courtyard urbanism

UrbanCourtyardism

Lo yee Cheung Adrian2005651426 March I

2Table of Contents

4 Courtyard Case Study

14 Exercise Stage I - Low Rise

26 Exercise Stage II - Mid Rise

46 Exercise Stage III - High Rise

48 Site Study

50 Site Palnning

54 Tower Study

72 Master Layout Plan

74 Tower Floor Plans

80 Site Section

82 Model Pictures

Content

3Project Program

Urban Courtyardism begins by asking: what was the quality of urban courtyards and how did they work as an individual element? What was the system of their fabrication and how were they patterned to make urban spaces? How do we sustain qualities of such building type that is facing challenge and must transform? And how do such typology provide the capacity to sustain continuity and at the same time facilitates new possibilities? Through a series of design explorations, the studio would like to demonstrate how to re-invent the historical courtyard typology for contemporary urban conditions, particularly when density and building height has to be increased. The outcome of the studio will include three parts: 1), studies of courtyard typology; 2), studies of a cluster of low-rise courtyard housing; 3), studies of mid-rise courtyard housing for a prototypical resettlement project in rural Shenzhen. By looking into three-dimensional systems for multi-leveled courtyard spaces, the studio intend to provide us a platform of imagination toward an urban courtyardism for our contemporary cities facing challenges of density, sustainability and community reintegration.

Urban Courtyardism

Typological Studies for Resettlement of Village Housing in Shenzhen

Preface

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Initial case study reseach: book- sociopolis, to look at possible deisgn ideas for courtyard houses.

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Initial case study reseach: book- sociopolis, to look at possible deisgn ideas for courtyard houses.

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over view

typical plan

typical section

relativesize

day light

formation

courtyard

massing

typehostle

ventilation

public /private

circulatoin

partial

ideaidea idea idea

partial

subtraction mass vs void scale & stack axis & side ADD & SURROUND DUPLICATE

a astack variationleft over

N/A

around & spiral

different scale

house house house house househousinghousinghousing

different scale different scale

Matrix : Case Study of spectrum of Courtyard Design

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over view

typical plan

typical section

relativesize

day light

formation

courtyard

massing

typehostle

ventilation

public /private

circulatoin

partial

ideaidea idea idea

partial

subtraction mass vs void scale & stack axis & side ADD & SURROUND DUPLICATE

a astack variationleft over

N/A

around & spiral

different scale

house house house house househousinghousinghousing

different scale different scale

Matrix : Case Study of spectrum of Courtyard Design

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Across page: Houses Studied - Plan

Traditional Courtyard HOuse Study in GwangDong Region

5m plan

Figure Ground

Transitionalspace

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Across page: Houses Studied - Plan

Traditional Courtyard HOuse Study in GwangDong Region

5m plan

Figure Ground

Transitionalspace

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18

Upper floor plan

Lower floor plan

Sectino AA

Sectino BB

a

b

SummerWinter

Summer

Winter

3

2

N1:300

Isometric View

Solar Study

Ventilation flow study

CirculationTransitionalCourtyard

Courtyard Ratio study

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18

Upper floor plan

Lower floor plan

Sectino AA

Sectino BB

a

b

SummerWinter

Summer

Winter

3

2

N1:300

Isometric View

Solar Study

Ventilation flow study

CirculationTransitionalCourtyard

Courtyard Ratio study

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INTERMISSION

Presentation 18-02-2010

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INTERMISSION


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The above records the natural history of the design process of the low-rise row courtyard house. Each step evolves to the next with modifications. I believe there is a fundamental importance for the development of design ideas.

Across the page is the (top) concept of having 2 courtyards over-lapping at 90 degree for best efficient courtyard space, (bottom) is the 3D form exploration to test ideas of spatial arrangements.

Design 01 Design 02 Design 03 Design 04

Form Exploration Exercise

Dual Directional Overlapped Courtyard

Efficient Use of Courtyard

Design Progress

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The above records the natural history of the design process of the low-rise row courtyard house. Each step evolves to the next with modifications. I believe there is a fundamental importance for the development of design ideas.

