and Equivalent Degrees........................................................84 Doctor of Philosophy ...............................................................................................90

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Country: PAKISTAN (Islamic Republic of Pakistan)

Secondary School Certificate Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: Secondary Credential Actual Name: Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Matriculation Examination (Certificate) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: 25 Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISEs) and 3 Boards of Technical Education, which are all members of the Inter Board Committee of Chairmen (IBCC) Admission Requirements: •Graduation from middle school /Middle Standard Examination (representing 8 years of schooling) Program Description: •Ten-year combined primary and lower secondary education program (Lower) secondary schools in Pakistan provide two years of general education. Upon completion of secondary education, students receive a certificate by passing an external examination given by one of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education or Boards of Technical Education. Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission into higher secondary school and further vocational and technical training Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.

• IERF (International Educational Research Foundation): New Country Index, Ten Speed Press, 2004 (US)

http://www.ibcc.edu.pk/

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• NOOSR (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition). Country Education Profiles Online: https://aei.gov.au/AEI/QualificationsRecognition/Information/CEP.htm

• PIER (Projects for International Education Research): The Admission and Academic

Placement of Students from South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, 1986 (US)

• UK NARIC – National Recognition Information Centre for the United Kingdom,

International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations for: Generally compares to the completion of Grade 10.

Course Equivalencies: Grade 10 level courses

IQAS Rationale: (Lower) secondary education in Pakistan lasts two years (Grades 9-10) following the completion of middle school and caters for children aged 13 to 14. The language of instruction is Urdu. Students must study a few compulsory subjects plus additional subjects based on a chosen course group. Upon the completion of their studies, they sit examinations administered by the various Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education or Boards of Technical Education in order to receive the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or Matriculation Certificate. The organization of the course groups changes with each revision of the national curriculum. The schemes of studies for different course groups prescribed by the 1995 and 2000 curricula are described below. These schemes only serve as general guidelines as the actual format and allocation of marks may vary, depending on the time period and examining board. Scheme of Studies, 1995 Curriculum In the 1995 curriculum, there are four compulsory subjects for all students worth total maximum marks of 450: Compulsory Subject Mark Urdu/regional language 150 English 150 Islamiat/Islamiyat 75 Pakistan Studies 75 Subtotal 450 Students may choose either the general group (which include various streams) or the science

https://aei.gov.au/AEI/QualificationsRecognition/Information/CEP.htm

http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk/

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group. Both groups require four additional subjects, each worth 100 marks. The Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination therefore has total maximum marks of 850. The following tables show the scheme of studies for the general and science groups prescribed in the 1995 curriculum:

Scheme of Studies (1995) for Secondary School Certificate, General Group

Subject Marks Weekly Periods

Urdu 150 4-6 English 150 6 Pakistan Studies 75 3 Islamiat 75 3 Mathematics 100 4 General Science 100 4 2 subjects from Y list, or 1 subject from Y list +1 subject from Z list

100 x 2 100 x 2

4 x 2 4 x 2

Total 850

Scheme of Studies (1995) for Secondary School Certificate, Science Group

Subject Marks Weekly Periods

Urdu 150 4-6 English 150 6 Pakistan Studies 75 3 Islamiat 75 3 Mathematics 100 4 Physics 100 4 / 3 Chemistry 100 4 / 3 Biology or Computer Science 100 4 / 3 Total 850

Y list of subjects

1. Physical physiology and hygiene 2. Geometrical and technical drawing 3. Geology 4. Astronomy and space science 5. Arts and model drawing 6. Environmental studies 7. Islamic studies or Islamic history 8. History of Indo-Pak. sub-continent 9. Arabic 10. Persian 11. Geography 12. Economics 13. Civics 14. Food and nutrition 15. Related art 16. Household accounts and related problems 17. Elements of home economics 18. Management for better homes 19. Clothing and textile 20. Child development and family living

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21. Military science 22. Commercial geography 23. Computer science 24. Music 25. Urdu literature 26. English literature 27. Sindhi 28. Punjabi 29. Pashto 30. Balochi 31. Gujrati 32. Turkish 33. Bangali 34. Chinese 35. French 36. Russian 37. German 38. Japanese 39. Spanish

Z list of subjects General Stream (100 marks each) 1. Education 2. Health and physical education 3. Elementary nursing and first aid 4. Calligraphy 5. Photography 6. Local (community) crafts 7. Computer education Commercial Stream (50 marks each) Students must take “typewriting” (compulsory) and choose 1 subject from Nos. 2 to 8 1. Typewriting (compulsory) 2. Bookkeeping and accounting 3. Secretarial practice 4. Business methods 5. Salesmanship 6. Insurance 7. Banking 8. Import and export procedures Agriculture Stream (50 marks each) Students must take “general agriculture” (compulsory) and choose 1 subject from Nos. 2 to 7. 1. General agriculture (compulsory) 2. Farm education 3. Crop production 4. Livestock farming 5. Animal production 6. Productive insects and fish culture 7. Horticulture Industrial Stream Students select 1 subject from the following trade groups except the mechanical trades group. Each subject carries 100 marks including 50 marks for technical drawing. 1. Mechanical Trades Group: (Fitting is compulsory in Grade 9 for all students. In Grade 10, students continue fitting or choose one of the remaining trades).

i. Fitting

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ii. Turning iii. Plumbing iv. Welding v. Electro-plating

vi. Moulding & casting 2. Electrical Trades Group

i. Electrical Wiring ii. Electrical Winding

iii. Household Appliances iv. Radio Servicing

3. Wood Trades Group i. Furniture and cabinet making

ii. Wood carving and Inlay work iii. Joinery iv. Wood turning and Lacquer work

4. Draft Trades Group i. Mechanical Drafting

ii. Civil Drafting Scheme of Studies, 2000 Curriculum Mathematics has been made a compulsory subject for all students. There are a total of five compulsory subjects with total maximum marks of 550: Compulsory Subject Mark Urdu/regional language 150 English 150 Islamiat/Islamiyat 75 Pakistan Studies 75 Mathematics 100 Subtotal 550 Students may choose from the science group, humanities group, technical group, and Islamic studies group. The Islamic studies group has been introduced as part of the government’s efforts to mainstream religious education. Students must sit examinations in additional subjects from their chosen course group worth 300 marks. The total maximum marks of all subjects taken for the Secondary School Certificate Examination remain 850. The following tables show the scheme of studies for various course groups prescribed in the 2000 national curriculum.

Scheme of Studies (2000) for Secondary School Certificate: Science Group Marks Subjects

Theory Practical Total Weekly Periods

Urdu (A+B) 75+75 150 6 English (A+B) 75+75 150 6 Islamiat for Muslims Ethics for non-Muslims 75 75 3

Pakistan Studies 75 75 3 Mathematics 100 100 6 Physics 85 15 100 4+2 Chemistry 85 15 100 4+2

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Biology or Computer Science or 1 Technical subject

85 75 50

15 25 50

100 100 100

4+2 3+3 2+4

Total 850 42

Scheme of Studies (2000) for Secondary School Certificate: Humanities Group Marks Subjects



Pakistan Studies 75 75 3 Mathematics 100 100 6 General Science 100 100 6 2 Social Science subjects or 1 Social Science subject + 1 Technical subject

100+100 100 50

50

200 100 100

6+6 6 2+4

Total 850 42

Scheme of Studies (2000) for Secondary School Certificate: Technical Group Marks Subjects



Pakistan Studies 75 75 3 Mathematics 100 100 6 General Science 100 100 6 2 Technical subjects 50

50 50 50

100 100

2+4 2+4

Total 850 42

Scheme of Studies (2000) for Secondary School Certificate: Darse Nizami [Islamic Studies] Group Marks Subjects


Urdu A+ Urdu B (Al Qawaid wal Insha) 75+75 150 6 English (A+B) 75+75 150 6 Seeratul Rasool (in lieu of Islamiat) 75 75 3 Pakistan Studies 75 75 3 Mathematics 100 100 6 General Science 100 100 6 Al – Quran Al – Hadith [sayings and deeds of Mohammed] Al – Fiqah [Islamic jurisprudence]

100 50 50

100 50 50

6 6 3

Total 850 42

Social Science Subjects 1. Art and Model Drawing 2. Islamic Studies 3. Islamic History

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4. Geography 5. Economics 6. Management for Better Homes 7. Child Development and Family Living 8. Commercial Geography 9. Shorthand and Typing 10. Bookkeeping and Accounts 11. Business Methods 12. Secretariat Practice 13. Salesmanship 14. Banking and Insurance 15. Import and Export Procedure 16. Geometrical and Technical Drawing 17. Physiology and Hygiene 18. Geology 19. Astronomy and Space Science 20. Military Science 21. Environmental Studies 22. History of Indo-Pak Sub-continent 23. Civics 24. Food and Nutrition 25. Elements of Home Economics 26. Clothing & Textile 27. Computer Science 28. Physical Education 29. Education 30. Urdu Literature 31. English Literature 32. Arabic 33. Persian 34. Sindhi 35. Pushto 36. Punjabi 37. Balochi 38. Gujrati 39. Bengali 40. Turkish 41. French 42. Spanish 43. Chinese 44. Russian 45. Japanese 46. German

Technical Subjects

Phase I 1. Repair & Maintenance of domestic refrigerators & air conditioners 2. Radio & Tape Recorder repairing 3. Plumbing & Sanitary Fitting 4. Electrical Wiring 5. Wood Work (Boat making) 6. Auto Mechanic (Motorcycle & Scooters) 7. Computer Hardware 8. Repair & Maintenance of Household electrical appliances 9. Servicing and Minor repair of Tractors 10. Food Processing and Preservation

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11. Poultry Farming 12. Beautician 13. Wood Working (Furniture making) 14. Welding (Gas & Electric) 15. Fish Farming 16. Dress Making & Fashion Designing 17. TV Repairing

Phase II

1. Auto Electrician 2. Ceramics 3. Leather Goods Making 4. Minor Repair & Maintenance of Petrol Engine 5. Floriculture 6. Photography 7. Glass Work (Glass Blowing, Cutting & Framing) 8. Pottery (Cottage Industry) 9. Wheel Balancing & Vulcanizing 10. Sheet Metal Work 11. Minor Repair & Maintenance of Diesel Engine 12. Sericulture (Silk Worm) Raising 13. Stuffed Toys & Doll Making 14. Floral Work 15. Art and Painting & Calligraphy 16. Cooking & Baking 17. Embroidery and Knitting 18. Textile and Weaving 19. Carpeting 20. Sports Goods 21. Cutlery & Surgical Instruments 22. Metallurgy 23. Masonry/Building Construction 24. Book Keeping and Cash Handling 25. Computer Operating and Shorthand/Typing 26. Mining 27. Petroleum 28. Agro Industries 29. Farm Management

Composite and Part Wise Examinations Depending on the year and examining board, the SSC examination may be either composite or part wise:

• The SSC composite examination is conducted at the end of Grade 10 • The SSC (part wise/part system) examination is conducted in two parts, at the end of

Grade 9 (SSC Part I) and at the end of Grade 10 (SSC Part II). A new scheme of part wise SSC examination introduced by the Ministry of Education around 2005 has total marks of 1050. The allocation of marks to subjects in Part I and Part II may vary by examining board.

