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    CHAPTER 2NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

    CHAPTER 3NETWORK SERVICES

    CHAPTER 4UMTS PROTOCO

    CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

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    CHAPTER 7THE PHYSICAL LAYER

    CHAPTER 8USER EQUIPMENT

    CHAPTER 9MANAGEMENT FUN

    CHAPTER 6W-CDMA THEORY

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    APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX DAPPENDIX A

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    Understanding UMTS

    Training Manual

    Issue 4 Revision 0

    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED

    CP13

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    FOR TRAININGPURPOSES ONLY THISMANUAL WILL NOT BE

    Issue 4 Revision 0

    TrainingManual

    Understand

    ingUMTS

    Issue4

    Revision0

    CP13

    Understanding

    UMTS

    CP13

    Pos

    itin

    mark

    for

    TED

    sp

    ine

    TrainingManual

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    EMOTOROLA LTD. 2001

    CP13: Understanding UMTS

    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILLNOT BE UPDATED

    i

    Issue 4 Revision 0

    CP13

    Understanding UMTS

    E Motorola 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001

    All Rights Reserved

    Printed in the U.K.

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    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILLNOT BE UPDATED

    ii

    Copyrights, notices and trademarks

    Copyrights

    The Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computer

    programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other

    countries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including the

    exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, any

    copyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this document

    may not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola.

    Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by

    implication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of

    Motorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product.

    Restrictions

    The software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a licenseagreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

    Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by

    law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored

    in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any

    means, without prior written permission of Motorola.

    AccuracyWhile reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola

    assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the use

    of the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products

    described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this

    document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any

    person of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application

    or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent

    rights of others.

    Trademarks

    and MOTOROLA are trademarks of Motorola Inc.

    UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively throughX/Open Company Limited.

    Tandem, Integrity, Integrity S2, and Non-Stop-UX are trademarks of Tandem Computers

    Incorporated.

    X Window System, X and X11 are trademarks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Looking Glass is a registered trademark of Visix Software Ltd.

    OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation.

    Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.

    Wingz is a trademark and INFORMIX is a registered trademark of Informix Software Ltd.

    SUN, SPARC, and SPARCStation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation.

    IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

    HP is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.