Across the page is the (top) concept of having 2 courtyards over-lapping at 90 degree for best efficient courtyard space, (bottom) is the 3D form exploration to test ideas of spatial arrangements.

Design 01 Design 02 Design 03 Design 04

Form Exploration Exercise

Dual Directional Overlapped Courtyard

Efficient Use of Courtyard

Design Progress

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Floor plan and SectionStreet vista Lower floor interior space looking towards courtyardView from EntranceView from master bedrom towards upper courtyard

Design 01 with family / activity room located on both sides of the ground floor elongated courtyard to maxmized the interaction and fluidity of interor and open garden space. Bedrooms located on the four corner of the upper floor, each with a courtyard out-side the rooms.

Design 01 Plan & Section

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Floor plan and SectionStreet vista Lower floor interior space looking towards courtyardView from EntranceView from master bedrom towards upper courtyard

Design 01 with family / activity room located on both sides of the ground floor elongated courtyard to maxmized the interaction and fluidity of interor and open garden space. Bedrooms located on the four corner of the upper floor, each with a courtyard out-side the rooms.


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Feedback about the alien triangular ventilation openings and unjus-tified location of the stair has been received. Modification of stair location is being done and the massing has been changed to 2 overlapping H 90 degree to each other, making the courtyard more clean and the interior space more usable.


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Feedback about the alien triangular ventilation openings and unjus-tified location of the stair has been received. Modification of stair location is being done and the massing has been changed to 2 overlapping H 90 degree to each other, making the courtyard more clean and the interior space more usable.


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Over perspective of Design 04 of low-rise courtyard houseArchitectural Drawing - plan and sectionView from sitting room to courtyardView from Guest bedroom overlooking upper and lower courtyard

In previous design trials, clean and efficiency of courtyard have been achieved. To further refine my design, more effort was put to generate a more complex experience with diverse courtyard situation. This L-shapped house, also suggested a new relationship towards the neighbor house.


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Over perspective of Design 04 of low-rise courtyard houseArchitectural Drawing - plan and sectionView from sitting room to courtyardView from Guest bedroom overlooking upper and lower courtyard

In previous design trials, clean and efficiency of courtyard have been achieved. To further refine my design, more effort was put to generate a more complex experience with diverse courtyard situation. This L-shapped house, also suggested a new relationship towards the neighbor house.


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1. Design 01 for courtyard row house 1:100 model2. Site arrangement of the houses 1:200 model3. Design 02 for courtyard row house 1:100 model4. Design 03 for courtyard row house 1:100 model(From left to right)

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1. Design 01 for courtyard row house 1:100 model2. Site arrangement of the houses 1:200 model3. Design 02 for courtyard row house 1:100 model4. Design 03 for courtyard row house 1:100 model(From left to right)

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INTERMISSION

Presentation Site Model

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INTERMISSION

Presentation Site Model

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On the left is the step-by-step development logic of site strat-egy, starting from massing and coverage design to micro-climatic considerations, then to programmatic arrangements. It aimed to create a maximized central courtyard with each unite having sky facing courtyard. The above illustration is the unit design develop-mental sequences, each model informed me the credits and cons of each formal schemes. The final L-shapped + U-shapped duplex was selected for further development.

Unit formal Exploration

Design Development Strategy

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On the left is the step-by-step development logic of site strat-egy, starting from massing and coverage design to micro-climatic considerations, then to programmatic arrangements. It aimed to create a maximized central courtyard with each unite having sky facing courtyard. The above illustration is the unit design develop-mental sequences, each model informed me the credits and cons of each formal schemes. The final L-shapped + U-shapped duplex was selected for further development.

Unit formal Exploration

Design Development Strategy

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The above diagrams shows alternative site planning methods, with their relative sectional layout. It suggested that by placing the massing on the edge surrounding the site gives the maximized communal courtyard at the center, but undesired corner condi-tions also arise, also individual unites will be facing all four direc-tions. Design with 2 rows on each side was selected, in between were an axial courtyard, with the ,major entrances facing South and North, following the Feng Shui orientation of traditional Chinese design.

