a type of atomic orbital that results when two or more atomic orbitals mix

Hybrid orbitals Flash Animationhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/

chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf

new overlapping orbitals in covalent bonding that apply to the entire moleculefilled when has two electronsreferred to as bonding orbitals in which there

are different types sigma bonds- bonds overlapping end to end pi bonds- bonds overlap in a side to side fashion

Sigma and Pi Bond Flash Animationhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/

chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

explains the three dimensional shape of a molecule

a repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust

the result is that valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.

unshared pairs repel more than shared pairs

the character of a bond depends on the kind and number of atoms joined together

bonding pairs are pulled (as in a “tug-of-war”)

the atoms in the bond pull equally and the bonding electrons are equally shared

Ex. H2, O2, N2, and Cl2

atoms in the bond pull unequally and the bonding electrons are unequally shared

Ex: HCl, H2O