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    General information 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Important notice 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Purpose 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    About this manual 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Cross references 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Text conventions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    First aid in case of electric shock 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Reporting safety issues 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Warnings and cautions 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    General warnings 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only) 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Beryllium health and safety precautions 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    General cautions 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Devices sensitive to static 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Motorola GSM manual set 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Introduction 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Generic manuals 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Tandem OMC 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Scaleable OMC 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Related manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Service manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Category number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Catalogue number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Ordering manuals 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 1Introduction i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UMTS Services 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Network Evolution 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Future Data Usage 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    IMT-2000 Roadmap 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UMTS Objectives 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    World-wide Spectrum Allocation for IMT-2000 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Frequency Allocations 116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Licence Allocation in the UK 118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 2Network Architecture i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UMTS Domains 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UMTS Architecture R99 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Core Network (CN) Entities 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Access Network (AN) Entities 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Mobile Station (MS) 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    UMTS Network R99 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Entities of the CNCS Domain 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Entities Common to the CS and PS Domains 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Entities of the CN-CS Domain 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SS7 Gateway 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Integrated Support Server (ISS) 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Core Router (CommHub) 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UTRAN Functions 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio network Controller Roles 220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Controlling Radio Network Controller (CRNC) 220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Serving Radio Network Controller (SRNC) 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Drift Radio Network Controller (DRNC) 224. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Node B 226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Wideband Digital Modem (WDM) 226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Wideband Transceiver (WBX) 226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Linear Power Amplifier (LPA) 226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Equipment (UE) 228. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Network Evolution 230. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Product evolution 230. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Application Servers 232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Release 4/5 Architecture 234. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    MSC Server 234. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Gateway MSC Server (GMSC Server) 234. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Circuit Switched Media Gateway Function (CS-MGW). 234. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 236. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transport Signalling Gateway Function (T-SGW) 236. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Roaming Signalling Gateway Function (R-SGW) 236. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 3Network Services i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Introduction to Network Services 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Classification of Services 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Circuit Teleservices 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Circuit Bearer Services 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Supplementary Services 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Packet Bearer Services 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Other Bearer Services 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Value Added Services 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Toolkits 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    IP multimedia services 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Interactive Services 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Distribution services 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Architectural Structure 310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Service Node and Network 310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UTRAN 310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Core Network 310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Service Network 312. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Load Balancing 314. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Data Rates 316. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Data Determination for Applications 318. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Quality of Service 320. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    QoS Attributes 322. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Security Architecture 324. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Security and Privacy 326. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Authentication and Key Agreement 328. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Distribution of authentication data from HE to SN 328. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Authentication and Key Agreement 328. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Ciphering Algorithms 330. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    F8 330. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F9 330. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Generation of Authentication Vectors/Tokens 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SQN and RAND 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Authentication Key Management Field 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Algorithms f1 f5 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    AUTN and AV 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    USIM Authentication Function 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Retrieval of SQN 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Computation of XMAC 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Verification of SQN 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Computation of CK and IK 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .User Authentication Response 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Access Link Data Integrity 336. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Data integrity protection method 336. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Input parameters to the integrity algorithm 336. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Ciphering of User/Signalling Data 338. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Input parameters to the cipher algorithm 338. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 4UMTS Protocols i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    General Protocol Model 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Horizontal Layers 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vertical Planes 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    IuCS Protocol Structure 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Control Plane Protocol Stack 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Plane Protocol Stack 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    IuPS Protocol Structure 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Control Plane Protocol Stack 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .User Plane Protocol Stack 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Iub Protocol Structure 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Control Plane Protocol Stack 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .User Plane Protocol Stack 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Iur Protocol Structure 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Control Plane Protocol Stack 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Plane Protocol Stack 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 412. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MAC Protocol 414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    MAC Entities 414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    MAC Layer Functions 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Mapping between logical and Transport channels 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transport format selection 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Priority handling of Data Flows 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Dynamic Scheduling 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Identification of UEs on Common Channels 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    MUX/DEMUX of PDUs into Transport Blocks 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Traffic Volume Monitoring 418. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Dynamic Transport Channel Type Switching 418. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Ciphering 418. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Access Service Class Selection 418. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RLC Protocol 420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RLC Entities 420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transparent Data Transfer Service 422. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transmitting Tr Entity 422. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Receiving Tr Entity 422. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service 424. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transmitting UM Entity 424. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Receiving UM Entity 424. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Acknowledged Data Transfer Service 426. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transmitting UM Entity 426. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Receiving UM Entity 426. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 428. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio Interface for Broadcast/Multicast Services 430. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    BMC Functions 430. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RRC Layer Model 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Routing Function Entity (RFE) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Broadcast Control Function Entity (BCFE) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Paging and Notification Control Function Entity (PNFE) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Dedicated Control Function Entity (DCFE) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Shared Control Function Entity (SCFE) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transfer Mode Entity (TME) 432. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RRC Functions 434. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Protocol Stacks 438. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Plane Protocol Stack (Dedicated Channels CSDomain) 438. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Dedicated Channel Frame Protocol (DCH FP) 440. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Control Plane Protocol Stack (UECN SIGNALLING, Dedicated Channels, CSDomain) . . . . . .442