Part Wise SSC Examination (2005), Science Group (with Biology), Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Rawalpindi

Subject Part I Part II

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(Grade 9) (Grade 10) Theory Theory Practical

Urdu 75 75 English 75 75 Islamiyat (Compulsory) Pakistan Studies

75 75

Mathematics 75 75 Physics 60 60 30 Chemistry 60 60 30 Biology 60 60 30 Subtotal 480 480 90 Total 1050

Part Wise SSC Examination (2008), Science Group (with Biology), Federal Board of Intermediate &

Secondary Education (FBISE) Part I

(Grade 9) Part II

(Grade 10) Subject Theory Practical Theory Practical

Urdu 75 75 English 75 75 Islamiyat (Compulsory) Pakistan Studies

75 75

Mathematics 75 75 Physics 65 10 65 10 Chemistry 65 10 65 10 Biology 65 10 65 10 Subtotal 495 30 495 30 Total 1050

Secondary School Certificate (SSC)/Matriculation Examination Certificate The minimum mark for passing each subject at the SSC Examination is 33%. The certificate usually indicates the chosen course group, total marks obtained for all subjects and the corresponding letter grade. A student who fails in one or two papers may repeat those subjects in “compartmental exams” conducted in the same year. A student who fails in more than two papers is required to repeat all subjects the following year. There is also the common practice of giving “grace marks” to students who fail one or two papers by a few percentage points to allow them to pass the examination. By passing all subjects in the board examination, students receive the Secondary School Certificate (SSC), also called Matriculation Examination Certificate. They also receive a detailed marks sheet. The SSC is required for entry into higher secondary school. The SSC holder may also seek admission into vocational and technical programs such as the three-year Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE). Conclusion Secondary education in Pakistan requires graduation from middle school for admission and takes two years to complete, representing a total of 10 years of schooling. Upon completion of their study, students must sit external examinations administered by one of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education or Boards of Technical Education to receive the Secondary School

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Certificate or Matriculation Examination Certificate. The certificate allows an individual to seek employment or admission into higher secondary school or vocational and technical programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the Secondary School Certificate or Matriculation Examination Certificate to the completion of Grade 10. Grading: Percentage marks are predominantly used. The Pakistani system is low marking, with 33% as the common minimum pass mark. The actual grading scale adopted may vary by examining board and time period. Grading scale information is usually provided on the certificates and may be available on the websites of the boards. The following table shows a grading scale adopted by many of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISEs) for their Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examinations. The letter grades are assigned according to overall marks in all subjects.

Six-Level Grading Scale, Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Percentage Marks (%) Letter Grade Descriptor 80 and above A One/A-1/A+ Outstanding/Distinction/Exceptional

70 and above but below 80 A Excellent 60 and above but below 70 B Very Good 50 and above but below 60 C Good 40 and above but below 50 D Fair 33 and above but below 40 E Satisfactory

An older grading scale used by BISEs had 33% as the minimum pass mark and assigned divisions according to overall marks in all subjects:

Traditional Grading Scale, Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Percentage Marks (%) Division 75 and above Distinction 60 -74 First Division 45-59 Second Division 33-44 Third Division Below 33 Fail

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Higher Secondary Certificate Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: Secondary Credential Actual Name: Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Intermediate Examination (Certificate) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: 25 Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISEs), which are all members of the Inter Board Committee of Chairmen (IBCC) Admission Requirements: • Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or equivalent Program Description: • Two-year upper secondary education program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission into university and other postsecondary programs such as further vocational and technical training Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.


• NOOSR (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition). Country Education Profiles

Online: https://aei.gov.au/AEI/QualificationsRecognition/Information/CEP.htm

• PIER (Projects for International Education Research): The Admission and Academic Placement of Students from South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,

http://www.ibcc.edu.pk/


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1986 (US)

• UK NARIC – National Recognition Information Centre for the United Kingdom, International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk

IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of Grade 12

Course Equivalencies: 30-level (Grade 12) courses IQAS Rationale: Higher secondary education lasts two years (Grades 11-12), with entry based on the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or equivalent, and caters for children aged 15 to 16. It is offered at both higher secondary schools and intermediate and degree colleges. It is often called the intermediate stage. An older term, FA (Faculty of Arts) and FS or FSc (Faculty of Science), is also used. The language of instruction is Urdu. Students must study a few compulsory subjects plus additional subjects based on a chosen course group. Upon the completion of their studies, they sit examinations administered by the various Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education in order to receive the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) or Intermediate Certificate. The organization of the course groups changes with each revision of the national curriculum. The scheme of studies for different course groups prescribed by the 1995 and 2000 curricula are described below. Scheme of Studies, 1995 Curriculum In the 1995 Curriculum, there are four compulsory subjects for all students worth total maximum marks of 500: Compulsory Subject Mark Urdu 200 English 200 Islamic Education 50 Pakistan Studies 50 Subtotal 500 Students may choose the science group (which include several sub-groups), the humanities group, the medical technology group, or the home economics group (for girls), each with additional subjects worth 600 marks. The Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination therefore has total maximum marks of 1100. The following table shows the scheme of studies for the various course groups prescribed in the 1995 curriculum:

Scheme of Studies (1995) for Higher Secondary Certificate


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Group Subject Marks Urdu 200 English 200 Pakistan studies 50 Compulsory for all students

Islamic education 50 Pre-Medical Physics, Chemistry and Biology 200 x 3 Pre-Engineering Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics 200 x 3

Mathematics, Physics, Statistics 200 x 3 Mathematics, Economics, Statistics 200 x 3 Mathematics, Economics, Computer studies 200 x 3 Mathematics, Physics, Computer studies 200 x 3

Science General

Mathematics, Statistics, Computer studies 200 x 3

Humanities 1 subject from set I, set II and set III each (see following table for allowed subject combinations)

200 x 3

Elementary anatomy and micro techniques 100 Haematology and blood banking 100 Microbiology I 100 Microbiology II 100 Clinical pathology and Serology 100

Medical Technology

Elementary chemistry and Chemical pathology 100 Food and home management 200 Clothing and related arts 200 Home Economics (for girls) Child development and group behaviour, childcare and home nursing

200

Total for each group 1100

List of Subjects for Humanities Group Set I Set II Set III 1 Mathematics Statistics Psychology 2 Mathematics Statistics Geography 3 Economics Statistics Geography 4 Economics Islamic Studies Civics 5 History Islamic Studies Civics 6 History Islamic Studies Arabic/ Persian 7 Economics Islamic Studies Psychology 8 Islamic Studies Health & Phys. Ed. Urdu (advanced)/Arabic 9 Library Science History Civics 10 Any other combination adopted by the examining boards

Scheme of Studies, 2000 Curriculum As in the 1995 Curriculum, there are four compulsory subjects for all students worth total maximum marks of 500: Compulsory Subject Mark Urdu/Pakistan Culture (for foreigners) 200 English 200 Islamic Education/Civics (for non-Muslims) 50 Pakistan Studies 50 Subtotal 500 The following table show the scheme of studies, in addition to the four compulsory subjects, for

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various course groups prescribed in the 2000 national curriculum:

Scheme of Studies (2000) for Higher Secondary Certificate Group Subject Marks Pre-Medical Physics, Chemistry, Biology Pre-Engineering Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics

Science Science General

1. Mathematics, Physics, Statistics 2. Mathematics, Economics, Statistics 3. Mathematics, Economics, Computer Science 4. Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science 5. Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science

200 per subject

Humanities

Choose three from the following: 1. Arabic/Persian/French/English(Elective)/Urdu

(Elective) 2. Economics 3. Fine Arts 4. Philosophy 5. Psychology 6. Statistics 7. History of Modern World/Islamic History/ History

of Muslim India/ History of Pakistan 8. Islamic Studies 9. Health and Physical Education 10. Sindhi (Elective) 11. Civics 12. Education 13. Geography 14. Sociology 15. Mathematics 16. Computer Science 17. Islamic Culture 18. Library Science 19. Outlines of Home Economics

200 per subject

Grade 11

1. Principles of Accounting 2. Principles of Economics 3. Principles of Commerce 4. Business Mathematics

100 75 75 50 Commerce

Grade 12

1. Principles of Accounting 2. Commercial Geography 3. Computer Studies/Typing/Banking 4. Statistics

100 75 75 50

Medical Technology

1. Medical Lab Technology Group 2. Dental Hygiene Technology Group 3. Operation Theatre Technology Group 4. Medical Imaging Technology Group 5. Physiotherapy Technology Group 6. Ophthalmic Technology Group

Total 600 Various examining boards may offer other course groups in addition to those listed in the national curriculum. Examples include nursing group, agricultural group, and military science group.

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Composite and Part Wise Examinations Depending on the year and examining board, the HSC examination may be either composite or part wise:

• The HSC composite examination is conducted at the end of Grade 12 • The HSC (part wise/part system) examination is conducted in two parts, at the end of

Grade 11 (HSC Part I) and at the end of Grade 12 (HSC Part II). The following table shows the allocation of marks to subjects in Part I and Part II of the part wise HSC examination (pre-medical) conducted by Aga Khan University Examination Board:

Higher Secondary Certificate Examination (2008 & 2009), Science Group (Pre-Medical), Aga Khan

University Examination Board Marks Subjects

Theory Practical Total English Compulsory I 100 100 Urdu Compulsory I or Pakistan Culture I 100 100 Islamic Education or Civics 50 50 Physics I 85 15 100 Chemistry I 85 15 100 Biology I 85 15 100

Part I (Class XI)

Subtotal 550 English Compulsory II 100 100 Urdu Compulsory or Pakistan Culture II 100 100 Pakistan Studies 50 50 Physics II 85 15 100 Chemistry II 85 15 100 Biology II 85 15 100

Part II (Class XII)

Subtotal 550 Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC)/Intermediate Examination Certificate The minimum mark for passing each subject is 33%. The certificate usually indicates the chosen course group, total marks obtained for all subjects and the corresponding letter grade. A student who fails in one or two papers may repeat those subjects in “compartmental exams” conducted in the same year. A student who fails in more than two papers is required to repeat all subjects the following year. There is also the common practice of giving “grace marks” to students who fail one or two papers by a few percentage points to allow them to pass the examination. After passing the examination, students receive the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) or Intermediate Examination Certificate, which is the prerequisite for entry into university undergraduate study. In addition to the HSC, students also receive a detailed marks sheet. The format of the HSC and marks sheet varies by issuing board and time period. Conclusion Higher secondary education in Pakistan requires a Secondary School Certificate or equivalent for admission and takes two years to complete, representing a total of 12 years of schooling. Upon completion of their study, students must sit external examinations administered by one of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education to receive the Higher Secondary Certificate or Intermediate Examination Certificate. The certificate allows an individual to seek employment or

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admission into universities. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the Higher Secondary School Certificate or Intermediate Examination Certificate from Pakistan to the completion of Grade 12. Grading: Percentage marks are predominantly used. The Pakistani system is low marking, with 33% as the common minimum pass mark. The actual grading scale adopted may vary by examining board and time period. Grading scale information is usually provided on the certificates and may be available on the websites of the boards. The following table shows a grading scale adopted by many of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISEs) for their Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examinations. The letter grades are assigned according to overall marks in all subjects.

Six-Level Grading Scale, Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Percentage Marks (%) Letter Grade Descriptor 80 and above A One/A-1/A+ Outstanding/Distinction/Exceptional

70 and above but below 80 A Excellent 60 and above but below 70 B Very Good 50 and above but below 60 C Good 40 and above but below 50 D Fair 33 and above but below 40 E Satisfactory

An older grading scale used by BISEs had 33% as the minimum pass mark and assigned divisions according to overall marks in all subjects:

Traditional Grading Scale, Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Percentage Marks (%) Division 75 and above Distinction 60 -74 First Division 45-59 Second Division 33-44 Third Division Below 33 Fail

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Diploma of Associate Engineer Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: Technical/Professional/Vocational Credential Actual Name: Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Boards of Technical Education (NWFP, Punjab, and Sindh) and Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Balochistan) Admission Requirements: • Secondary School Certificate (SSC), Matriculation Examination Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or course group (e.g. science group) Program Description: •Three-year technical diploma program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment •Admission to university undergraduate study DAE holders may apply to Bachelor of Technology (pass) programs or for reserved seats in Bachelor of Science (Engineering) programs at some universities. Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.