Site Layout Testing

Top View of Whole Complex

Primary Rd

Primary Rd

Scondary Rd

Courtyard

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The above diagrams shows alternative site planning methods, with their relative sectional layout. It suggested that by placing the massing on the edge surrounding the site gives the maximized communal courtyard at the center, but undesired corner condi-tions also arise, also individual unites will be facing all four direc-tions. Design with 2 rows on each side was selected, in between were an axial courtyard, with the ,major entrances facing South and North, following the Feng Shui orientation of traditional Chinese design.

Site Layout Testing

Top View of Whole Complex

Primary Rd

Primary Rd

Scondary Rd

Courtyard

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1. From study progress sequence Massing model2. Units as module to design whole complex Massing model3. Testing of form mulipulations Massing model

(From left to right)

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1. From study progress sequence Massing model2. Units as module to design whole complex Massing model3. Testing of form mulipulations Massing model


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The Sectional Perspective on the left shows the spatial arrange-ment of different units within the site - 4 duplex stacked to form terrace, which each shifted to allow every single courtyard to be sky facing. The less desirable spaces below the upper units become the carpark and retail (with open to the exterior street), this conscious thought of programmatic arrange increased the total value of the whole complex.

LOWER UNIT COMMON COURTYARD

LOWER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

CAR PARKSHOP


LOWER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

CAR PARKSHOP

Sectional Perspective of half of the whole complex

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The Sectional Perspective on the left shows the spatial arrange-ment of different units within the site - 4 duplex stacked to form terrace, which each shifted to allow every single courtyard to be sky facing. The less desirable spaces below the upper units become the carpark and retail (with open to the exterior street), this conscious thought of programmatic arrange increased the total value of the whole complex.


LOWER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

CAR PARKSHOP


LOWER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

UPPER UNIT

CAR PARKSHOP

Sectional Perspective of half of the whole complex

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Road System

Pedestrian Circualtion

Solar Consideration

Ventilation

Here is a demonstration on how his design idea has been well thought, with carefully consideration of circulation, traffic access, lighting and natual ventilation. And all these blends with the formal design of this scheme to from a complete system that celebrated the foundamental concept of courtyard in this com-plex.

Cross ventilated unit

Air flow direction

Unit with natural light

Solar angle

Courtyard

Primary Rd

Service Rd

Secondary Rd

External Pedestrian criculation

Horizontal criculation

internal Pedestrian criculation

2nd level circulation

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Road System

Pedestrian Circualtion

Solar Consideration

Ventilation

Here is a demonstration on how his design idea has been well thought, with carefully consideration of circulation, traffic access, lighting and natual ventilation. And all these blends with the formal design of this scheme to from a complete system that celebrated the foundamental concept of courtyard in this com-plex.

Cross ventilated unit

Air flow direction

Unit with natural light

Solar angle

Courtyard

Primary Rd

Service Rd

Secondary Rd

External Pedestrian criculation

Horizontal criculation

internal Pedestrian criculation

2nd level circulation

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UPPER FLOOR

Floor PLan Design Option 01

LOWER FLOORLOWER FLOOR

5M

LOWER FLOORUPPER FLOOR

HIGH WINDOW

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UPPER FLOOR

Floor PLan Design Option 01

LOWER FLOORLOWER FLOOR

5M

LOWER FLOORUPPER FLOOR

HIGH WINDOW

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LOWER FLOOR LOWER FLOORLOWER FLOORUPPER FLOOR

HIGH WINDOW

UPPER FLOOR

5MFloor PLan Design Option 02

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LOWER FLOOR LOWER FLOORLOWER FLOORUPPER FLOOR

HIGH WINDOW

UPPER FLOOR

5MFloor PLan Design Option 02

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The internal facing quality of Courtyard design is celebrated in this residential complex, that each unit is facing to the central courtyard, which is share by all resident of the complex. This courtyard becomes both the spatial and spiritual focus, where various exchange and activity happened. The external walled facade further reinforced the enclose idea. To increase the pro-grammatic values of the whole urban area, shopping arcade street is created to brig life to the primary busy road next to the urban block.