    RANAP Services 442. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SCCP 442. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    MTP3B 442. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SAALNNI 442. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Control Plane Protocol Stack(UECN Signalling, Shared Channels, CSDomain) 444. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RACH/FACH/ DSCH Frame Protocol 444. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Plane Protocol Stack(Dedicated Channels, PSDomain) 446. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, User Plane (GTPU) 446. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Path Protocols 446. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Control Plane Protocol Stack(UECN Siganalling, Dedicated Channels, PSDomain) 448. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Stream Control Transmission Protocol 448. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    M3UA 448. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 5Data Flow and Terrestrial Interfaces i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Terrestrial Interfaces 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Principles 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Data Rates 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Adaptation Layers (AALs) 510. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The ATM Adaptation Process 512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Convergence SubLayer (CS) 512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Segmentation and Reassembly 512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2) 514. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    CPCS 514. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL 5) 516. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Virtual Channels and Paths 518. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use of Virtual Channels and Paths 518. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Virtual Connection and Path Switching 520. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    E1 Architecture 522. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Logical Links 522. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    E1 522. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    T1 522. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM Cell to E1 Cell Mapping 524. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    E Link Multiplexing 526. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 528. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 532. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Principles of SDH 534. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SDH Drop and Insert 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Network Simplification 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Survivability 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Software Control 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Bandwidth on Demand 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ATM to STM Mapping 538. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Typical UMTS Transport Network 540. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Chapter 6W-CDMA Theory i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Multiple Access Schemes 62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    CDMA Options 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    W-CDMA Characteristics 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Re-Use of Frequency 68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Bandwidth Usage 610. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    ReUse of Codes 612. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Spectral Efficiency (GSM and IS-95) 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Spectral Efficiency UMTS 616. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    TDD and FDD Frame Structure 618. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    FDD and TDD Differences 620. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    DS-CDMA Implementation 622. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transmitter 622. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Receiver 622. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Spreading 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Scrambling Codes vs Channelisaton Codes 626. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Modulo-2 Addition 628. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Orthogonal Codes 630. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channelisation Code Tree 632. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Processing Gain 634. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Exercise 1 - Spreading 636. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Exercise 2 - Spreading 638. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Exercise 3 - Spreading 640. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Short Codes vs Long Codes 642. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Matched Filter Operation 644. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Rake Receiver 646. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 7The Physical Layer i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Physical Layer Services 72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QPSK 74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Locations 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Structure of Transmission 78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Downlink Transmission 78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Uplink Transmission 78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channels on the Air Interface 710. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Logical Channels 712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Control Channels 712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Traffic Channels 712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Transport Channels 714. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Physical Channels 716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Common Physical Channels (CPCHs) 716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Mapping 718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Physical signals 718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Generic Frame Structure 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio Frame 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    System Frame 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Timeslot 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Primary SCH 722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    The Secondary SCH 722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Modulation Symbol a 722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Synchronisation (Cell Search) Procedure 724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Step 1: Slot synchronisation 724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Step 2: Frame synchronisation and codegroup identification 724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 3: Scramblingcode identification 724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Synchronisation 725. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) 726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) 726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Modulation pattern for Common Pilot Channel 727. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    P-CCPCH Frame Structure 728. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SCH and P-CCPCH 730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 732. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Mapping of Paging Indicators (PI) to PICH bits 733. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) 734. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Secondary CCPCH Fields 735. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Random Access Transmission 736. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Structure of Random Access Transmission 736. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    PRACH Preamble 736. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Structure of the randomaccess transmission 737. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Acquisition Indicator Channel AICH) 738. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    AICH signature patterns 739. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Structure of PRACH Message Part 740. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Randomaccess message data fields 741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Dedicated downlink physical channels 742. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Downlink Slot Formation in Case of Multi-Code Transmission 744. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Uplink Dedicated Physical channels 746. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Downlink Flow Process 748. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Coding Processes 750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    CRC Attachment 750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transport block concatenation and code block segmentation 750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Coding 752. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Convolutional Coding 752. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Rate 1/2 and rate 1/3 convolutional coders 753. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Turbo coding 754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Rate Matching & Insertion of DTX Indication 756. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Rate Matching 756. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Insertion of DTX Indication 756. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Fixed And Flexible Bit Positions 757. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ST Interleaving and Radio Frame Segmentation 758. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Transport Channel Multiplexing and Physical Layer Segmentation 760. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    2nd insertion of DTX Indication bits 760. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Physical Layer Segmentation. 760. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    2nd Interleaving 760. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Downlink Spreading and Channel Combination 762. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Combining 762. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Combining 763. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Uplink Flow Process 764. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio Frame Equalisation 764. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Rate Matching 764. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DTX 764. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Uplink Spreading and Channel Combination 766. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    PRACH Message Part 766. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    PRACH Spreading and Combination 767. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 8User Equipment i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    User Equipment (UE) 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Mobile States 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Idle Mode 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Connected Mode 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UE Power Classes and Modes 88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Bluetooth 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Frequency Band and RF Channel 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Definition 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 9Radio Resource Management Functions i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Radio Resource Management 92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Physical Layer Measurements 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UE Measurements 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    UTRA Measurements 96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Compressed Mode 98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Cell Selection/Reselection 910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Immediate Cell Evaluation 910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Cell Reselection 910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Macro Diversity 912. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Handover 914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Handover Strategy 914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Handover Causes 914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Soft and Softer Handover 916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    S-RNS Relocation 918. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Power Control 920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Site Selection Diversity Power Control (SSDT) 920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Open Loop Power Control 922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Closed Loop Power Control (Inner Loop) 924. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Closed Loop Power Control (Outer Loop) 926. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Multi-Cell Power Control 928. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Site Select Diversity Transmission 930. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) 932. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    STTD Encoding 934. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Closed Loop Mode Transmit diversity 936. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Admission Control 938. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Quality of Service (QoS) 938. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    System Load 938. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Load Control 940. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 10Signalling Flow i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Objectives 101. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Paging for a UE in Idle Mode 102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Paging for the UE in RRC Connected Mode 104. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RRC Connection Establishment 106. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RRC DCH Release 108. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    RA Update 1010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    SRNC Relocation 1012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 11Appendix A

