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Course Outline Issued and Correct as at: Week 1, Semester 1 - 2010

CTS Download Date: 15 February 2010

Faculty of Education and Arts

School of Humanities & Social Science

Central Coast Campus

Chittaway Road,

Ourimbah 2258

Room: HO1.43 Humanities Building

Phone: 4349 4934/4348 4323

Office hours: 8:30am – 5:00pm

Fax: +61 2 4348 4075

Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/hss/

Course Outline HIST3133

China from the Opium Wars

Course Co-ordinator: Shigeru Sato

Room: MCG42, Callaghan Campus

Ph: 49218986

Fax: 49216933

Email: [email protected]

Consultation hours: Friday 10:00-11:00

Course Overview

Semester Semester 1 - 2010

Unit Weighting 10

Teaching Methods Lectures (CS218) and tutorials (CS204), Ourimbah Campus

Brief Course Description:

This course examines the history of China from the decline of the Qing Dynasty in the nineteenth

century to the present. It aims to familiarise students with the turbulent development of the modern

Chinese nation, and to encourage them to explore patterns of government, socio-cultural issues,

revolutionary processes and popular movements in Imperial, Republican, and Communist China.

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of this course students should be able to:

1. display understanding of the major aspects of the history of modern China;

2. display the ability to reflectively consider the developments of China's history and relate this

historical knowledge to issues affecting modern China;

3. show both awareness of the contested nature of historical representation and the ability to engage

School of Humanities and Social Science

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in historical debates;

4. display the ability to read critically, broadly and independently

5. express clear, informed arguments, either orally or in writing, on various aspects of Chinese

history in a discussion group.

6. demonstrate advanced research and writing skills

Assessment Items:

Examination (class) 20% Friday Week 13

Tutorial essay (1,000 words) 20% One week after the tutorial

Major essay (2,000 words) 40% Due Week 11

Tutorial participation 20% Weekly

Assumed Knowledge:

20 units of History at 1000 level or equivalent, e.g., Politics.

Lecture and Tutorial Schedule:

Week Date LECTURE

TUTORIAL

1 Introduction No tutorial

2 Human & physical geography, historical

background

Introduction & getting

organised

3 The Opium Wars

The Opium Wars

4 The Taiping, Nian, and Muslim Rebellions

Rebels & bandits

5 The Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer

Rebellion

Missionaries and Boxers

6 Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-Sen, and warlordism

Revolutionary ideas of

Sun and Zou

Mid Semester Recess No tutorial

7 The May 4th

Movement, the Rise of the

CCP, and the Nanjing Government

The May 4th

Movement

8 The War of Resistance and the Civil War

Women‟s liberation in

the Republican era

9 The Mao years, 1949-1965

Women‟s liberation in

the PRC

10 The Mao years, 1966-1976

Cultural Revolution

11 The Age of Deng Xiaoping

Dictatorship and

democracy

12 The Age of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao

Centre and periphery

13

Class test

No tutorial


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Remarks on the Course Components

Lectures and textbooks:

Chinese history from the Opium Wars will be chronologically divided into ten periods and each

lecture will present an overview of major events and themes in the period under consideration. To

supplement the series of lectures, all students are encouraged to choose ONE of the following

textbooks and read relevant sections (to be found in the short loans section):

Fairbank, Jonathan King and Merle Goldman. China: A New History. Second edition. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 2005 [951 FAIR 2005].

Gray, Jack. Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000. Second edition. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2002 [951.033 GRAY 2002].

Hsü, Immanuel C.-Y. The Rise of Modern China. Sixth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2000 [951.03 HSU 2000].

Roberts, J. A. G. A History of China. Second edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 [951

ROBE 2006].

Spence, Jonathan. The Search for Modern China. second edition. New York: Norton, 1999 [951.03

SPEN 1999].

Fairbank and Roberts start from pre-history; the others focus on the last two centuries or so.

Spence‟s The Search of Modern China is arguably the most readable. It has an accompanying

collection of translated primary sources, The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection,

ed. Pei-Kai Cheng Michael Lestz with Jonathan Spence, New York: Norton, 1999. You can buy the

two books as a set at a discount price.