• PIER (Projects for International Education Research): The Admission and Academic Placement of Students from South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, 1986 (US)


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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of a postsecondary Certificate. [Note: The first two years of the program are considered to be at a secondary level and the completion of Grade 12 is acknowledged.] IQAS Rationale: Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) programs are offered by polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of technology. The first polytechnic was established in Karachi in 1953, and the first polytechnic for women in Lahore in 1967. There are now 200 polytechnics and monotechnics in the country, including 15 for women, with a total enrolment of about 60,000. The DAE involves three years of fulltime study. Students may have the option to complete the program in four years through part-time evening study. There are also some specialized DAE programs that involve four years of fulltime study. Entry to DAE programs is based on the Secondary School Certificate (science group), though a small number of applicants hold a Higher Secondary Certificate. The Boards of Technical Education (NWFP, Punjab and Sindh) and the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Balochistan) supervise the curricula, conduct annual examinations and award the diploma. DAE programs are offered in a range of engineering and non-engineering fields. Traditionally, civil, electrical and mechanical technologies are the three fields with the highest enrolments. The following table lists the courses of a DAE program in electrical technology:

Diploma of Associate Engineer in Electrical Technology, NWFP. Board of Technical Education Courses No.

First Year Second Year Third Year 1 Islamiat/Pakistan Studies Islamiat/Pakistan Studies Islamiat/Pakistan Studies 2 English Applied Mathematics-II Business Communication 3 Applied Mathematics-I Applied Physics Industrial Management

& Human Relations 4 Applied Chemistry Business Management

& Industrial Economics AC Machines

5 Computer Applications DC Machines & Batteries Power Plant & Energy Conservation

6 Principles of Electrical Engineering

Electrical Instruments & Measurements

Transmission, Distribution & Protection of Electrical Power Systems

7 Basic Electrical Drawing Utilization of Electrical Energy Telecommunication 8 Workshop Practice-I Installation, Planning

& Estimating Repair & Maintenance of Electrical Equipments

9 Applications of Computers in Electrical Technology

Digital & Industrial Electronics


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10 Basic Electronics 11 workshop Practice-II

(Basic Machine Shop)

The DAE allows an individual to • Seek employment as a technician or mid-level supervisor in an industrial or office setting • Apply to the Institution of Engineers, Pakistan to become an “associate”, one of the eight

classes of membership • Seek admission to a Bachelor of Technology (pass) program at a college of technology • Apply to the reserved seats for DAE graduates at a four-year B.Sc. Engineering program of

an engineering college or university. The DAE must be in the same engineering discipline as the B.Sc. Engineering program.

Only a small number of DAE holders are able to get into B.Sc. Engineering programs. Most of those who pursue further education choose B.Tech (pass) programs offered at colleges of technology. The colleges of technology are affiliated to universities, which award the B.Tech degree.

The Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) in collaboration with NAVTEC is developing criteria for DAE holders to register with the PEC as technologists and technicians.

Conclusion The Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) requires a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or equivalent (Grade 10) for admission and usually involves three years of fulltime study. The diploma allows an individual to seek employment or admission to some undergraduate programs such as B.Tech (pass) and Bachelor of Science (Engineering). In Canada, postsecondary certificate and diploma programs require Grade 12 for admission, with diploma programs generally involving at least two years of fulltime study and certificate programs less than two years; they provide access to employment and possible transfer of credit for admission into undergraduate programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) to the completion of a postsecondary Certificate. A note is appended to acknowledge the completion of Grade 12. Grading:

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Grading scale for Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) programs is determined by the Provincial Boards of Technical Education and may vary by examining board and time period. Following is the grading scale currently adopted in Punjab. The letter grades are assigned according to overall marks in all subjects.

Grading Scale, Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE), Punjab Board of Technical Education

Percentage Marks (%) Letter Grade 80 and above A+ 70-79 A 60-69 B 50-59 C <50 but passing all subjects D

To pass a course, one must obtain at least 40% in the theory component and 50% in the practical component.

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Bachelor (Pass) Degree Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor (Pass) Degree Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Bachelor of Arts (BA) (Pass) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) (Pass) Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) (Pass) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) (Pass) Bachelor of Home Economics (Pass) Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) (Pass) Note: These are examples of the two-year bachelor (pass) degrees and do not constitute a complete list of such programs. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: •Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC)/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or group (e.g. humanities group, science group) Program Description: •Two-year undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission to university graduate programs, upgraded four-year bachelor degree programs, postgraduate bachelor degree and diploma programs Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.

• IERF (International Educational Research Foundation): New Country Index, Ten Speed

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Press, 2004 (US) • NOOSR (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition). Country Education Profiles




International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of two years of undergraduate study in xxx.

IQAS Rationale: Traditional undergraduate education in Pakistan represents 14 years of schooling (12+2), with 12 years of school education followed by a two-year bachelor (pass) degree. The two-year pass degrees are typically offered in arts, commerce, and science – Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) and Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.). Entry is based on the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC)/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent, which represents 12 years of schooling. Students are required to complete a number of courses (usually 3-5 per semester) or “papers” and pass two annual examinations (Part I and Part II). These are general programs with no area of specialization and no thesis requirement. Pass degree programs are mostly offered at affiliated colleges, with the affiliating universities conducting the annual examinations at the end of the academic year and awarding the degrees. Internal assessment by the colleges accounts for a small percentage of the total marks. Following is a sample program structure of B.Com:

Bachelor of Commerce, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education Duration: 2 years Entry Requirement: Intermediate/A-Level Graduation Requirement: 40% pass in each subject and 45% in aggregate

Paper Marks Part I

I. Islamic Studies/Ethics and Pakistan Studies 100 II. Functional English (Compulsory) 100 III. Introduction to Business 100 IV. Principles of Accounting 100 V. Business Mathematics and Statistics 100 VI. Economic Analysis and Policy 100

Part II I. Business Communication 100



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II. Principles of Management 100 III. Economic Development of Pakistan 100 IV. Advanced Accounting and Cost Accounting 100 V. Business and Industrial Law 100 VI. Optional Paper (choose one): Auditing and Income Tax Law Introduction to Computer Application in Business Principles of Marketing Principles of Insurance Banking and Finance

100

Total 1200 In addition to arts, commerce and science, two-year bachelor (pass) degrees are also available in a few specialized areas such as business administration (BBA), home economics, and Information Technology (BIT). The B.Sc. (Home Economics) is offered as a two-year program following HSC or a four-year program following completion of secondary school (Grade 10). A bachelor (pass) degree gives an individual access to further education. Options include general master’s degree (e.g. MA, M.Com or M.Sc.), postgraduate bachelor degree (e.g. B.Ed), and postgraduate certificate and diploma programs. Some universities offer two-year programs that upgrade a bachelor (pass) degree to a four-year degree. Conclusion Offered by university-affiliated colleges, the bachelor (pass) degree program requires a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) or equivalent (Grade 12) for admission and involves two years of fulltime study, representing a total of 14 years of education. The degree allows an individual to seek employment or admission into general master’s degree, upgraded four-year bachelor degree, postgraduate bachelor degree, and postgraduate certificate and diploma programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the two-year Bachelor (pass) degree from Pakistan to the completion of two years of undergraduate study in xxx.

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Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.

Traditional Grading Scale, Higher Education Percentage Marks (%) Division

75 and above Distinction 60-74 First Division 45-59 Second Division 33-44 Third Division Below 33 Fail

Institutions today usually have 40%, 50% or 60% as the minimum pass mark. As the following examples indicate, there is a great variety in the alignment of percentage marks with letter grades and grade points.

Grading Scale, Allama Iqbal Open University Percentage Marks (%) Letter Grade 80 and above A+ 70-79 A 60-69 B 50-59 C 40-49 D Below 40 Fail

Grading Scale, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

Letter Grade Grade Points

Percentage Marks (%) Descriptor

A 4 80-100 Excellent B 3 65-79 Good C 2 50-64 Satisfactory D 1 40-49 Pass F 0 Below 40 Fail

Grading Scale, Bachelor of Science (BS) program, Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi


Percentage Marks (%)

Descriptor

A 4.0 90-100 Excellent A- 3.7 85-89 Very Good B+ 3.4 80-84 Good B 3.0 70-79 Above Average C+ 2.5 60.69 Average C 2.0 50-59 Satisfactory D 1.0 40-49 Pass F 0.0 Below 40 Fail

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Grading Scale, City University of Science and Technology, Peshawar

Percentage Marks (%) Letter Grade Grade Points

92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50

Below 50 F Fail Withdrawal W - Incomplete I -

Grading Scale for Graduate Programs, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Letter Grade Grade Points Percentage Marks (%) Descriptor A 4.0 85-100 Excellent B+ 3.5 77-84 Very Good B 3.0 70-76 Good C+ 2.5 65-69 Above Average C 2.0 60-64 Average D+ 1.5 55-59 Fair D 1.0 50-54 Pass F 0.0 Below 50 Fail S - - Satisfactory (for dissertation) U - - Unsatisfactory (for dissertation) P - 50-100 Pass in non-credit course X - - Exempted I - - Incomplete

Grading Scale, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education


90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5

Below 60 F 0.0 Withdrawal W 0.0 Incomplete I 0.0

Grading Scales, University of Sindh

Letter Grade Grade Points Percentage Marks (%)

Descriptor

Common Grading Scale A 4-5 80-100 Excellent B 3-<4 60-79 Good C 2-<3 50-59 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 40-49 Pass F 0 <40 Fail

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W 0 - Withdrawn from course R 0 - Research in progress

Grading Scale for Pharmacy Programs A 4-5 85 and above Excellent B 3-<4 71-84 Good C 2-<3 61-70 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 50-60 Pass F 0 < 50 Fail

Grading Scale for Business Administration Programs A 4-5 87 and above Excellent B 3-<4 72-86 Good C 2-<3 60-71 Satisfactory/Average F 0 < 60 Fail

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Bachelor (Honours) Degree (3 Years) Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor (Honours) Degree Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Bachelor of Arts (BA) (Honours) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) (Honours) Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) (Honours) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) (Honours) Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) (Honours) Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) (Honours) Note: These are examples of three-year bachelor (honours) degrees and do not constitute a complete list of such programs. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: •Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC), Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or group (e.g. humanities group, science group) Program Description: •Three-year undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment •Admission to university graduate degree programs, postgraduate bachelor degree and diploma programs Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.

• IERF (International Educational Research Foundation): New Country Index, Ten Speed

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Press, 2004 (US) • NOOSR (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition). Country Education Profiles




International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations for: Generally compares to the completion of a three-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx.

IQAS Rationale: Some universities offer three-year bachelor (honours) degrees in general areas (e.g. arts, commerce and science). Like the two-year bachelor (pass) degrees, they require Higher Secondary Certificate, Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent for admission. There are also one-year programs that upgrade a bachelor (pass) degree to a bachelor (honours) degree. Students must complete a number of courses (usually 3-5 per semester) or “papers” and pass three annual examinations (Part I, Part II and Final). Unlike two-year degrees, these programs usually have areas of specialization, such as BA (English), BA (Philosophy), B.Sc. (Geology), B.Sc. (Forestry), etc. There is no thesis requirement. In addition to arts, commerce, and science, three-year bachelor (honours) degrees are also available in a few other areas such as business administration (BBA), fine arts (BFA), education, and IT. A bachelor (honours) degree gives an individual access to further education. Options include general master’s degree (e.g. MA, M.Com or M.Sc.), postgraduate bachelor’s degree (e.g. B.Ed), and postgraduate certificate and diploma programs. It takes holders of a three-year honours degree one year to complete a general master’s degree program as compared with two years for holders of a two-year pass degree. The three-year bachelor (honours) degree programs are being phased out and replaced by four-year bachelor (honours) degrees. Conclusion The bachelor (honours) degree requires a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) or equivalent (Grade 12) for admission and involves three years of fulltime study, representing a total of 15 years of education. The degree allows an individual to seek employment or admission into general master’s degree, postgraduate bachelor degree, and postgraduate certificate and diploma



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programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the three-year Bachelor (honours) degree from Pakistan to the completion of a three-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.