    i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Channel Coding 111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 12Appendix B i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Multiple Choice Questions 121. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Questions 122. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 13Appendix C i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    CDMA Detection Exercise 131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Chapter 14Appendix D i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Glossary of Terms for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 141. . . . . . . . . . . .

    A 1411. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    B 1411. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 1412. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    D 1413. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    E 1413. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    F 1413. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    G 1413. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    H 1414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    I 1414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    J 1414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    K 1414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    L 1414. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    M 1415. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    N 1415. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O 1415. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    P 1416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Q 1416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    R 1417. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    S 1418. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    T 1419. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    U 1419. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    V 1420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    W 1420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Chapter 15

    Glossary of technical terms and abbreviations i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Numbers 151. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    A 152. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    B 153. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    C 154. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    D 156. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    E 157. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    F 158. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    G 159. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    H 1510. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 1511. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    K 1512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    L 1513. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    M 1514. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    N 1515. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    O 1516. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    P 1517. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    Q 1518. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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    Issue 4 Revision 0 General information

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    1

    General information

    Important notice

    If this manual was obtained when you attended a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If itwas supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major softwarerelease, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form ofGeneral Manual Revisions (GMRs).

    Purpose

    Motorola Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Technical Education manualsare intended to support the delivery of Technical Education only and are not intended toreplace the use of Customer Product Documentation.

    Failure to comply with Motorolas operation, installation and maintenanceinstructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.

    WARNING

    These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered byMotorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gainedthrough such training.

    About thismanual

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    Cross references

    Throughout this manual, cross references are made to the chapter numbers and sectionnames. The section name cross references are printed bold in text.

    This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, aredivided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the topof each page, and are listed in the table of contents.

    Text conventions

    The following conventions are used in the Motorola GSM manuals to represent keyboardinput text, screen output text and special key sequences.

    Input

    Characters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.

    Output

    Messages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities, and environmental

    variables that appear on the screen are shown like this.

    Special key sequences

    Special key sequences are represented as follows:

    CTRL-c Press the Control and c keys at the same time.

    ALT-f Press the Alt and f keys at the same time.

    | Press the pipe symbol key.

    CR or RETURN Press the Return (Enter) key. The Return key isidentified with the symbol on both the X terminal andthe SPARCstation keyboards. The SPARCstationkeyboard Return key is also identified with the wordReturn.

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    Issue 4 Revision 0Reporting safety issues

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    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILLNOT BE UPDATED

    4

    Reporting safety issues

    Introduction

    A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.

    Procedure

    Whenever a safety issue arises:

    1. Make the equipment concerned safe, for example, by removing power.

    2. Make no further attempt to tamper with the equipment.

    3. Report the problem directly to GSM Customer Network Resolution Centre+44 (0)1793 430040 (telephone) and follow up with a written report by fax

    +44 (0)1793 430987 (fax).

    4. Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the Customer NetworkResolution Centre.

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    5

    Warnings and cautions

    Introduction

    The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this manual and in allmanuals of the Motorola GSM manual set.

    Warnings

    Definition

    A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.

    Example and format

    Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors.Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors orunterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.

    WARNING

    Cautions

    Definition

    A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.

    Example and format

    Do not use test equipment that is beyond its calibration due date when testingMotorola base stations.