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Tutorial presentation and essay:

Each of the ten periods has many momentously important issues that require detailed and in-depth

analyses but each tutorial focuses on only one of them. Each tutorial has prescribed documents

(found in the course readers) and a set of questions. Before the tutorial all students are required to

read the documents and think about the questions. They are also encouraged to read the relevant

section in the textbook of their choice to obtain background knowledge.

Each tutorial will begin with an oral presentation by a student (or two), followed by an open

discussion. The oral presentation per se is not assessable; it constitutes part of the ongoing tutorial

participation. The oral presentation is, however, a prerequisite for submitting the tutorial essay.

Every student is required to make one oral presentation of their own interpretations of the topic that

they have chosen for their tutorial essay. The presentation should be brief, no more than ten

minutes, and be designed to facilitate a convivial class discussion. In Week One, students should

read all the tutorial questions carefully and make a provisional choice so that the topic allocation

could be finalised in Week Two. The tutorial discussions begin from Week Three. The tutorial

essay (1,000 words) must be submitted one week after the oral presentation using Turnitin.

Essay format:

Your essays must conform to the style of writing commonly adopted by historians. Refer to the

history essay writing guide found at:

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school-old/hss/images/HistEssayWritingGuide.doc.

All essays must be footnoted and include a bibliography at the end, listing all the materials

consulted and cited. Submit the essays by the due date via Turnitin. In case the marker wishes to

print out the essays for marking, make sure you write your name on the first page of the essay,

immediately after the essay title. Include your name in the document title as well. Typically the

bibliography of your tutorial essay should include the prescribed and additional documents, one

textbook, and three or more academic works listed as “additional readings”.

Major essay:

In addition to the tutorial essay, every student is required to write a major essay, due in week

eleven. First, choose one theme, event, or person that interests you. Second, conduct a preliminary

literature search and write a preliminary bibliography, which should be a little longer than the

bibliography of your tutorial essay. Third, read the references listed in your bibliography while

taking notes and adding more references if necessary. And fourth, write a 2,000 word essay (worth

40%). You may wish to choose one of the following questions, or make your own topic with my

approval. You are also allowed to choose one of the tutorial topics for your major essay, provided it

is different from the topic you have chosen for your tutorial essay.

Suggested topics for the major essays:

1) “China supplied England with the finest tea, silk, and porcelain; in return England provided

China with pestilent opium, refused to stop doing so, and broke the back of the entire nation out of

sheer greed and brutality.” This would be one of many ways to look at history. Examine how

different historians have made use of „facts‟ or „perspectives‟ to construct different interpretations

of the Opium Wars.

2) Paul A. Cohen asks: “If the sense of national shame was so powerful, how is it that it was so

readily muted or forgotten?” (Cohen 2003: 169). Discuss.


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3) Examine the range of interpretations of why the CCP was able to defeat the GMD in the civil

war and then construct your own.

4) Jung Chang‟s Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China received many critical acclaims and

became an instant international bestseller but her next book, Mao: The Unknown Story that she co-

authored with her husband Jon Halliday received many strongly negative criticisms as well as some

admirations. Conduct a historiographical analysis of the two books and discuss the strengths and the

weaknesses of these two books and the sources of the differences between the two.

5) Read three or more autobiographies or memoirs written by Chinese authors and write a review

article discussing similarities and differences among these authors‟ experiences in China and the

ways they express them.

6) Analyse how the anarchist writer Ba Jin (Pa Chin 1904-2005) expressed his criticisms of Chinese

society in the Republican era in his novel, Family.

7) Compare and contrast the achievements and the limitations of the May Fourth Movement (1915),

Hundred Flowers campaign (1956-1957), the Democracy Movement (1989), and some more recent

events and discuss the prospect of democracy in China.

8) Many biographies of Mao Zedong have been written. Some have portrayed him as one of the

greatest men that have ever walked on the earth (e.g. Snow or many Chinese admirers), some have

depicted him like a satanic monster (e.g. Chang and Halliday), while some others have tried to

make a more balanced assessment. Explore the reasons for such disparate interpretations.