Descriptor

A 4.0 90-100 Excellent A- 3.7 85-89 Very Good B+ 3.4 80-84 Good B 3.0 70-79 Above Average

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C+ 2.5 60.69 Average C 2.0 50-59 Satisfactory D 1.0 40-49 Pass F 0.0 Below 40 Fail



92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor

Common Grading Scale A 4-5 80-100 Excellent B 3-<4 60-79 Good

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C 2-<3 50-59 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 40-49 Pass F 0 <40 Fail I 0 - Incomplete W 0 - Withdrawn from course R 0 - Research in progress



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Bachelor (Honours) Degree (4-5 Years) Date Entered: Sep 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor (Honours) Degree Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Bachelor of Arts (BA) (Honours) Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) (Honours) Bachelor of Science (B.Sc./BS) (Honours) Bachelor of Architecture (5 Years) Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering Bachelor of Science in Animal Husbandry Bachelor of Engineering (BE) Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc. Engg.) Bachelor of Science in Nursing Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy Note: These are examples of the four/five-year bachelor degrees and do not constitute a complete list of such programs. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: •Higher Secondary Certificate, Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or group (e.g. pre-engineering) Program Description: •Four-year (or five-year) undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission to university graduate degree programs, postgraduate bachelor’s degree and diploma programs Placement Recommendations:

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The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.






International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of a four-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx.

IQAS Rationale:



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Bachelor (honours) degrees that involves at least four years of fulltime study fall into two categories: (1) bachelor degrees in professional and specialized fields (e.g. agriculture and engineering) that are traditionally four or five years in length, and (2) newly upgraded four-year general bachelor degrees (e.g. Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science) that are replacing the three-year bachelor (honours) degrees. (1) Professional bachelor degrees Professional bachelor degrees are traditionally four years or more in length. Major fields of study include agriculture, architecture (5 years), engineering and technology. Please refer to separate templates for professional degrees in medicine. Agriculture: Agricultural education is provided by both universities of agriculture (of which there is at least one in each province) and general universities. Bachelor’s degrees in agriculture such as Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.Sc. Agriculture) and Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering) involve four years of fulltime study. Entry is based on the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) in the relevant stream or group (e.g. pre-medical or pre-engineering). After completing a number of foundation courses in the first two years, students may study in a major area (e.g. agronomy, horticulture, animal sciences, soil science, and food science and technology) in the last two years. The B.Sc. Agriculture, considered equivalent to a traditional general M.Sc. (12+2+2), gives an individual access to further education in two-year M.Sc. Agriculture programs. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has published model curricula for bachelor’s and master’s degrees in various agricultural and related disciplines such as agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, agricultural extension, agronomy, plant pathology, and soil science. For example, the model curriculum for B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (2005) prescribes 165 total credits of coursework, including 128 credits of major courses and 37 credits of supporting courses. Engineering: The Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.Engg.) involves four years of fulltime study, with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) or equivalent in the relevant stream or course group (e.g. science or pre-engineering). The Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) prescribes the guidelines and standards for engineering bachelor’s degree programs:

• Entry is based on HSC (pre-engineering group) with at least 50% marks in aggregate (raised to 60% in 2008), or equivalent.

• DAE with at least 60% marks in aggregate may be admitted to the same discipline of engineering.

• The course of study must contain a minimum of 75% engineering subjects and a maximum of 25% non-engineering subjects (revised to 65% and 35% respectively in 2008).

• The duration of study is at least four years. Maximum period allowed to complete the program is seven years.

• Universities may adopt either the annual or semester system. Where the semester system

http://www.pec.org.pk/

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is adopted, students must complete a minimum of 128 credits. The PEC grants accreditation to programs meeting its standards in terms of curriculum, lectures, laboratory, fieldwork, allied facilities, etc. The PEC website provides a list of accredited programs in Pakistan. The accreditation status is reviewed at regular intervals. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has published model curricula for bachelor’s and master’s degrees in various engineering disciplines such as chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering. In the annual system, students must pass annual examinations, usually known as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and final Professional. In the semester system, final examinations are held and credits awarded at the end of each semester. In addition to coursework, student may be required to participate in a period of industrial training and complete a design project. The BE/B.Sc.Engg. degree gives access to further education in engineering master’s degree programs. An engineering degree from a PEC-accredited program allows an individual to register with the council. According to the PEC ACT, 1976, registration with the PEC is mandatory in order to undertake professional engineering work. Nursing: The Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) is responsible for setting standards of nursing education and for the registration of nurses. The minimum educational requirement to become a Registered Nurse (RN) is a diploma in general nursing. All nurses must register with the PNC in order to practice. The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BScN) involves four years of fulltime study. Entry is based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent plus admission test and interview. The HEC model curriculum (2006) prescribes 138 total credits, with one credit representing one semester hour of instruction or three semester hours of clinical/lab/tutorial work. A period of internship at a PNC-affiliated teaching hospital is also required. A BScN holder is eligible for registration with the PNC as a Registered Nurse. According to the HEC, the BScN program “is designed to accord with the wider professional developments of specialist and higher levels of practice currently being established by Pakistan Nursing Council.” Pharmacy: The Pharmacy Council of Pakistan sets the standards of pharmacy programs, approves qualifying examinations and recognizes degrees and diplomas for the registration of pharmacists. The first degree in pharmacy used to be the four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm). In 2004 the Higher Education Commission upgraded the program to a five-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD). Entry is based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent in the required course group (pre-medical) with minimum marks. Students must pass annual university examinations, generally known as the First Professional, Second Professional, Third Professional, Fourth Professional and Final Professional. For programs that adopt the semester credit system, the HEC model curriculum prescribes a total of 192 credits. The HEC curriculum also lists the “deficiency courses” B.Pharm graduates must take to upgrade to the new PharmD.

http://www.pec.org.pk/schedule_first.asp

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Some universities offer a one-year course for B.Pharm holders to upgrade to the PharmD. The B.Pharm and the new PharmD entitles an individual to register as a pharmacist with the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan. (The minimum requirement for registration is a diploma in pharmacy or passing a qualifying exam conducted by the Provincial Pharmacy Council.) They also give access to further education in Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) programs in pharmacy. An M.Phil in pharmacy following PharmD is required for admission into Ph.D. programs in pharmacy. (2) Newly upgraded four-year general bachelor degrees In recent years, universities in Pakistan in both the public and private sectors are adopting the North American pattern of four-year general bachelor degrees following completion of Grade 12. Two types of programs are available to applicants depending on their previous education: • Four-year bachelor (honours) following completion of Grade 12 • Two-year bachelor (honours) following completion of a first two-year bachelor (pass) degree Regardless of the route, the resulting bachelor degree represents a total of 16 years of education. The credit system is predominantly used, with about 120-140 minimum credit hours required for graduation. For example, the HEC-approved model curriculum for the four-year B.Com (honours)/BS Commerce (2006) lists 136 total credits. The weight of the research component in the curriculum depends on the programs; some consist of coursework only with no thesis requirement, while others list research methodology as a compulsory course and require students to complete a thesis and attend a viva voce. The four-year bachelor’s degrees are considered equivalent to traditional general master’s degrees for purposes of employment and further education, as both represent 16 years of education. At institutions that offer both types of programs, the Year 3 and Year 4 courses of the newly upgraded four-year bachelor program may be identical to the traditional general master’s program. Students in the four-year bachelor program may have the option to exit the program after two years and receive a bachelor (pass) degree. Conclusion Professional bachelor degrees and newly upgraded general bachelor (honours) degrees involve at least four years of fulltime study (or 120 semester credits) after Grade 12. They give access to employment and further education in university graduate degree programs and postgraduate bachelor degree and diploma programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the four/five-year bachelor (honours) degree to the completion of a four-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx. Grading:

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A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.












Descriptor



Percentage Letter Grade Grade Points

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Marks (%) 92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor

Common Grading Scale A 4-5 80-100 Excellent B 3-<4 60-79 Good C 2-<3 50-59 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 40-49 Pass F 0 <40 Fail I 0 - Incomplete W 0 - Withdrawn from course R 0 - Research in progress

Grading Scale for Pharmacy Programs

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A 4-5 85 and above Excellent B 3-<4 71-84 Good C 2-<3 61-70 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 50-60 Pass F 0 < 50 Fail


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Bachelor of Technology Date Entered: Oct 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) (pass) Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) (honours) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • B.Tech (pass): Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) • B.Tech (honours): B.Tech (pass) Program Description: Two-year undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment •Further education B.Tech (pass) holders may seek admission to B.Tech (honours) programs. B.Tech (honours) holders may seek admission to graduate degree programs subject to the approval of the Higher Education Commission (HEC). Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.




• PIER (Projects for International Education Research): The Admission and Academic Placement of Students from South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,


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1986 (US)


IQAS Recommendations: • B.Tech (pass) (1 year of academic study): Generally compares to the completion of a

postsecondary Diploma in xxx. • B.Tech (pass) (2 years of academic study): Generally compares to the completion of a three-

year postsecondary Diploma in xxx. • [In combination with B.Tech (pass)] B.Tech (honours) (2 years of academic study in total):

Generally compares to the completion of a three-year postsecondary Diploma in xxx. • [In combination with B.Tech (pass)] B.Tech (honours) (3 or more years of academic study in

total): Generally compares to the completion of an applied Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx.

IQAS Rationale: The Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) was introduced as a post-DAE (Diploma of Associate Engineer) degree in 1973. The following table describes the traditional structure of the B.Tech (pass) and B.Tech (honours) degree programs. Both the B.Tech (pass) and B.Tech (honours) involves one year of academic study, with industrial experience or guided industrial training as additional requirements.

Traditional Structure of B.Tech (pass) and B.Tech (honours)

Program Duration Entry Requirement

B.Tech (pass) DAE. Applicants with previous industrial experience might be granted 1 year’s advance standing.

B.Tech (honours)

1 year of guided industrial training followed by 1 year of study (1+1) B.Tech (pass). Applicants with industrial

experience after B.Tech (pass) might be granted 1 year’s advance standing.

The B.Tech is designed as a program comparable in level and quality to the engineering degree but focusing on practical applications of established principles rather than development of new concepts. It retains the features of a technician training program and provides further specialization in the disciplines in which the diploma holders were originally trained. The colleges of technology (upgraded from polytechnics) that offer the B.Tech programs are affiliated with universities, which conduct major examinations and award the degrees. Holders of the B.Tech (honours) may seek employment as technologists, which is not a protected title in Pakistan. The B.Tech (honours) gives access to further education, though the applicant may have to obtain a certificate from Higher Education Commission (HEC) stating the suitability of the degree for admission to MS/Ph.D. programs. As indicated by the following sample programs structures, B.Tech programs are being updated,


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notably with longer duration of academic study. In the new pattern, both the B.Tech (pass) and the B.Tech (honours) involve two years of academic study, with industrial experience or guided industrial training as additional requirements. The HEC model curriculum for B.Tech (2004) prescribes four years of fulltime study, each year consisting of 30 weeks of study and 12 weeks of guided industrial training. The HEC also proposes the establishment of a Pakistan Technology Council for the registration of technologists and provincial universities of technology.