    CAUTION

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    6

    General warnings

    Introduction

    Observe the following warnings during all phases of operation, installation andmaintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure tocomply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola GSMmanuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of theequipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure to comply with theserequirements.

    Warning labels

    Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warninglabels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

    Specificwarnings

    Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment andwithin the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times whenworking with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, on the illustrationsand on the equipment.

    High voltage

    Certain Motorola equipment operates from a dangerous high voltage of 230 V ac singlephase or 415 V ac three phase mains which is potentially lethal. Therefore, the areaswhere the ac mains power is present must not be approached until the warnings and

    cautions in the text and on the equipment have been complied with.To achieve isolation of the equipment from the ac supply, the mains input isolator mustbe set to off and locked.

    Within the United Kingdom (UK) regard must be paid to the requirements of theElectricity at Work Regulations 1989. There may also be specific country legislationwhich need to be complied with, depending on where the equipment is used.

    RF radiation

    High RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in the base station equipmentwhen in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antennaconnections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminatedcavities or feeders.

    Refer to the following standards:

    S ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.

    S CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields HighFrequency (10kHz to 300GHz).

    Laser radiation

    Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laserradiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre opticcables connected to data in/out connectors.

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    7

    Liftingequipment

    When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competentresponsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where

    provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipments have to bemanhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in whichthe equipment is used.

    Do not ...... substitute parts or modify equipment.

    Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts orperform any unauthorized modification of equipment. Contact Motorola if in doubt toensure that safety features are maintained.

    Battery supplies

    Do not wear earth straps when working with standby battery supplies.

    Toxic material

    Certain Motorola equipment incorporates components containing the highly toxic materialBeryllium or its oxide Beryllia or both. These materials are especially hazardous if:

    S Beryllium materials are absorbed into the body tissues through the skin, mouth, ora wound.

    S The dust created by breakage of Beryllia is inhaled.

    S Toxic fumes are inhaled from Beryllium or Beryllia involved in a fire.

    See the Beryllium health and safety precautions section for further information.

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    Issue 4 Revision 0Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)

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    CP13: Understanding UMTS

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    8

    Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)

    Introduction

    This equipment is designed to generate and radiate radio frequency (RF) energy. Itshould be installed and maintained only by trained technicians. Licensees of the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) using this equipment are responsible for insuringthat its installation and operation comply with FCC regulations designed to limit humanexposure to RF radiation in accordance with the American National Standards InstituteIEEE Standard C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.

    Definitions

    This standard establishes two sets of maximum permitted exposure limits, one forcontrolled environments and another, that allows less exposure, for uncontrolledenvironments. These terms are defined by the standard, as follows:

    Uncontrolled environmentUncontrolled environments are locations where there is the exposure of individuals whohave no knowledge or control of their exposure. The exposures may occur in livingquarters or workplaces where there are no expectations that the exposure levels mayexceed those shown for uncontrolled environments in the table of maximum permittedexposure ceilings.

    Controlled environment

    Controlled environments are locations where there is exposure that may be incurred bypersons who are aware of the potential for exposure as a concomitant of employment, byother cognizant persons, or as the incidental result of transient passage through areaswhere analysis shows the exposure levels may be above those shown for uncontrolledenvironments but do not exceed the values shown for controlled environments in thetable of maximum permitted exposure ceilings.

    Maximumpermittedexposures

    The maximum permitted exposures prescribed by the standard are set in terms ofdifferent parameters of effects, depending on the frequency generated by the equipmentin question. At the frequency range of this Personal Communication System equipment,1930-1970MHz, the maximum permitted exposure levels are set in terms of powerdensity, whose definition and relationship to electric field and magnetic field strengths aredescribed by the standard as follows:

    Power density (S)

    Power per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, usually expressed in units ofwatts per square metre (W/m2) or, for convenience, units such as milliwatts per squarecentimetre (mW/cm2). For plane waves, power density, electric field strength (E) andmagnetic field strength (H) are related by the impedance of free space, 377 ohms. Inparticular,

    S+E2

    377+ 377 H

    2

    where E and H are expressed in units of V/m and A/m, respectively, and S in units ofW/m2. Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actualquantities measured are E or E2 or H or H2.