Axial Courtyard of the Complex with living Unit on each Side

Efficient Space Planning - Commercial Street Facade

Complex Overall Perspective

Communal Courtyard with maximized space as spatial focus

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The internal facing quality of Courtyard design is celebrated in this residential complex, that each unit is facing to the central courtyard, which is share by all resident of the complex. This courtyard becomes both the spatial and spiritual focus, where various exchange and activity happened. The external walled facade further reinforced the enclose idea. To increase the pro-grammatic values of the whole urban area, shopping arcade street is created to brig life to the primary busy road next to the urban block.

Axial Courtyard of the Complex with living Unit on each Side

Efficient Space Planning - Commercial Street Facade

Complex Overall Perspective

Communal Courtyard with maximized space as spatial focus

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1. Shifting opertion to creat deplex with 2 courtyrads 1:100 model2. More private upper courtyard over look the family one 1:100 model3. Site arrangement of the houses 1:200 model4. Cricualtion between the 2 rows of terrace houses 1:200 model(From left to right)

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1. Shifting opertion to creat deplex with 2 courtyrads 1:100 model2. More private upper courtyard over look the family one 1:100 model3. Site arrangement of the houses 1:200 model4. Cricualtion between the 2 rows of terrace houses 1:200 model(From left to right)

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INTERMISSION


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INTERMISSION


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PrefaceThe content in this book is a record of the thrid part design exercise of three stage full semester architectural studio, Urban Courtyardism, instructured by Mr. Wang Weijan of the University of Hong Kong in year 2010. Through a series of design explorations, the studio would like to demonstrate how to re-invent the historical courtyard typology for contempo-rary urban conditions, particularly when density and building height has to be increased. The outcome of the studio will include three parts: 1), studies of courtyard typology; 2), studies of a cluster of low-rise courtyard housing; 3), studies of mid-rise courtyard housing for a prototypical resettlement project in rural Shenzhen.

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PrefaceThe content in this book is a record of the thrid part design exercise of three stage full semester architectural studio, Urban Courtyardism, instructured by Mr. Wang Weijan of the University of Hong Kong in year 2010. Through a series of design explorations, the studio would like to demonstrate how to re-invent the historical courtyard typology for contempo-rary urban conditions, particularly when density and building height has to be increased. The outcome of the studio will include three parts: 1), studies of courtyard typology; 2), studies of a cluster of low-rise courtyard housing; 3), studies of mid-rise courtyard housing for a prototypical resettlement project in rural Shenzhen.

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Livestock

Subtle Resident Entrance

Narrow Street Featured Pool Central Playground

GF Shop Front Vendor Mahjong in Restaurant

Self-made Preserved Meat Firewood

INDIVIDUAL

COMMUNITY

URBAN

Site Study

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The living characteristics of the Shenzhen villagers are divided into 3 levels. In individual level, each family have their own livestock and firewood, and they also make preserved meat. In community level, although their housings are not splendor, they are very welcome to guests and like to participate into communal activities. In urban level, their houses are packed together, but they will leave a large central open space for Fung Shui purpose and common area. In conclusion, the village families are very self-sufficient, but they also like to have social activities with other villagers.

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Site planning concpet - Mseh with Tower design

Site Surroundings - Aerial View

MLP Concept Design 1

Starting with a basic grid of towers, the MLP layout is then adjusted according to the landscape and the surrounding fabric. There will be layers of mesh providing low-dense housing.

Site Palnning

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3 STORIES(10.5m)

10m

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

COMMUNAL SPCAE

20m

MLP Concept Design 2

The pattern of mesh is further developed. A basic block of 10x20m is copied and rotated to create a community area in every 6 blocks. This system of low dense housing brings the surrounding village experience into the site.

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+21.0

+31.5

+10.5

+ 0.0

+21.0

+31.5

+10.5

+ 0.0

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+21.0

+31.5

+10.5

+ 0.0

+21.0

+31.5

+10.5

+ 0.0

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The diagram above illustrated, in the first roll, the conceptual idea of creating a continuous linked-courtyard sequential-experience in the form of a tower Building. This is inspired from the earlier study of the sequential-spactial progression of traditional Chinese courtyard house. The lower demonstrate the Pros that this design / spacial arrangement brings, e.g. better ventila-tion, view.. Etc. The Matrix on the right is a evaluation of how success the idea of Courtyard is being executed in each high-density courtyard house design, with criteria ranging from micro-climatic performance to accessibility.

