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Page 1: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial Nerves

Page 2: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves

I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves

Eye—III,IV,VITongue--XII

“Rest of body” nervesIX,X,XI

Face and jawsVII, V

Page 3: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Head I: Skull—a framework to hang on Overall organization of skull Base of the skull—the hard part

Developmental view Cranial nerves out (to “targets”)

Head II: Throat targets Head III: Special Sense targets Head IV: Cranial nerves in depth

Page 4: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Nerve “targets” in head SENSORYSpecial GeneralSmell skinVision teethHearing eye

tongueoral cavitynasal cavitymiddle earthroatmeninges

MOTORMuscles Glandseyes salivary

extrinsic sweatintrinsic lacrimal

jaws mucousfacial expressionlarynxtonguethroatear

Page 5: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Base of the skull—cranial nerves out Ethmoid (olfactory)

I. Olfactory Sphenoid (optic)

II. OpticIII. OculomotorIV. TrochlearVI. Abducens

Temporal (otic)VII. Acoustic/Auditory/

Vestibulocochlear Face/Jaws

V. TrigeminalVII. Facial

Throat (rest of body)IX GlossopharyngealX. VagusXI. Spinal AccessoryXII. Hypoglosal

Page 6: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial nerves

Page 7: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial nerves

Page 8: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Special Sense Nerves

Internal auditory meatus (temporal)

Inner earVIII. Auditory

Optic canal (sphenoid)

RetinaII. Optic

Cribiform plate (ethmoid)

Olfactory epithelium

I. Olfactory

EXIT FROM CRANIAL CAVITY

TARGETNERVE

Page 9: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

M&M, Table 14.3

Page 10: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Somatic Motor Nerves(eye muscles and tongue)

EXIT CR. CAVITYTARGETNERVE

Hypoglossal canal

(occipital)

Intrinsic, extrinsic mm. of tongue

XII. Hypoglossal

“•Sup.,med.,inf.rectus• Inferior Oblique•Levator palpebrae superioris

III. Oculomotor(Also parasympathetic to ciliary mm, constrictor pupillae)

“Lateral rectusVI. Abducens

Sup. Orbital fissure (sphenoid)

Superior oblique m. (with trochlea)

IV. Trochlear

Page 11: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 12: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 13: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 14: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial nerves

Page 15: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial nerves

Page 16: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

“Rest of body” nerves(all exit from jugular foramen)

NERVE TARGET

X: Vagus Somatic motor to larynx/pharynx Parasympathetic to most of gut Taste to back posterior pharynx

XI: (Spinal) Accesory

Motor to traps, sternocleidomastoid

IX: Glosso-pharyngeal

Sensory to carotid body/sinus Taste to posterior tongue Sensory to ear opening/middle

ear Parotid salivary gland

Page 17: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 18: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 19: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

VII: Facial Nerve(exits cranial cavity with VIII--internal auditory meatus)

Facial muscles (five branches fan out over face from stylomastoid foramen)

Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical

“chorda tympani” (crosses interior ear drum to join V3 )

Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue Submandibular, sublingual salivary glands

Lacrimal glands

Page 20: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 21: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

V: Trigeminal (3 nerves in 1!)

V1. Ophthalmic Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through

orbit to superior orbital notch/foramina) Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity

V2. Maxillary Exits foramen rotundum through wall of maxillary sinus to

inferior orbital foramina) Sensory to cheek, upper lip, teeth, nasal cavity

V3. Mandibular Exits foramen ovale to mandibular foramen to mental

foramen Motor to jaw muscles--Masseter, temporalis, pterygoids,

digastric Sensory to chin Sensory to tongue

Page 22: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 23: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves

Page 24: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Cranial Nerves I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens

VII: Facial VIII:Vestibulocochlear

Acoustic IX:

Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm

Page 25: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

Mnemonic On Old Olympus’ Tower Top A

Fin And German Viewed A Hop

Page 26: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

MNEMONIC OLFACTORY OPTIC OCULOMOTOR TROCHLEAR TRIGEMINAL ABDUCENS FACIAL VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL VAGUS ACCESSORY HYPOGLOSSAL

OH ONCE ONE TAKES THE ANATOMY FINAL VERY GOOD VACATION A-HEAD

Page 27: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN I: OLFACTORY Cranial nerve I Function:

smell Clinical test for

damage: determine

whether a person can smell something aromatic

Page 28: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN II: OPTIC Cranial nerve II Function:

vision Clinical test for

damage: tests peripheral

vision and visual acuity

Effects of damage: blindness in part or

all of the visual field

Page 29: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CNIII: OCULOMOTOR Cranial nerve III Function:

eye movements, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing, proprioception

Clinical tests for injury: differences in pupil size; pupillary

response to light; eye tracking Effects of damage

dropping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision

Page 30: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CNIV: TROCHLEAR Cranial nerve IV Function: eye

movements and proprioception

Clinical test for injury: ability to rotate eye inferolaterally

Effects of damage – double vision, patient tilts head toward affected side

Page 31: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN V: TRIGEMINAL Cranial nerve V Function: sensory nerve of

the face Clinical test for injury:

corneal reflex; sense of touch, pain, and temperature; clench teeth; move mandible side to side

Effects of damage: loss of sensation and

impaired chewing

Page 32: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN VI: ABDUCENS AND CN VII: FACIAL

Cranial Nerve VI Function: Eye

movements Clinical test: lateral

eye movement Effects of damage:

inability to rotate eye laterally; at rest – eye rotates medially because of action of antagonistic muscles

Cranial Nerve VII Function: facial

expression; sense of taste

Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows; taste

Effects of damage: inability to control facial muscles; distorted sense of taste

Page 33: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

Cranial Nerve VIII Function: hearing and equilibrium Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,

and ability to walk a straight line Effects of damage: deafness,

dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus

Page 34: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN IX: GLOSSOPHARANGEAL AND CN X: VAGUS

Cranial Nerve IX Function: swallowing,

salivation, gagging; touch, pressure, taste, and pain sensations from tongue, pharynx, and outer ear

Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing

Effects of damage: difficulty swallowing

Cranial Nerve X Function: swallowing;

taste; speech; respiratory, CV, and GI regulation; sensations of hunger, fullness, and intestinal discomfort

Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX

Effects of damage: hoarseness or loss of voice; impaired swallowing and GI motility

Page 35: Cranial Nerves. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Special Sense Nerves I,II,VIII Somatic Motor Nerves Eye—III,IV,VI

CN XI: ACCESSORY AND CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL

Cranial Nerve XI Function: swallowing;

head, neck, and shoulder movements

Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance

Effects of damage: impaired movement of head, neck, and shoulders; paralysis of sternocleidomastoid

Cranial Nerve XII Function: tongue

movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing

Clinical test: tongue function

Effects of damage: difficulty in speech and swallowing; atrophy of tongue; inability to stick out (protrude) tongue


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