Bachelor of Technology (Pass) in Mechanical Technology, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education Duration: 2 years’ coursework preceded by 1 year of guided training. Applicants with 2 years’ industrial experience are exempt from guided training. Total credits = 25 courses x 3 = 75 Entry Requirement: Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE) or equivalent Graduation Requirement: Minimum 2.5 CGPA for all courses

No. Course Semester I

HU314 English Grammar MS311 Elementary Algebra PH350 Basic Electricity CS306 Introduction to Information Technology

Short Summer Semester MG301 Basic Management MG349 Industrial Training / Placement - I MG351 Industrial Relations MS312 Mathematics - I

Semester II TE301 Workshop Technology PH351 Applied Physics MS313 Mathematics - II MG350 Industrial Training / Placement - II

Semester III MS406 Applied Mathematics - I PH452 Applied Thermodynamics PH453 Applied Mechanics ET401 Electrical Technology

Short Summer Semester HU419 Functional English CS406 Computer Applications MT401 Manufacturing Process ET402 Power Plants TE401 Instrumentation & Control

Semester IV MG452 Production Operation Management ET403 Refrigerator & Air Conditioning MT402 Engineering Materials & Metallurgy HU306 Business Communication HU309 Islamic & Pakistan Studies

Bachelor of Technology (Honours) in Mechanical Technology, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education

Duration: 2 years (1 year of coursework + 1 year of industrial project) Total credits = 11 courses x 3 + 25 (industrial project) = 58

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Entry Requirement: B.Tech (pass) Graduation Requirement: Minimum 2.0 CGPA for all courses

No. Course Semester I

MS510 Applied Mathematics PH452 Applied Thermodynamics CT507 Strength of Materials

Short Summer Semester PH561 Heat and Mass Transfer - I ET508 Power Plant Engineering MT504 Machine Design TE501 Engineering Design

Semester II PH562 Heat and Mass Transfer - II MT505 Production Machinery MG553 Industrial Management & Safety MT506 Lubrication

Second Year Comprehensive Industrial Project Development

Conclusion The B.Tech (pass) is traditionally a two-year program involving one year of study preceded by one year of guided industrial training. Some recent programs involve two years of study preceded by one year of guided training. The B.Tech (pass) gives access to employment and further education in B.Tech (honours) programs. The entry requirement, Diploma of Associate Engineer (DAE), involves three years of fulltime study, of which one year is considered to be at a postsecondary level (see the relevant template). Based on the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS makes the following placement recommendations for the B.Tech (pass) from Pakistan: B.Tech (pass) (1 year of academic study): Generally compares to the completion of a postsecondary Diploma in xxx. B.Tech (pass) (2 years of academic study): Generally compares to the completion of a three-year postsecondary Diploma in xxx. The B.Tech (honours), with entry based on the B.Tech (pass), is traditionally a two-year program involving one year of study preceded by one year of guided industrial training. Some recent programs involve two years of academic study. The program is considered to be at the same level as an engineering degree but has an applied focus. Holders of a B.Tech (honours) degree may pursue further education in Master of Science/Ph.D. programs subject to the approval of the Higher Education Commission. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS makes the following placement recommendations for the B.Tech (honours) from Pakistan (in combination with the B.Tech (pass)):

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B.Tech (honours) (2 years of academic study in total): Generally compares to the completion of a three-year postsecondary Diploma in xxx. B.Tech (honours) (3 or more years of academic study in total): Generally compares to the completion of an applied Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx. Grading:

A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.












Descriptor

A 4.0 90-100 Excellent

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A- 3.7 85-89 Very Good B+ 3.4 80-84 Good B 3.0 70-79 Above Average C+ 2.5 60.69 Average C 2.0 50-59 Satisfactory D 1.0 40-49 Pass F 0.0 Below 40 Fail



92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor

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Bachelor of Education Date Entered: Sep 2008 Category: University-level teaching credentials Credential Actual Name: Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Bachelor of Science in Education (BS. Ed) Bachelor of Arts in Education (BA. Ed) Note: These are just examples of alternative names for the B.Ed and may not constitute a complete list. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and degree-awarding institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • B.Ed (1-year program): Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, B.Com, or B.Sc.) • B.Ed (3-year integrated program): Higher Secondary School Certificate/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent • B.Ed (4-year upgraded program): Higher Secondary School Certificate/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent Program Description: • B.Ed (1-year program): One-year university after-degree program • B.Ed (3-year integrated program): Three-year undergraduate degree program • B.Ed (4-year upgraded program): Four-year undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment A traditional B.Ed (1-year or 3-year integrated program) allows an individual to teach up to the secondary level (Grades 1-10). An upgraded B.Ed (4-year program) allows an individual to teach up to the higher secondary level (Grades 1-12). • Admission into university graduate degree programs A traditional B.Ed (1-year or 3-year integrated program) gives access to the traditional 1-year M.Ed program. An upgraded B.Ed (4-year program) gives access to the upgraded 2-year M.Ed program.

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Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.





IQAS Recommendations: • B.Ed (1 year, following a 2 or 3-year Bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA, B.Com, B.Sc. etc.)):

Generally compares to the completion of one year of undergraduate study in education. • B.Ed (3-year integrated program): Generally compares to the completion of a three-year

Bachelor’s degree with a focus in education. • B.Ed (4-year upgraded program): Generally compares to the completion of a four-year

Bachelor of Education degree. IQAS Rationale: B.Ed (1 year) The one-year B.Ed is a postgraduate bachelor degree (Pakistan terminology for after degree). Minimum entry requirement is a bachelor (pass) degree (usually BA or B.Sc.), though many applicants hold a general master’s degree (MA or M.Sc.). It is similar in structure to lower-level teacher training programs such as Primary Teaching Certificate (PTC) and Certificate in Teaching (CT), comprising 10 courses on methodology and content plus 6 weeks of practice teaching. It represents a minimum of 15 years of schooling (14+1). Following is the list of courses prescribed for the one-year B.Ed by the Ministry of Education:

One-Year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed), Ministry of Education

Duration: 1 year (48 weeks, including 6 weeks of practice teaching) Entry Requirement: BA or B.Sc.

No. Course Marks 1 Perspectives of Education in Pakistan 100 2 Human Development and Learning 100 3 School Organisation and Management 100 4 Evaluation and Guidance 100 5 Society, School and Teachers 100 6-9 Two Courses on Special Methods of Teaching (Content

and Methodology separately) 400

10 Individual Project 100 11 Practice Teaching 200


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Total 1200 The one-year B.Ed allows an individual to teach up to the secondary level (Grades 1-10). B.Ed (3-year integrated program) In the 1970s a three-year education degree called Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) or Bachelor of Science in Education (B.S.Ed) was introduced. With entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent (Grade 12), it represents 15 years of schooling (12+3) just like the one-year B.Ed, but provides more focused and in-depth training in both methodology and subject area teaching. The three-year B.Ed student may choose to specialize in teaching either science or language/humanities. The three-year B.S.Ed prepares students to teach science. Following is the list of courses of a three-year B.Ed program:

Three-Year Bachelor of Science in Education (B.S.Ed), Federal College of Education, 1992 Duration: 3 years Entry Requirement: Intermediate (Grade 12)

No. Course Marks 1st Year

1 English Functional 100 2 Physics/Botany 100 3 Mathematics A/Zoology 100 4 Mathematics B/Chemistry 100 5 Biology Minor/Mathematics Minor 100 6 Perspective of Education in Pakistan 100 7 Human Development and Learning 100 8 Special Methods of Teaching Physical Sciences 100 9 Special Methods of Teaching Mathematics 100 Subtotal 900

2nd Year 1 Islamiyat (for Muslims)/Ethics (for non-Muslims) and

Pakistan Studies (for all) 100

2 Physics/Botany 100 3 Mathematics A/Zoology 100 4 Mathematics B/Chemistry 100 5 Political Science and Current Affairs 100 6 School Organisation and Management 100 7 Evaluation and Guidance 100 8 Special Methods of Teaching Biology 100 9 Techniques of Research 100 Subtotal 900

3rd Year 1 Urdu 100 2 Physics/Botany 100 3 Mathematics A/Zoology 100 4 Mathematics B/Chemistry 100 5 Socio-Economic Problems of Pakistan 100 6 School, Society and Teacher 100 7 Guidance and Counselling 100 8 Research Thesis 100 Subtotal 900 Total 2700

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Like the one-year B.Ed, the three-year integrated B.Ed allows an individual to teach up to the secondary level (Grades 1-10). B.Ed (4-year upgraded program) In line with the transition of undergraduate education to North American-style four-year bachelor degrees, a four-year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) has been launched, with a model curriculum developed by the Higher Education Commission in 2006. Entry is based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent (Grade 12). Applicants with a BA or B.Sc. may be admitted to semester V of the program. The recommended nomenclature for the new B.Ed is BS. Ed (Hons) for science students and BA. Ed (Hons) for arts students. Following is the list of courses prescribed for the four-year B.Ed by the Higher Education Commission:

Four-Year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed), Higher Education Commission, 2006 Duration: 4 years (127 credits) Entry Requirement: Higher Secondary Certificate with at least 50% marks or equivalent. BA/B.Sc. graduates may be admitted to Semester V.

Course Credits Course Credits1st Year

Semester I Semester II Islamiat/Ethics 2 Pakistan Studies 2 Functional English I 3 Communication Skills 3 Computer Literacy 2 How Children Learn 3 Reflective Practices 2 Optional I 3 Optional I 3 Optional II 3 Optional II 3 Critical Thinking 3 Development of Education in Pakistan 3 Subtotal 18 Subtotal 17

2nd Year Semester III Semester IV

Functional English II 3 Sociological & Cultural Issues 3 Child Development 3 Classroom Assessment (including

school visits) 3

Teaching & Learning Strategies (including school visits)

3 Communication Skills 3

Optional I 3 Optional I 3 Optional II 3 Optional II 3 Subtotal 15 Subtotal 15

3rd Year Semester V Semester VI

Philosophy of Education 3 Educational Research 3 Curriculum Development 3 Research Project & Report Writing 3 Contemporary Issues and Trends in Education 3 Short-term Internship 6 Pedagogy I 3 Inclusive Education 3 Pedagogy II 3 Subtotal 15 Subtotal 15

4th Year Semester VII Semester VIII

Comparative Education 3 Long-term Internship (complete semester)

17

School Management 3

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Pedagogy I 3 Pedagogy II 3 Society, School and Teacher 3 Subtotal 15 Subtotal 17

The four-year B.Ed is considered equivalent to a traditional Master of Education (M.Ed). It allows an individual to teach at all levels of school education (Grades 1-12) and seek admission to upgraded two-year M.Ed programs (equivalent to M.Phil Education). Conclusion The traditional B.Ed (1 year), with a bachelor (pass) degree as the minimum entry requirement, represents a total of 3 or more years of university study (12+2+1). It allows an individual to teach up to the secondary level (Grades 1-10) and gives access to further education in traditional M.Ed programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the B.Ed (1 year) to the completion of one year of undergraduate study in education. The traditional B.Ed (3 years), with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent, represents 3 years of university study (12+3). It allows an individual to teach up to the secondary level (Grades 1-10) and gives access to further education in traditional M.Ed (1 year) programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the B.Ed (3 years) to the completion of a three-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in education. The upgraded B.Ed (4 years), with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent, represents 4 years of university study (12+4). It allows an individual to teach at all levels of school education (Grades 1-12) and gives access to further education in upgraded M.Ed (2 years) programs. Based on the above information, IQAS compares the B.Ed (4 years) to the completion of a four-year Bachelor of Education degree. Grading:

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Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and degree-awarding institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: LLB (3 years): Bachelor (pass) degree LLB (5 years): Higher Secondary School Certificate/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent Program Description: • LLB (3 years): Three-year university after-degree program [Prior to 1992 the program was two years in length] • LLB (5 years): Five-year undergraduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment An LLB holder, after passing provincial examinations, may register with the Provincial Bar Council as an advocate and practice law in Pakistan. •Admission into professional graduate programs An LLB holder may seek admission into two-year Master of Law(s) (LLM) programs. Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.






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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk

IQAS Recommendations: • LLB (3 years): Generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in law (as practiced in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan). • LLB (5 years): Generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in law (as practiced in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan), preceded by two years of prerequisite university study. • LLB (2 years) [prior to 1992]: Generally compares to the completion of two years of undergraduate study in law (as practiced in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan). IQAS Rationale: According to the Bar Councils Act, 1973 (last amended in 2005), only an advocate registered with a Provincial Bar Council is entitled to practise the profession of law in Pakistan. To enrol as an advocate, one must:

• Have a degree in law plus a bachelor’s degree in any subject other than law, and • Undergo training and pass the examination conducted by the Provincial Bar Council

The Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) can be earned as a postgraduate bachelor degree (3 years) or integrated degree (5 years). Entry to the postgraduate LLB is based on the completion of a first bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA or B.Sc.). Before a February 1992 amendment to the Act, the postgraduate LLB. was 2 years in length. Students admitted after September 1, 1992 must follow the 3-year schedule of examinations prescribed in the Pakistan Bar Council Legal Education Rules.