9) Mao Zedong putatively said that he was going to launch the Cultural Revolution “to punish this

Party of ours” (Chang and Halliday 2006: Chapter 47). Is this statement an accurate reflection of

Mao‟s intention? What did Mao think he could achieve by punishing the Chinese Communist

Party?

10) Gray regards the Cultural Revolution as „a cure worse than the disease‟ (Gray 2002: 328) while

MacFarquhar & Schoenhals consider it to have been „a terrible era, but out of which has emerged a

saner … China.‟ (MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2008: 462) How will you assess it?

11) Compare and contrast China‟s various attempts at a rapid economic development over the past

sixty years and identify the causes of the achievements and setbacks.

12) Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan of PRC, at the 2001 APEC meeting in Shanghai, bellowed out:

„How dare you call us Communists China. Communist China has become history. Such a term no

longer exists.‟ (Terrill 2003: 305). Discuss the significance of this statement in a broad historical

context.

13) “China in the early twenty-first century is, at one and the same time, very new and quite old.”

(Fenby 2008: xlii) How true is this statement?

14) Discuss China‟s love-hate relations with Confucianism (i.e., repetitions of violent rejection and

enthusiastic re-adoption of it) over the past one and half centuries.

15) Falung Gong claims to be a peaceful Buddhist practice for promoting each member‟s physical

and spiritual wellbeing using meditation exercises. The Chinese government has banned the

organization and the two groups are now at loggerheads. Discuss this issue in the context of China‟s

history with regard to the relationships between politics and religion by referring to some of the


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following issues: Fellow Turban, Five Pecks of Grain, White Lotus, Taiping, Nian, Muslim, Boxer

Rebellions, Free Tibet Movement.

16) What achievements has China made in the field of gender relations over the past century?

17) How autonomous are the “autonomous regions” in China? How significant is the official

recognition of the ethnic minorities? Do you think the ethnic minorities should be granted a higher

level of autonomy, for instance in the field of economic planning, security, and education?

18) Can nationalism successfully replace socialism in China? Is there any danger that, if China

clings to nationalism as well as socialism, these two may merge and turn into a national socialism?

Or is it more likely that the enhanced economic activities will sooner or later bring in

decentralization of power, individual freedom, and multi-party democracy?

Plagiarism and originality:

Plagiarism is, besides being a crime, an indication of intellectual laziness, and lack of critical

thinking and originality. The main purpose of essay writing does not lie in presenting uncontested

„facts‟ or a summary of what other scholars have said; rather, it lies in constructing your own

understanding and developing your own insights into some aspects of the issues under discussion.

Those who simply summarize other scholars‟ works can never become professional historians. It is

essential that you present your own original interpretations. Everyone can be original so long as

they are prepared to read, listen, and think carefully and independently, using their own brains. You

can develop your originality by critically examining other people‟s interpretations. Comparing,

contrasting, and synthesize varying interpretations will be a good starting point for constructing

your original interpretations.

Direct quotations:

For the above reasons, avoid direct quotations as much as possible. Quoting other people‟s

interpretations to support yours (or constructing your interpretations by assembling – rather than

synthesizing – other people‟s interpretations) is a poor approach. Direct quotations are acceptable

when you critically examine the quoted statements, or illustrate your arguments with particularly

interesting passages, usually taken from primary sources.

Footnotes and the bibliography:

Footnotes serve several purposes: to demonstrate that you are presenting an informed discussion; to

acknowledge your intellectual indebtedness to the materials that you have read; to help readers (and

yourself) locate the sources of the particular information; you can also include some additional

information or comments in the footnotes (which practice has become a little old fashioned,

though). Footnotes must be useful (not just a formality). There is no need to put footnotes to

commonly known, uncontested facts such as Mao Zedong‟s dates of birth and death. Reference

works such as dictionaries and encyclopedias usually contain information that can be considered as

common knowledge, so avoid citing them. Obtaining information is nowadays much easier than

before owing to IT based sources. As discussed in the section on plagiarism, however, presenting

information that is readily available elsewhere is not the purpose of your essay writing. Information

gathering is important, so feel free to use the Internet (as many archival materials, journal articles,

old books and so on are also available on the Internet, and the Internet tends to present more up-to-

date information than books and articles that could be already somewhat dated by the time they

appear) but do not cite sources like Wikipedia in your footnotes. The bibliography must list all the

references cited in the footnotes. The content of the bibliography will differ from topic to topic but,


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generally speaking, listing only the recommended textbooks and Internet materials is unsatisfactory.