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    9

    Maximumpermittedexposureceilings

    Within the frequency range, the maximum permitted exposure ceiling for uncontrolledenvironments is a power density (mW/cm2) that equals f/1500, where f is the frequencyexpressed in MHz, and measurements are averaged over a period of 30 minutes. Themaximum permitted exposure ceiling for controlled environments, also expressed inmW/cm2, is f/300 where measurements are averaged over 6 minutes. Applying theseprinciples to the minimum and maximum frequencies for which this equipment is intendedto be used yields the following maximum permitted exposure levels:

    Uncontrolled Environment Controlled Environment

    1930MHz 1970MHz 1930MHz 1970MHz

    Ceiling 1.287mW/cm2 1.313mW/cm2 6.433mW/cm2 6.567mW/cm2

    If you plan to operate the equipment at more than one frequency, compliance should beassured at the frequency which produces the lowest exposure ceiling (among thefrequencies at which operation will occur).

    Licensees must be able to certify to the FCC that their facilities meet the above ceilings.Some lower power PCS devices, 100 milliwatts or less, are excluded from demonstratingcompliance, but this equipment operates at power levels orders of magnitude higher, andthe exclusion is not applicable.

    Whether a given installation meets the maximum permitted exposure ceilings depends, inpart, upon antenna type, antenna placement and the output power to which thisequipment is adjusted. The following example sets forth the distances from the antennato which access should be prevented in order to comply with the uncontrolled andcontrolled environment exposure limits as set forth in the ANSI IEEE standards and

    computed above.

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    10

    Examplecalculation

    For a base station with the following characteristics, what is the minimum distance fromthe antenna necessary to meet the requirements of an uncontrolled environment?

    Transmit frequency 1930MHz

    Base station cabinet output power, P +39.0dBm (8 watts)

    Antenna feeder cable loss, CL 2.0dB

    Antenna input power Pin PCL = +39.02.0 = +37.0dB (5watts)

    Antenna gain, G 16.4dBi (43.65)

    Using the following relationship:

    G+ 4pr2W

    Pin

    Where Wis the maximum permissible power density in W/m2 and ris the safe distancefrom the antenna in metres, the desired distance can be calculated as follows:

    r+ GPin4pW + 43.65 5

    4p 12.87 + 1.16m

    where W= 12.87 W/m2 was obtained from table listed above and converting frommW/cm2 to W/m2.

    The above result applies only in the direction of maximum radiation of theantenna. Actual installations may employ antennas that have defined radiationpatterns and gains that differ from the example set forth above. The distancescalculated can vary depending on the actual antenna pattern and gain.

    NOTE

    Power densitymeasurements

    While installation calculations such as the above are useful and essential in planning anddesign, validation that the operating facility using this equipment actually complies willrequire making power density measurements. For information on measuring RF fields fordetermining compliance with ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, see IEEE Recommended Practicefor the Measure of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave,IEEE Std C95.3-1991. Copies of IEEE C95.1-1991 and IEEE C95.3-1991 may bepurchased from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Attn:Publication Sales, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscattaway, NJ 08855-1331,(800) 678-IEEE or from ANSI, (212) 642-4900. Persons responsible for installation of this

    equipment are urged to consult these standards in determining whether a giveninstallation complies with the applicable limits.

    Other equipment

    Whether a given installation meets ANSI standards for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation may depend not only on this equipment but also on whether theenvironments being assessed are being affected by radio frequency fields from otherequipment, the effects of which may add to the level of exposure. Accordingly, the overallexposure may be affected by radio frequency generating facilities that exist at the timethe licensees equipment is being installed or even by equipment installed later.Therefore, the effects of any such facilities must be considered in site selection and indetermining whether a particular installation meets the FCC requirements.

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    Issue 4 Revision 0 Beryllium health and safety precautions

    EMOTOROLA LTD. 2001

    CP13: Understanding UMTS

    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILLNOT BE UPDATED

    11

    Beryllium health and safety precautions

    Introduction

    Beryllium (Be), is a hard silver/white metal. It is stable in air, but burns brilliantly inOxygen.

    With the exception of the naturally occurring Beryl ore (Beryllium Silicate), all Berylliumcompounds and Beryllium metal are potentially highly toxic.