LLB Schedule, Pakistan Bar Council LLB (Part-1) PAPER 1 [ENGLISH] JURISPRUDENC PAPER II LAW OF CONTRACT: PAPER III ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE. PAPER IV LAW OF TORTS AND EASEMENTS: PAPER V CRIMINAL LAW

(1) General Principle (2) The Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (3) Hadood Ordinance

PAPER VI CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-I (1) The British Constitution (2) The U.S. Constitution

LLB (Part-II) PAPER 1 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-II


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(1) Constitutional History of Pakistan (2) Constitution of Pakistan

PAPER II EQUITY (1) Principles of Equity (2) The Trusts Act, 1882 (3) The Specific Relief Act

PAPER III MERCANTILE LAW (1) The Companies Ordinance, 1984.

(2) The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. (3) The Partnership Act, 1932.

PAPER IV LAW OF TRANSFER OF PROPERTY (1) The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (2) The Registration Act, 1908 (3) The Succession Act, 1925 (4) The Land Acquisition Act, 1894

PAPER V ISLAMIC PERSONAL LAW (1)Muslim Personal Law and relevant enactments/ Quranic verses (2)Islamic Pre-emption Laws (3)The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890

PAPER VI INTERNATIONAL LAW: (1) Public International Law (2) Private International Law (Conflict of Laws)

PAPER VII SPECIAL AND LOCAL LAWS (1) West Pakistan Land Revenue Act, 1967 (as adopted in respective Provinces) (2) Tenancy Act

LLB (Part-III)

PAPER 1 CIVIL PROCEDURE (1) The Civil Procedure Code, 1908.

(2) The Limitation Act, 1908 PAPER II CRIMINAL PROCEDURE:

(1) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (2) Medical Jurisprudence (Autopsy and injuries)

PAPER III LAW OF EVIDENCE: (1) Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (2) Elements of Legal Ethics

PAPER IV CONVEYANCING AND PLEADINGS (1) Conveyancing (2) Pleadings (3) Interpretation of Statutes (General Clauses Act, Sections 6, 16, 21 & 26 and selected topics)

PAPER V ADMINISTRATIVE LAW (1) Principles of Administrative Law (2) Administrative Tribunals (3) Laws of Civil Service

PAPER VI MINOR ACTS (1) The Stamp Act, 1899 (2) The Suits Valuation Act, 1887 (3) The Court Fees Act, 1870 (4) The Arbitration Act, 1940 (5) Urban Rent Law

PAPER VII LABOUR AND TAXATION LAWS (A) Labour Laws;

(i) Workmen Compensation Act, 1923 (ii) W.P. Standing Orders, 1968 (iii) Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969

(B) Taxation Laws: Income Tax Ordinance, 1979

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NOTE: A Course of lectures on Legal Ethics and Medical Jurisprudence shall be compulsory for the final year students. The LLB curriculum has been amended in recent years. The HEC model curriculum for LLB (2004) includes substantial revisions in the lists of courses and course content. Following is a current sample program structure:

Bachelor of Law (LLB), University Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Duration: 3 years Entry requirement: Bachelor’s degree

No. Course Credit Hours

1st Semester BLL 500 Islamic Jurisprudence I 4 BLL 501 Jurisprudence I 3 BLL 502 Law of Contract I 3 BLL 503 Law of Tort 4 BLL 504 Language Skill 2 BLL 505 Guided Library Study/Work 2 Subtotal 18

2nd Semester BLL 550 Islamic Jurisprudence II 2 BLL 551 Jurisprudence II 3 BLL 552 Law of Contract II 3 BLL 553 Equity 4 BLL 554 Comparative Constitution Law 4 BLL 555 Computer Study 2 Subtotal 18

3rd Semester BLL 600 Criminal Law I 3 BLL 601 Constitution History of Pakistan 2 BLL 602 Public International Law I 3 BLL 603 Mercantile Law 2 BLL 604 Transfer of Property Law I 3 BLL 605 Islamic Personal Law I 3 BLL 606 Conveyancing 2 BLL 607 Legal Profession 2 Subtotal 20

4th Semester BLL 650 Criminal Law II 3 BLL 651 Constitution Law of Pakistan 3 BLL 652 Public International Law II 3 BLL 653 Company Law 2 BLL 654 Transfer of Property Law II 3 BLL 655 Islamic Personal Law II 3 BLL 656 Research Methodology 2 Subtotal 19

5th Semester BLL 680 Evidence I 3 BLL 681 Criminal Procedure I 3 BLL 682 Civil Procedure I 3 BLL 683 Administrative Law I 3

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BLL 684 Pleadings 2 BLL 685 Optional I 3 BLL 686 Office Management & Clients Counselling 2 BLL 687 Trial Advocacy Civil 2 BLL 688 Law Moot 2 Subtotal 23

6th Semester BLL 690 Evidence II 3 BLL 691 Criminal Procedure II 3 BLL 692 Civil Procedure II 3 BLL 693 Administrative Law II 3 BLL 694 Interpretation of Statues etc. 3 BLL 695 Optional II 3 BLL 696 Seminar 3 BLL 697 Trial Advocacy Criminal 2 Subtotal 23 Total 121

Some law colleges offer a five-year BA/LLB integrated/consolidated program that admits higher secondary school graduates. Upon completion of the program, students receive both a BA and an LLB Both the LLB (2 or 3 years) and LLB (five years) give access to further education in two-year Master of Law(s) (LLM) programs. Conclusion The LLB (3 years) involves three years of professional studies in law, with entry based on a first bachelor’s degree (e.g. BA or B.Sc.). This is similar in structure to LLB programs in Canada, which generally require at least two or three years of university study (though most applicants already hold a bachelor’s degree), followed by three years of professional studies in law. An LLB (3 years) holder, after completing the required training and passing examinations administered by the Provincial Bar Council, may register with the council to practice law as an Advocates and may also seek admission into two-year Master of Law(s) (LLM) programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the LLB (3 years) to the completion of a first professional university degree in law (as practiced in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan). The LLB (integrated program) involves three years of professional studies in law, preceded by two years of prerequisite university study. An LLB (integrated program) holder may apply to the Bar Council of India to practice law as Advocates and may also seek admission into two-year Master of Law(s) (LLM) programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the LLB (integrated program) to the completion of a first professional university degree in law (as practiced in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan), preceded by two years of prerequisite university study. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program,

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and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.












Descriptor




92-100 A+ 4.00

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86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor


Grading Scale for Pharmacy Programs A 4-5 85 and above Excellent B 3-<4 71-84 Good

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C 2-<3 61-70 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 50-60 Pass F 0 < 50 Fail


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First Degrees – Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine Date Entered: Sep 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Bachelor of Dentistry/Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and degree-awarding institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: 1. Higher Secondary School Certificate/Intermediate Examination Certificate or equivalent in

the required stream or group (pre-medical) 2. Entrance examinations Program Description: •MBBS: Five-year professional university degree program •BDS: Four-year professional university degree program •DVM: Four-year/five-year professional university degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment MBBS or BDS graduates, after completing one year’s internship at an approved hospital, may register with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council to practice professionally in Pakistan. DVM gradates may register with the Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council to practice professionally in Pakistan. •Admission into professional graduate programs Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.



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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk

IQAS Recommendations: MBBS: Generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in medicine. Note: Medical degrees in Pakistan involve five years of continuous study in the Faculty of Medicine. In Canada, medical degrees, in general, require at least two years of study in science followed by four years of professional medical studies. BDS: Generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in dentistry. Note: Dentistry degrees in Pakistan involve four years of continuous study in the Faculty of Dentistry. In Canada, dentistry degrees, in general, require at least two years of undergraduate study in science followed by four years of professional dentistry studies. DVM: Generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in veterinary medicine. Note: Veterinary medicine degrees in Pakistan involved four years of continuous university study before 2002 and five years thereafter. In Canada, veterinary medicine degrees require in general at least two years of undergraduate study in science followed by four years of professional veterinary studies. IQAS Rationale: Medicine and Dentistry The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC), established in 1962, is a statutory autonomous body responsible for setting the minimum standards for medical and dental education, evaluation and approval of medical and dental institutions, and registration, licensing and evaluation of medical and dental practitioners. The first professional degree in medicine is the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), which involves five years of fulltime study, with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) in the required course group (medical). Students must pass annual university examinations, generally known as First Professional Part I (1st year), First Professional Part II (2nd year), Second Professional (3rd year), Third Professional (4th year), and Final Professional (5th year). The first professional degree in dentistry is the Bachelor of Dentistry or Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS), which involves four years of fulltime study, with entry based on the Higher



http://www.pmdc.org.pk/

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Secondary Certificate (HSC) in the required course group (pre-medical). Students must pass four Professional BDS Examinations, held at the end of each academic year. MBBS or BDS graduates must complete one year’s house job at a PMDC-approved hospital before they can register with the PMDC and practice professionally in Pakistan. For MBBS graduates, the house job includes six months in medicine and allied disciplines and six months in surgery and allied disciplines. For BDS graduates, the house job includes rotational duties in all the four disciplines of the dentistry – oral surgery, prosthetic, orthodontic and operative dentistry. Veterinary Medicine Traditionally, there were three main types of programs for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry:

• Four-year Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Animal Husbandry (B.Sc. A.H.) • Four-year Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.) • Four-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)

Entry was based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent in the relevant course group (pre-medical). When the Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC) was constituted in 1996, it recognized all those degrees. The PVMC Standards of Education Regulations of 2001 prescribes the curriculum and syllabi for the five-year composite DVM degree covering both veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The five-year degree began to be offered in 2002. The previous separate degrees in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry are being phased out. According to PVMC regulations, main features of the five-year DVM degree include:

• Entry is based on Higher Secondary Certificate with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English, or equivalent.

• Duration of study is five years (ten semesters), including a compulsory internship of sixth months (10th semester + one summer session).

• Course of study includes training in a teaching veterinary hospital and livestock farm, and field training in veterinary production and technology institutions.

• University examination is held at the end of each year. • The university issues a provisional course completion certificate to students who pass the

final examination, and award the degree after they complete the compulsory internship. Students who receive their four-year B.Sc. A.H. after 2001 are no longer eligible to work as veterinary officers in public and private sectors, nor will they be licensed to practice as veterinarians, unless they take the one-year Deficiency DVM course. Conclusion The MBBS/BDS, with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or group (pre-medical), involves five/four years of fulltime study. The MBBS/BDS holder, after one year’s house job at an approved hospital, may register with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) and practice professionally.

http://www.pvmc.org.pk/

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Based on the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the MBBS/BDS from Pakistan to the completion of a first professional university degree in medicine/dentistry. A note is appended to highlight the differences from comparable Canadian programs. The DVM, with entry based on the Higher Secondary Certificate or equivalent in the required stream or group (pre-medical), involves four years [pre-2002]/five years [after 2002] of fulltime study. The DVM holder may register with the Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC) and practice professionally. Based on the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the DVM from Pakistan to the completion of a first professional university degree in veterinary medicine. A note is appended to highlight the differences from comparable Canadian programs. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.








A 4 80-100 Excellent B 3 65-79 Good

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C 2 50-64 Satisfactory D 1 40-49 Pass F 0 Below 40 Fail




Descriptor




92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0

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60-69 C 2.5 Below 60 F 0.0

Withdrawal W 0.0 Incomplete I 0.0



Descriptor




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Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas Date Entered: Apr 2009 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Postgraduate Certificate Postgraduate Diploma Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and degree-awarding institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • Bachelor’s Degree (2 or 3 years) or • Bachelor’s Degree (at least 4 years) or Master’s degree Program Description: • Postsecondary certificate or diploma program or • Graduate certificate or diploma program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment •Further education (e.g. admission into another postgraduate certificate or diploma program) Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published reference was considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.


IQAS Recommendations: [Programs requiring a 2- or 3-year Bachelor degree for admission] Generally compares to the completion of xxx year(s) of undergraduate study. [Programs requiring a 4-year Bachelor degree or Master degree for admission] Generally compares to the completion of a Graduate Certificate or Diploma. [Shorter programs are generally compared to certificates while longer programs can be compared to diplomas.]