The textbooks are not specialist books, and present a broad overview by synthesizing other

scholars‟ works, whereas the specialist books (such as those included in the “further readings” for

the tutorials) present unique interpretations based on original research and deep analysis. Your

essays must be based on these “state of the art” academic works (rather than just synthesizing the

information available in the standard textbooks and on the Internet).

Useful reading materials:

In addition to the textbooks listed earlier, the following books will be useful for understanding

modern Chinese history (to be found in the short loans section):

Documentary Collections:

Cheng, Pei-Kai, Michael Lestz with Jonathan Spence (eds). The Search for Modern China: A

Documentary Collection, New York: Norton, 1999 [951.03 CHEN].

De Bary, Theodore de, Wing-Tsit Chan and Chester Tan (eds). Sources of Chinese Tradition.

Volume 2. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964 [951.002 SOUR 1964].

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (ed.). Chinese Civilization: A Source Book. Second edition. New York:

Macmillan, 1993 [951 EBRE – 1 1993].

Lan, Hua R. and Vanessa L. Fong (eds). Women in Republican China: A Source Book. New York

and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1999 [305.420951 LAN].

Lawrance, Alan. China since 1919, Revolution and Reform: A Source Book. London: Routledge,

2004 [951.05 LAWR].

Mao, Zedong. The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung. Ed. Stuart R. Schram. Harmondsworth:

Penguin, 1969 [320.951/5; CCC 951.05092 MAO-2 SCHR-1 1969].

Roberts, J.A.G. China Through Western Eyes, The Nineteenth Century: A Reader in History.

Wolfeboro: Alan Sutton, 1991 [951.033 ROBE].

Schurmann, Frantz and Orville Shell. China Readings 1-3. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967 [951

SCHU 1967].

Selden, Mark. People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change. New

York: Monthly Review Press, 1979 [951.05/100].

Teng, Ssu-Yü, John K. Fairbank et al. (eds). China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey,

1839-1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979 [327.51 TENG 1979].

Literary works, biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, terstimonies:

Academic writings tend to be analytical, abstract and dry; documents tend to be fragmentary,

whereas literary works, biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, and testimonies, provide vivid

depictions of the people‟s lifestyles and the feelings of the period. The following two literary works

are particularly enjoyable and recommendable:

Buck, Pearl. The Good Earth. London: Methuen, 1931 [813.54 BUCK-1 GOOD 1931].

Chang, Jun. Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China. London: Harper Collins, 1991 [951.05 CHAN-

1 1993].

There are numerous biographies of important historical figures. Mao Zedong was by far the most

influential person in modern China. His (wife‟s) biographies include:

Clements, Jonathan. Mao Zedong. London: Haus, 2006 [951.05092 CLEM].

Chang, Jun and Jon Halliday. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Jonathan Cape, 2005 [951.05092

MAO-2 CHAN].


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Cheek, Timothy. Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents. Boston:

St Martin‟s, 2002 [951.05092 MAO-2 CHEE].

Jeffey, Mark Andrew. Mao and the Struggle for China: Revolutionary Leadership, 1922-49.

Auckland: Heineman Education, 1991 [951.04 LAFF].

Spence, Jonathan. Mao Zedong. New York: Viking, 1990 [951.05092 MAO-2 SPEN].

Snow, Edgar. Red Star over China. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972 [951/22 B] Auchmuty,

[951.042 SNOW] CCC.

Terrill, Ross. Mao: A Biography. New York: Harper & Row, 1980 [951.05092 MAO-2 TERR].

Terrill, Ross. Madam Mao, The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong.

Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1995 [951.05 TERR-1].

There are numerous autobiographies, memoirs, and recorded testimonies. Many new ones are added

every year and available in local bookshops. The following items are particularly recommended:

Bao, Ruo-Wang. Prisoner of Mao. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973

[365.30951/1].