Tower Study

55

Name of Design

The diagram above illustrated, in the first roll, the conceptual idea of creating a continuous linked-courtyard sequential-experience in the form of a tower Building. This is inspired from the earlier study of the sequential-spactial progression of traditional Chinese courtyard house. The lower demonstrate the Pros that this design / spacial arrangement brings, e.g. better ventila-tion, view.. Etc. The Matrix on the right is a evaluation of how success the idea of Courtyard is being executed in each high-density courtyard house design, with criteria ranging from micro-climatic performance to accessibility.

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Starting from a block massing we brain stormed a range of high-rise building form that might have the quality of courtyard. (top right, left page) And below are the evolved generation with refinements of the first stage deisgn prototypes. Sprial, stacking, shifting, subtraction are opereations that we used. lastly, we choose to proceed with the design above which is embeded with a stronger concept.

First Stage Design Trials

Selected Design and more thinking

Breeding and Further Form Testing

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Starting from a block massing we brain stormed a range of high-rise building form that might have the quality of courtyard. (top right, left page) And below are the evolved generation with refinements of the first stage deisgn prototypes. Sprial, stacking, shifting, subtraction are opereations that we used. lastly, we choose to proceed with the design above which is embeded with a stronger concept.

First Stage Design Trials

Selected Design and more thinking

Breeding and Further Form Testing

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1. From study progress sequence for tower design 1:500 model2. Designs with concept of spiralling up Massing model3. Testing of fesibility of connecting towers Massing model


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1. From study progress sequence for tower design 1:500 model2. Designs with concept of spiralling up Massing model3. Testing of fesibility of connecting towers Massing model


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To boarded our choices to evaluate, we created more detailed models to study the possible form and structure of courtyard high-rise towers. We learned that the duplex needs extra up and down circulation which will use up unecessary GFA and triangular shape had an inherited mismatch will four sided courtyard, with a lot of left over spaces, that cannot be utilized. But this models do told us that the possibility of creating double height courtyard by hving duplex instead of single floor units.

Bar shapped duplex with triangular arrangement(hollow center, ventilation)

more surroundness courtyard

hollow center

Square shapped duplex with 4 units on each floor

Bar shapped dulpex with center privot (core)

View

01

02

03

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To boarded our choices to evaluate, we created more detailed models to study the possible form and structure of courtyard high-rise towers. We learned that the duplex needs extra up and down circulation which will use up unecessary GFA and triangular shape had an inherited mismatch will four sided courtyard, with a lot of left over spaces, that cannot be utilized. But this models do told us that the possibility of creating double height courtyard by hving duplex instead of single floor units.

Bar shapped duplex with triangular arrangement(hollow center, ventilation)

more surroundness courtyard

hollow center

Square shapped duplex with 4 units on each floor

Bar shapped dulpex with center privot (core)

View

01

02

03

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To better understand the spatial experience within the continuous courtyard, here is a simulation to see how each resident unit will be connected to the courtyards, and the way that ciuculation will be installed to facilated the movements. Each courtyard will be shared by 3 household units, have triple floor volumn, and visual connection to the next courtyard. The favorable cross-ventilation can also be achieved.

Elevation looking at courtyard Perspective study of courtyard

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To better understand the spatial experience within the continuous courtyard, here is a simulation to see how each resident unit will be connected to the courtyards, and the way that ciuculation will be installed to facilated the movements. Each courtyard will be shared by 3 household units, have triple floor volumn, and visual connection to the next courtyard. The favorable cross-ventilation can also be achieved.

Elevation looking at courtyard Perspective study of courtyard

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In this exercise, we proposed two design scheme, which in form, looks rather different, but both of them are embedded with a rich design philosophy. In the below diagram it demonstrate the thinking behind, by unfold the structure and retrieve the underinglying continuous street like JIN experence - court-yard > transitional space > courtyard > transitional space ... to encourage activ-ity that used to be happened on the ground level urban fabric to reform in a high-rise residential tower.