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IQAS Rationale: Universities offer a variety of certificates and diplomas that require at least a 2-year bachelor (pass) degree for admission. Programs in some fields (e.g. engineering) and some newly established programs require at least 16 years of education for admission, i.e. a professional bachelor degree, an upgraded four-year general bachelor degree, or a traditional general master’s degree. Length of study is usually one year but may be longer. In the same field of study, a diploma is typically a higher credential than a certificate – for example, University of the Punjab offers a one-year certificate in statistics, with entry based on a bachelor’s degree in any discipline, and a one-year diploma in statistics, with entry based on B.Sc., B.Sc. (Engg.), M.Sc. or a certificate in statistics. Following is the structure of a postgraduate diploma program that requires 16 years of education for admission.

Postgraduate Diploma in Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar Duration: 1 year Entry Requirement: M.Sc./M.A/4Years B.S. in Geography, Environmental Sciences, Geology, Economics, Sociology, Social Work, Psychology, Medical sciences, Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, City and Regional Planning, Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Agriculture, Forestry, Animal/Plant Sciences and Management Sciences. No. Course Credits Semester I (four-and-half months) DPM 601 Introduction to Disasters 3 DPM 602 Disaster Planning and Management 3 DPM 603 Community based Approaches to Disaster Risk Management 3 DPM 604 Basic Principles of GIS and Remote Sensing 3 Subtotal 12 Semester II (four-and-a-half months) DPM 605 Disaster Preparedness and Management in Pakistan 3 DPM 606 Disaster and Development 3 Subtotal 6 Internship/Field Work or Project (three months) Focus will be made on the disaster risk, preparedness,

mitigation and management 3

Total 24 Postgraduate certificates and diplomas are generally for employment purposes and do not provide advanced standing for further academic studies. Conclusion Postgraduate certificate and diploma programs usually involves one year of fulltime study but may last longer. While most programs only require a general bachelor degree (pass or honours) for admission, some require a minimum of 16 years of education or the equivalence of a four-year bachelor degree. Based on the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS makes the following placement recommendations for the postgraduate certificates and diplomas from Pakistan:

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[Programs requiring a 2- or 3-year Bachelor degree for admission] Generally compares to the completion of xxx year(s) of undergraduate study. [Programs requiring a 4-year Bachelor degree or Master degree for admission] Generally compares to the completion of a Graduate Certificate or Diploma. [Shorter programs are generally compared to certificates while longer programs can be compared to diplomas.] Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.












Descriptor

A 4.0 90-100 Excellent A- 3.7 85-89 Very Good

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B+ 3.4 80-84 Good B 3.0 70-79 Above Average C+ 2.5 60.69 Average C 2.0 50-59 Satisfactory D 1.0 40-49 Pass F 0.0 Below 40 Fail



92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor

Common Grading Scale

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A 4-5 80-100 Excellent B 3-<4 60-79 Good C 2-<3 50-59 Satisfactory/Average D 1-<2 40-49 Pass F 0 <40 Fail I 0 - Incomplete W 0 - Withdrawn from course R 0 - Research in progress



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Master Degree (3+1 or 2+2 Years) Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Master Degree (3+1 or 2+2 years) Note: Two-year (or one-and-a-half-year) master’s degrees that require a four-year bachelor’s degree for admission are assessed differently. Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Master of Arts (MA) Master of Commerce (M.Com) Master of Science (M.Sc.) Note: These are the most common master’s degrees (3+1 or 2+2 years) and do not constitute a complete list of such programs. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • Bachelor (honours) degree (3 years) or bachelor (pass) degree (2 years) Program Description: •One-year (or two-year) university graduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission to Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) programs and some professional master degree programs Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.


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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of one year (or two years) of senior undergraduate study in xxx. (In combination with the preceding bachelor degree) Generally compares to the completion of a four-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx. IQAS Rationale: Traditional general master’s degree programs in Pakistan represent 16 years of education (12+2+2 or 12+3+1). A master’s degree in arts, commerce or science – MA, M.Com or M.Sc. – involves two years of fulltime study following the completion of a two-year bachelor (pass) degree, or one year of fulltime study following the completion of a three-year bachelor (honours) degree. Universities may set minimum marks for admission, e.g. Second Division from a bachelor degree, and require applicants to write an admission test administered by the institution or the National Testing Service, and attend an interview. Some institutions only offer one-year general master’s degree programs that require a three-year bachelor (honours) degree for admission. Many MA, M.Com and M.Sc. programs consist of coursework only, though some require students to complete a research report or thesis. In the traditional, annual system, examinations are held at the end of each year, generally known as Part I/Previous Examination (at the end of the first year) and Part II/Final Examination (at the end of second year). MA and M.Sc. programs often have areas of specialization, e.g. MA (English), MA (Economics), MA (Islamic and Oriental Studies), M.Sc. (Chemistry), and M.Sc. (Physics). A general master’s degree gives an individual access to further education such as Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) and postgraduate certificate and diploma programs. A general master’s degree used to be the minimum entry requirement for Ph.D. programs. After May 31, 2005, an M.Phil or equivalent degree is required for admission to Ph.D. programs. Conclusion The general master’s degree in the traditional structure (3+1 or 2+2 years) requires a two-year bachelor (pass) or three-year bachelor (honours) degree for admission, representing a total of



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four years of postsecondary education. It allows an individual to seek employment or admission into M.Phil and postgraduate certificate and diploma programs. Based on the above information and placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS makes the following placement recommendations for the general master’s degree (3+1 or 2+2 years) from Pakistan: Generally compares to the completion of one year (or two years) of senior undergraduate study in xxx. The degree may be combined with the previous bachelor degree with the following placement recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of a four-year Bachelor’s degree with a focus in xxx. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.








A 4 80-100 Excellent B 3 65-79 Good C 2 50-64 Satisfactory D 1 40-49 Pass

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F 0 Below 40 Fail

Grading Scale, Bachelor of Science (BS) program, Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi Letter Grade Grade

Points Percentage Marks (%)

Descriptor




92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50






90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5

Below 60 F 0.0

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Withdrawal W 0.0 Incomplete I 0.0



Descriptor




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Master of Education Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University-Level Teaching Credentials Credential Actual Name: Master of Education (M.Ed) Credential Alternate Actual Name(s): Master of Arts in Education (MA Education) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • M.Ed (1 year): Traditional B.Ed (1 year or 3 years) • M.Ed (2 years): Upgraded B.Ed (4 years) • MA Education: Bachelor (pass) degree (2 years) or bachelor (honours) degree (3 years) Program Description: • M.Ed (1 year): One-year university graduate degree program • M.Ed (2 years): Two-year university graduate degree program • MA Education: Two-year (or one-year) university graduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment Allows an individual to teach at all levels of school education (Grades 1-12). • Further education Both the M.Ed (1 year) and MA Education allow an individual to seek admission to two-year M.Phil Education programs. The M.Ed (2 years) is considered equivalent to M.Phil Education and allows an individual to seek admission to Ph.D. programs in education. Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.


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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: •M.Ed (1 year): Generally compares to the completion of one year of senior undergraduate study in education. • M.Ed (2 years): Generally compares to the completion of a two-year Master’s degree with a focus in education. • MA Education: Generally compares to the completion of two years (or one year) of senior undergraduate study in education. IQAS Rationale: M.Ed (1 year) The traditional Master of Education (M.Ed) program involves one year of fulltime study, with entry based on the traditional B.Ed (1 year or 3 years). It represents a minimum of 16 years of schooling (14+1+1 or 12+3+1). A typical program includes 10 courses plus a thesis or comprehensive examination for a total of 36 credit hours. Universities running M.Ed programs may offer various specializations such as Elementary Education, Secondary Education, Early Childhood Education, and Educational Administration. Following is a sample program structure of the M.Ed (1 year):

One-Year Master of Education (M.Ed), Abasyn University Duration: 1 year (3-credit courses x 12 = 36 credits) Entry Requirement: B.Ed (Second Division or equivalent)

No. Course Credits Marks 1st Semester

MED500 Comparative Education 3 100 MED501 Computer in Education 3 100 MED502 Educational Research 3 100 MED503 Advance Educational Psychology 3 100 MED504 Guidance and Counseling 3 100

2nd Semester

MED600 Educational Administration and Supervision 3 100

MED601 Education in Pakistan: Problems Issues and Trends 3 100

MED602 Curriculum Development and Implementation 3 100 MED603 Secondary Education in Pakistan 3 100



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MED604 Teacher Education in Pakistan 3 100 Students may choose Research Thesis or any two of the other subjects: MED650 Adult & Continuing Education 3 100 MED651 Higher Education 3 100 MED652 Women Education 3 100 MED653 Environmental Education 3 100 MED654 Research Thesis 6 200 Total 36 1200

MA (Education) The Master of Arts in Education or MA (Education) involves one year of fulltime study following a three-year bachelor (honours) degree (BA or B.Sc.) or two years of fulltime study following a two-year bachelor (pass) degree. It represents a total of 16 years of schooling (12+3+1 or 12+2+2). As in the traditional M.Ed program, students may choose from a number of specializations. Following is a sample program structure of MA (Education):

Master of Arts in Education (MA Education), International Islamic University Duration: 2 years Entry Requirement: Bachelor (pass) degree with at least 50% marks or CGPA 2.0 out of 4.0

No. Course Credits 1st Semester

UR 201 Functional Arabic-I 3 UR 202 Islamic Studies –I 3 ED 300 Islamic Education History & Institutions 3 ED 301 Western Philosophy of Education 3 ED 302 Educational Psychology 3 ED 303 Research Methods in Education 3 Subtotal 18

2nd Semester UR 205 Functional Arabic-II 3 UR 206 Islamic Studies –II 3 ED 304 Curriculum Development 3 ED 305 Educational Measurement & Evaluation 3 ED 306 Counseling & Guidance in Schools 3 ED 307 Methods of Teaching 3 Subtotal 18

3rd Semester UR 209 Arabic-III 3 ED 308 School Organization & Management 3 ED 309 Economics of Education 3

Choose any two of the following: ED 310 Teacher’s Education 3 ED 311 Functional English 3 ED 312 Higher Education 3 ED 313 Secondary Education 3 ED 326 Moral and Ethical dimensions in Education 3 ED 327 Education in Pakistan 3 Subtotal 15

4th Semester Choose any two from ED 314-321:

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ED 314 Islamic Studies & Its Teaching 3 ED 315 Arabic & Its Teaching 3 ED 316 English & Its Teaching 3 ED 317 General Science & Its Teaching 3 ED 318 Biology & Its Teaching 3 ED 319 Chemistry & Its Teaching 3 ED 320 Physics & Its Teaching 3 ED 321 Mathematics & Its Teaching 3 ED 328 Pakistan Studies & Its Teaching 3 ED 322 Teaching Practice 6

Choose Dissertation or ED 324-325 ED 323 Dissertation 6

ED 324 Advance Course on Educational Research & Statistics 3

ED 325 Educational Planning & Management 3 Subtotal 21 Total 72

Both the M.Ed (1 year) and MA (Education) allow an individual to teach at all levels of school education (Grades 1-12). Teachers at higher secondary schools (Grades 11-12) must hold an M.Ed (1 year) or MA (Education), or a master’s degree (e.g. MA or M.Sc. in a school subject) plus a B.Ed. The M.Ed (1 year) and MA (Education) give access to further education in M.Phil Education programs. M.Ed (2 years) The upgraded M.Ed program involves two years of fulltime study following the four-year B.Ed. It represents a total of 18 years of education (12+4+2) and is considered equivalent to a traditional M.Phil in Education. Holders of M.Ed (2 years) may seek admission to Ph.D. programs in education. The HEC model curriculum for the M.Ed (2 years) prescribes 8 courses of 3 credit hours each, plus 2 semesters of thesis research. Universities may offer various specializations, including but not limited to those listed in the curriculum.