Cheng, Nien. Life and Death in Shanghai. London: Grafton, 1986 [951.056092 CHEN-1 LIFE].

Gao, Yuan. Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution. Stanford: Stanford University Press,

1987 [951.056/2].

Li, Zhensheng. Red-Color News Soldier: A Chinese Photographer’s Odyssey through the Cultural

Revolution. New York: Phaidon, 2003 [777.9951 LI-1 REDC 2003].

Liang, Heng, and Judith Shapiro. Son of the Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1983 [951.056/1].

Siao-Yu. Mao Tse-Tung and I Were Beggars. London: Souvenir, 1974 [951.04/33].

Spence, Jonathan. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution. New York:

Viking Press, 1981 [951/147].

Thurston, Anne. “Victims of China‟s Cultural Revolution: The Invisible Wounds.” Pacific Affairs.

57 (1984-1985): 599-620.

Yue, Daiyun. To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman. Barkeley: University

of California Press, 1985 [378.12092 Yueh].

Zhang, Xinxin, Sang Ye. Chinese Lives: An Oral History of Contemporary China. New York:

Random House, 1987 [951.058 ZHAN].


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Lectures and Tutorials

Week One

Lecture: Introduction

This week will be spent discussion how the course is to be conducted.

Week Two

Lecture: Physical and human geography, and the historical background

China‟s population, which for many centuries has undulated between one quarter and one fifth of

the world‟s population, includes fifty-five officially recognised ethnic minority groups with

distinctive cultures and languages. These minorities constitute no more than eight per cent of the

Chinese population but they add up to more than one hundred million people (75% of Russia‟s

population, larger than any other European nation, and five time Australia‟s). The majority group,

the Han Chinese, too exhibits a great internal diversity. For instance, the languages the Han Chinese

speak can be classified into fourteen mutually unintelligible dialect groups. This week‟s lecture

presents an overview of this diverse nation.

Tutorial:

This tutorial will be spent for getting organised and discussing issues related to tutorial activities

such as oral presentations and essay writing.


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Week Three

Lecture: The Opium Wars

This lecture examines the causes and the effects of the Opium Wars, and addresses the question of

whether the Opium Wars marked the beginning of the “hundred years of national shame” or the

beginning of a more open society – or both. People in the West have often argued that capitalism is

the most efficient economic system because free trade will increase the wealth of nations and

promotes individual freedom. The issue of free trade, however, needs to be examined from many

angles, including China‟s historical experience of the frequent (and often violent) demands for free

“trade” made by “barbarians” who approached China from all directions.

Textbooks to supplement the lecture:

Fairbank and Goldman, chapter 9; Gray, chapter 2; Hsü, chapters 8 & 9; Roberts, 160-169; Spence,

chapter 7.

Prescribed documents for the tutorial:

Cheng and Lestz, “7.5 Lord Palmerston‟s Declaration of War, February 20, 1840”, 123-127.

Teng and Fairbank, “DOC. 1. Lin Tse-Hsü‟s Memorial Advice to Queen Victoria, 1839”, 24-28.

Tutorial questions:

Is Lord Palmerston‟s declaration of war justifiable?

Discuss the issue from the British, the Chinese, and your own points of view.

Additional documents:

Cheng, 110-122; De Bary, 1-17; Roberts, 12-21; Schurmann and Shell, 125-156; Teng and

Fairbank, 23-36.

Further readings:

Beeching, Jack. The Chinese Opium Wars. London: Hutchinson, 1975 [951.03 BEEC].

Chang, Hsin-pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1964 [931.033 CHAN].

Costin, W. C. Great Britain and China. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968 [327.42751 COST].

Fairbank, Frederic Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports

1842-1854. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969 [951.03 FAIR].

Fay, Peter Ward. The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part

of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar Chapel

Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975 [951.03 FAY].

Greenberg, Michael. British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42. New York: Monthly

Review Press, 1979 [382.0941051 GREE].

Hanes, William Travis and Frank Sanello. Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the

Corruption of Another. Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2002 [951.033 HANE].

Hevia, James Louis. Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of

1793. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995 [327.51041 HEVI].