    Health issues

    Beryllium Oxide is used within some components as an electrical insulator. Captive withinthe component it presents no health risk whatsoever. However, if the component shouldbe broken open and the Beryllium Oxide, which is in the form of dust, released, thereexists the potential for harm.

    Inhalation

    Inhalation of Beryllium Oxide can lead to a condition known as Berylliosis, the symptomsof Berylliosis are similar to Pneumonia and may be identified by all or any of thefollowing:

    Mild poisoning causes fever, shortness of breath, and a cough that producesyellow/green sputum, or occasionally bloodstained sputum. Inflammation of the mucousmembranes of the nose, throat, and chest with discomfort, possibly pain, and difficultywith swallowing and breathing.

    Severe poisoning causes chest pain and wheezing which may progress to severeshortness of breath due to congestion of the lungs. Incubation period for lung symptoms

    is 2-20 days.

    Exposure to moderately high concentrations of Beryllium in air may produce a veryserious condition of the lungs. The injured person may become blue, feverish with rapidbreathing and raised pulse rate. Recovery is usual but may take several months. Therehave been deaths in the acute stage.

    Chronic response. This condition is more truly a general one although the lungs aremainly affected. There may be lesions in the kidneys and the skin. Certain featuressupport the view that the condition is allergic. There is no relationship between thedegree of exposure and the severity of response and there is usually a time lag of up to10 years between exposure and the onset of the illness. Both sexes are equallysusceptible. The onset of the illness is insidious but only a small number of exposedpersons develop this reaction.

    First aid

    Seek immediate medical assistance. The casualty should be removed immediately fromthe exposure area and placed in a fresh air environment with breathing supported withOxygen where required. Any contaminated clothing should be removed. The casualtyshould be kept warm and at rest until medical aid arrives.

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    Skin contact

    Possible irritation and redness at the contact area. Persistent itching and blisterformations can occur which usually resolve on removal from exposure.

    First aidWash area thoroughly with soap and water. If skin is broken seek immediate medicalassistance.

    Eye contact

    May cause severe irritation, redness and swelling of eyelid(s) and inflammation of themucous membranes of the eyes.

    First aid

    Flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical assistance as soon

    as possible.

    Handlingprocedures

    Removal of components from printed circuit boards (PCBs) is to take place only atMotorola approved repair centres.

    The removal station will be equipped with extraction equipment and all other protectiveequipment necessary for the safe removal of components containing Beryllium Oxide.

    If during removal a component is accidently opened, the Beryllium Oxide dust is to bewetted into a paste and put into a container with a spatula or similar tool. The spatula/toolused to collect the paste is also to be placed in the container. The container is then to be

    sealed and labelled. A suitable respirator is to be worn at all times during this operation.

    Components which are successfully removed are to be placed in a separate bag, sealedand labelled.

    Disposalmethods

    Beryllium Oxide or components containing Beryllium Oxide are to be treated ashazardous waste. All components must be removed where possible from boards and putinto sealed bags labelled Beryllium Oxide components. These bags must be given to thesafety and environmental adviser for disposal.

    Under no circumstances are boards or components containing Beryllium Oxide to be putinto the general waste skips or incinerated.

    Product life cycleimplications

    Motorola GSM and analogue equipment includes components containing Beryllium Oxide(identified in text as appropriate and indicated by warning labels on the equipment).These components require specific disposal measures as indicated in the preceding(Disposal methods) paragraph. Motorola will arrange for the disposal of all suchhazardous waste as part of its Total Customer Satisfaction philosophy and will arrangefor the most environmentally friendly disposal available at that time.

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    CP13: Understanding UMTS

    FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY THIS MANUAL WILLNOT BE UPDATED

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    General cautions

    Introduction

    Observe the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of theequipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure to comply with thesecautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola GSM manuals may result indamage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure tocomply with these requirements.

    Caution labels

    Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any cautionlabels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

    Specific cautions

    Cautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of thismanual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with theequipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on theequipment.

    Fibre optics

    The bending radius of all fibre optic cables must not be less than 30 mm.

    Static discharge

    Motorola equipment contains CMOS devices that are vulnerable to static discharge.Although the damage caused by static discharge may not be immediately apparent,CMOS devices may be damaged in the long term due to static discharge caused bymishandling. Wear an approved earth strap when adjusting or handling digital boards.

    See Devices sensitive to static for further