Two-Year Master of Education (M.Ed), Higher Education Commission, 2006 No. Course Credits

Core Courses 1 Professional Development of Teachers 3 2 School Improvement 3

3 Educational Studies (Philosophical, Sociological & Economic Perspectives) 3

Subtotal 9 Research Courses

1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research 3 2 Statistics in Educational Research 3 3 Thesis (two semesters) 6 Subtotal 12

Specialization Courses (Students choose three courses from any of the following areas of

specialization. Universities may offer any other area of specialization

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subject to availability of faculty and resources.) 1 Curriculum, Instruction and Design 2 Measurement and Evaluation 3 Distance and Non Formal Education 4 Educational Technology 5 Educational Management 6 Inclusive Education 7 Policy and Planning Subtotal 9 Total 30

Conclusion The M.Ed (1 year), with entry based on a traditional B.Ed, represents at least four years of university study following the completion of school education (12 years). It allows an individual to teach at all levels of school education and gives access to further education in M.Phil programs in education. Based the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the M.Ed (1 year) to one year of senior undergraduate study in education. The MA (Education), with entry based on a bachelor (pass) degree or bachelor (honours) degree, represents four years of university study following the completion of school education (12 years). It allows an individual to teach at all levels of school education and gives access to further education in M.Phil programs in education. Based the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the MA (Education) to two years (or one year) of senior undergraduate study in education. The M.Ed (2 years), with entry based on an upgraded four-year B.Ed, represents six years of university study following the completion of school education (12 years). It is considered equivalent to the M.Phil Education degree and gives access to further education in Ph.D. programs in education. Based the above information, IQAS compares the M.Ed (2 years) to the completion of a two-year Master’s degree with a focus in education. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.



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Descriptor




92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50



Letter Grade Grade Points Percentage Marks (%) Descriptor A 4.0 85-100 Excellent B+ 3.5 77-84 Very Good

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B 3.0 70-76 Good C+ 2.5 65-69 Above Average C 2.0 60-64 Average D+ 1.5 55-59 Fair D 1.0 50-54 Pass F 0.0 Below 50 Fail S - - Satisfactory (for dissertation) U - - Unsatisfactory (for dissertation) P - 50-100 Pass in non-credit course X - - Exempted I - - Incomplete



90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor




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Master of Philosophy and Equivalent Degrees Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) Master of Arts (Honours) (MA (Hons)) Master of Science in Commerce (MS Commerce) Master of Science (Honours) (M.Sc. (Hons)) Master of Science (MS) Note: These are examples of Master of Philosophy and equivalent degrees and do not constitute a complete list of such programs. Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • General master degree (e.g. MA, M.Com or M.Sc.), professional bachelor degree or upgraded four-year general bachelor (honours) degree, representing at least 16 years of education Program Description: •Two-year (or one-and-a-half-year, etc.) university graduate degree program *Program length is typically two years but varies from one and a half to three years. Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment • Admission to Ph.D. programs Since May 31, 2005, the minimum qualification for admission to Ph.D. programs has been raised from a general master’s degree to an M.Phil or equivalent degree. Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.


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International Comparisons. http://www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of a Master’s degree with a focus in xxx. IQAS Rationale: Master of Philosophy and equivalent degrees fall into three main categories:

(1) Master of Philosophy (M.Phil), with entry based on a traditional general master’s degree (2) Professional master’s degree, with entry based on a professional bachelor degree (3) Upgraded general master’s degree, with entry based on a four-year bachelor (honours)

degree The above three categories of master’s degrees are considered equivalent for the purpose of admission into Ph.D. programs. Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) The Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) is a pre-doctoral research degree that usually involves two years of fulltime study or three years of part-time study that includes both coursework and directed research leading to the completion of a thesis. Entry to the M.Phil program is based on a general master’s degree (e.g. MA, M.Com or M.Sc.), a professional bachelor degree or an upgraded four-year general bachelor (honours) degree. The Higher Education Commission’s Minimum Criteria for M.Phil and Ph.D. Education (effective for students enrolled after May 31, 2005) reiterates the above entry requirement, i.e. 16 years of schooling or four years of education (130 credits) after higher secondary school, while also requiring applicants to take an admission test equivalent to GRE. A typical M.Phil program has two semesters of coursework followed by one year of thesis research. Programs in some specialized areas may be three years full time. The HEC criteria of 2005 prescribe 24 credits of coursework and 6 credits of research for awarding the M.Phil or equivalent degree. Following is a sample program structure of M.Phil:

M.Phil (History), Department of History, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Duration: 2 years Entry Requirement: MA (History) with at least 45% marks and NTS (National Testing Service) admission test Semester Code Course Credit Hours

1st HIST-501 Research Methodology 3



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HIST-503 Philosophy of History I 3 HIST-505 The Freedom Movement 3 HIST-507 Muslim History of South Asia 3 HIST-502 Philosophy of History II 3 HIST-504 Regional History of Pakistan 3 HIST-506 Muslim Socio-Political Thought 3 2nd

HIST-508 Analysis of Historiography 3 3rd & 4th HIST-600 Thesis 6 Total 30

In the traditional system, a general master’s degree, professional bachelor’s degree or four-year bachelor (honours) degree is the minimum entry requirement for Ph.D. programs. Since May 31, 2005, an M.Phil or equivalent degree in First Division or with a minimum CGPA of 3.0 has been the new minimum requirement. Some institutions offer M.Phil/Ph.D. combined programs (usually called M.Phil leading to Ph.D.). Students who score below CGPA 3.0 in the M.Phil segment or fail the comprehensive exam may receive a “terminal” M.Phil that does not allow entry into a Ph.D. program. Professional Master’s Degrees Master’s degrees in specialized and professional fields such as agriculture, engineering, nursing, and pharmacy generally involve two years of fulltime study. Programs may be shorter (e.g. three semesters) or longer (e.g. five semesters). Entry is based on the completion of a professional bachelor’s degree in the same field. Applicants must meet minimum marks in their undergraduate study. The program may consist entirely of coursework or a combination of coursework and guided research leading to the completion of a thesis or project. A professional master’s degree gives access to further education in Ph.D. programs in the same field. Following is a sample program structure of M.Sc. in Engineering:

M.Sc. in Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Duration: 2 years part time (24 credit hours) Entry Requirement: Undergraduate degree in relevant discipline with at least 60% marks or CGPA of 3.

Examination Marks Part II Hours No. Course Part I Sessional Viva Voce Credit Contact

Compulsory Subjects SE-501 Structural Analysis 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-502 Reinforced Concrete Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-503 Properties of Structural Materials 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-504 Prestressed Concrete 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-505 Steel Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-506 Seismic Design of Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 Elective Subjects (Choose Two) SE-507 Bridge Engineering 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-508 Design of Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-509 Theory of Plates and Shells 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-510 Structural Mechanics 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 SE-511 Stability of Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2

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GF-501 Advanced Soil Mechanics 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 GF-502 Foundation Engineering-I 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 GF-503 Foundation Engineering-II 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 GF-505 Geotechnical Investigation 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 GF-505 Environmental Geo-techniques 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 HI-501 Hydraulic Structures 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 HI-503 Hydro Power Engineering 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 HI-504 Irrigation Engineering & Practices 100 60 40 2+1 2+2

TE-501 Application of RS & GIS in Civil Engineering

100 60 40 2+1 2+2

TE-503 Pavement Analysis and Design 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 TE-505 Airport Planning and Design 100 60 40 2+1 2+2 TE-506 Railway Engineering 100 60 40 2+1 2+2

TE-510 Highway Construction Materials and Equipments

100 60 40 2+1 2+2

Total 16+8 16+16 Upgraded General Master’s Degrees Along with the introduction of general four-year bachelor (honours) degrees, some institutions have upgraded their general master’s degree programs to one and a half or two years of fulltime study after a four-year bachelor (honours) degree. For example, the HEC-approved model curriculum for the four-year B.Com (honours)/BS Commerce (2006) also includes recommendations for the MS Commerce program, which comprises 36 credit hours, including 6 credit hours of thesis research, after completion of a four-year upgraded bachelor degree in commerce. Conclusion Admission to Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) and equivalent degrees is based on a bachelor or master’s degree that represents at least four years of university education. These master’s degrees usually involve two years of fulltime study consisting entirely of coursework or a combination of coursework and guided research leading to the completion of a thesis or project. They give access to further education in Ph.D. programs in the same field. Based the above information and placement recommendations from other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the Master of Philosophy and equivalent degrees to the completion of a Master’s degree with a focus in xxx. Grading: A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade points (also called quality points) are used in higher education. Grading scale varies by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading information. Traditionally, the Pakistani system is low marking. There is a traditional scale that features a 33% pass and assigns divisions according to overall marks in all subjects. It may still be in use at a few institutions.


75 and above Distinction 60-74 First Division

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45-59 Second Division 33-44 Third Division Below 33 Fail










Descriptor




92-100 A+ 4.00 86-91 A 3.67 79-85 B+ 3.33 70-78 B 3.00 63-69 C+ 2.50 56-62 C 2.00 50-55 D 1.50



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90-100 A+ 4.0 80-89 A 3.5 70-79 B 3.0 60-69 C 2.5




Descriptor




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Doctor of Philosophy Date Entered: Dec 2008 Category: University Credential Actual Name: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Time Period Credential Offered: Current Issuing Body: Universities and Degree-Awarding Institutions (DAIs) Admission Requirements: • Before May 31, 2005: General master degree (e.g. MA, M.Com or M.Sc.), professional bachelor degree or upgraded four-year general bachelor (honours) degree, representing at least 16 years of education • After May 31, 2005: Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) or equivalent degree, generally representing 18 years of education Program Description: •Advanced research-based graduate degree program Provides Access to in the Home Country: •Employment •Post-doctoral studies Placement Recommendations: The placement recommendations in the following published references were considered in the formulation of IQAS’ recommendations.






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IQAS Recommendations: Generally compares to the completion of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree. The scope and quality of research can only be determined by an expert in the field. IQAS Rationale: In the traditional system, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) typically involved three to five years of fulltime study following the completion of a master’s degree or Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.). Minimum entry credential was a general master’s degree or a professional bachelor’s degree in the relevant field that represents at least 16 years of schooling. Holders of M.Phil might be able to complete the Ph.D. program in a minimum of two years. Along with the upgrading of general bachelor degrees from two and three years to four years, entry requirement for Ph.D. programs has been raised. According to HEC’s Minimum Criteria for M.Phil and Ph.D. Education, Ph.D. admission after May 31, 2005 is based on an M.Phil or equivalent degree in First Division or with a minimum CGPA of 3.0. GRE (subject) test or locally developed equivalent test is also required. The following criteria are prescribed for the award of the Ph.D. degree:

• At least 18 credits of coursework followed by comprehensive exam • Ph.D. dissertation evaluated by at least two experts from technologically advanced

countries • Acceptance/publication of at least one research paper in an HEC-approved journal

Some institutions offer M.Phil/Ph.D. or MS/Ph.D. combined programs (usually called M.Phil leading to Ph.D. or MS leading to Ph.D.) that admit applicants with a general master’s degree, a professional bachelor’s degree or a four-year bachelor’s degree in the relevant field. Students who score below CGPA 3.0 in the M.Phil/MS segment or fail the comprehensive exam may receive a “terminal” M.Phil or MS that does not allow entry into a Ph.D. program. Examples of other doctoral programs include Doctor of Science (D.Sc), Doctor of Literature (D.Litt), and Doctor of Law (LLD). They may require a longer length of study than the Ph.D. Conclusion Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs in Pakistan require applicants to have an M.Phil or equivalent degree with a minimum CGPA of 3.0 and pass the GRE (subject) test or locally developed equivalent test. They usually require three or more years of fulltime study including at least 18 credits of coursework and the completion and defence of a dissertation. A Ph.D. gives an individual access to academic, research and other employment opportunities as well as post-doctoral studies. Based on the above information and the placement recommendations of other evaluation resources, IQAS compares the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) to the completion of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, with a recommendation that the scope and quality of the research can only be determined by an expert in the field.


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