In the other design on the left, its various sized courtyard suggest different programme to be held, where the resident can enjoy both different spactial and programmatic experience. Also, the courtyard, both big and small are distributed equally, so that the users can reach each type of courtyard within a specified distance.

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In this exercise, we proposed two design scheme, which in form, looks rather different, but both of them are embedded with a rich design philosophy. In the below diagram it demonstrate the thinking behind, by unfold the structure and retrieve the underinglying continuous street like JIN experence - court-yard > transitional space > courtyard > transitional space ... to encourage activ-ity that used to be happened on the ground level urban fabric to reform in a high-rise residential tower.

In the other design on the left, its various sized courtyard suggest different programme to be held, where the resident can enjoy both different spactial and programmatic experience. Also, the courtyard, both big and small are distributed equally, so that the users can reach each type of courtyard within a specified distance.

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Different scale of courtyard gives different experience to the residents, which is enriched by the function / programmatic use of these courtyard, which this system tries to mimic the local village fabric of spatial planning, but in a vertical way. On the left, it is a common courtyard shared by 2 household units. Where the resident can enjoy this semi open space, at the same time it serves as a linkage between the circualtion core and the units.

Bird eye view overlooking various scale courtyard The sense of courtyard created by the surroundness of massing

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Different scale of courtyard gives different experience to the residents, which is enriched by the function / programmatic use of these courtyard, which this system tries to mimic the local village fabric of spatial planning, but in a vertical way. On the left, it is a common courtyard shared by 2 household units. Where the resident can enjoy this semi open space, at the same time it serves as a linkage between the circualtion core and the units.

Bird eye view overlooking various scale courtyard The sense of courtyard created by the surroundness of massing

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Above renderings shows how the continuous common courtyards on each floor create a very different spatial and programmatic experience to the resident, compared to now-a-days pencil resi-dential towers. Not only encouraging interaction in-between resi-dent who lives on different floor, it also suggest a new lifestyle which convey a healthy and fresh image. Interaction, both physical, visual, and mental is being strength, making a more communal living, with better micro-climate for each unit.

Spiral courtyard, looking from exteriorExtending the interior space to courtyard then to infinityInternal Private courtyard enhanced the interior spaceView looking down to common courtyard from living room

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Above renderings shows how the continuous common courtyards on each floor create a very different spatial and programmatic experience to the resident, compared to now-a-days pencil resi-dential towers. Not only encouraging interaction in-between resi-dent who lives on different floor, it also suggest a new lifestyle which convey a healthy and fresh image. Interaction, both physical, visual, and mental is being strength, making a more communal living, with better micro-climate for each unit.

Spiral courtyard, looking from exteriorExtending the interior space to courtyard then to infinityInternal Private courtyard enhanced the interior spaceView looking down to common courtyard from living room

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The rendering on the left describe how the connection between the spiral sky courtyard and the roof garden of the Y-shapped mesh low-rise apartment units from a continuos outdoor experi-ence linking the ground towards the sky. These spaces will become leisure area for local residents and it also increase the connectiv-ity of the whole complex. The above perspective shows the sky courtyards and how the carefully designed facade echoes with this though-out design concept.

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The rendering on the left describe how the connection between the spiral sky courtyard and the roof garden of the Y-shapped mesh low-rise apartment units from a continuos outdoor experi-ence linking the ground towards the sky. These spaces will become leisure area for local residents and it also increase the connectiv-ity of the whole complex. The above perspective shows the sky courtyards and how the carefully designed facade echoes with this though-out design concept.

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N 1:6000N1:2500

N1:2500

Master Layout Plan

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N 1:6000N1:2500

N 1:6000

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Tower Floor Plans

Tower Scheme 1 Level 1 Floor Plan

1:150

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1:150

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1:150

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1:150

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Tower Scheme 2 Typical Floor Plans

1:1000

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1:200

Tower Scheme 2 Unit B

Tower Scheme 2 Unit A

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Site Section

1:1200

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Model Pictures

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Final Presentation Panel

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Final Presentation Panel

courtyard urbanism

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