Polachek, James Montel. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge: Council on East Asian

Studies/Harvard University: Distributed by the Harvard University Press, c1992 [951.033

POLA].

http://library.newcastle.edu.au/search~S16?/Xopium+war&searchscope=16&SORT=DZ/Xopium+war&searchscope=16&SORT=DZ&extended=0&SUBKEY=opium%20war/1%2C42%2C42%2CB/frameset&FF=Xopium+war&searchscope=16&SORT=DZ&2%2C2%2C






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Wakeman, Frederick, Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1966 [951.512703].

Wakeman, Frederick. “The Canton Trade and the Opium War”. In John K. Fairbank (ed.). The

Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 10, 163-

212. [951 TWIT V 10].

Waley, Arthur. The Opium War through Chinese Eyes. London: Allen & Unwin, 1958, [951.03

WALE].

Waley-Cohen, Joanna. The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History. New York:

Norton, 1999 [951 WALE].

Wong, J. Y. Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China. New

York: Cambridge University press, 1998 [327.034 WONG].

Opium Smoker



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Week Four

Lecture: The Taiping, Nian, and Muslim Rebellions

In the wake of the Opium Wars many large-scale rebellions broke out in China. This lecture

explores the political, economic, social, and ideological backgrounds of these rebellions and their

consequences.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 10; Gray, chapter 10; Hsü, chapter 10; Roberts, 169-192; Spence,

chapter 8.


Cheng and Lestz, “8.4 The Ten Commandments” and “8.5 Taiping Rebellion Verses”, 139-146.

Ebrey, “Chapter 70 Mid Century Rebels”, 318-322.

Tutorial questions:

What roles did ideologies (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, folk

religions, anti-foreignism) play in the mid-century rebellions?

Why were Hong and other rebel leaders able to secure such massive, impassioned followers?

Why did the rebels fail to achieve the goals they had set?


Cheng and Lestz, 128-149; De Bary, 157-194; Roberts, 51-60; Shurmann and Schell, 178-182.

Further readings:

Chesneaux, Jean. Peasant Revolts in China, 1840-1849. New York: Norton, 1973 [951.03/58].

Chesneaux, Jean. Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840-1850. Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 1972 [366.0951/3].

Cole, James. The People versus the Taipings: Bao Lishang’s “Righteous Army of Dragon”.

Berkeley: University of California: 1981 [951.03/113].

Gregory, John. Great Britain and The Taipings. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,

1969[951.03/24].

Jian, Youwen. The Taiping Revolutionary Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973

[951.03/59].

Jones, Susan Mann and Philip A. Kuhn. “Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion”. The

Cambridge History of China, volume 10, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978,

vol. 10, 107-162 [951 TWIT V 10].

Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellions and its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social

Structure 1796-1864. Cambridge: Harvard Univeristy Press, 1990 [951.032/1].

Kuhn, Philip A. “The Taiping Rebellion”. In John K. Fairbank (ed.). The Cambridge History of

China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 10, 264-317. [951 TWIT V

10].

Liu, Kwang-Ching. “The Ch‟ing Restoration”. The Cambridge History of China, volume 10,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 409-490 [951 TWIT V 10].

Perry, Elizabeth. Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China.

London: M. E. Sharpe, 2002 [303.60951 PERR].


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Perry, Elizabeth. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1980 [951.03 PERR].

Shih, Yu-Chung. The Taiping Ideology: Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences. Seattle:

University of Washington Press, 1967 [951.03 SHIH].

Spence, Jonathan. God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. New

York: Norton, 1996 [951.034092 HUNG-2 SPEN].

Teng, Ssu-yu. The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971

[951.03/60].

Teng, Ssu-yu. New Light on the History of the Taiping Rebellion. New York: Russell & Russell,

1966 [Q951.03/3].

Wagner, Rudolf. Reenacting the Heavenly Vision: The Role of Religion in the Taiping Rebellion.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982 [295.03/8].

Western troops battle Taiping rebels


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Week Five

Lecture: The Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion

Just as the British aggressions in the Opium Wars marked the beginning of the first half of China‟s

“one hundred years of national shame”, the Japanese aggression in the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-

95, marked the beginning of its second half. This lecture examines the process of “semi-

colonisation” of China by the foreign imperial powers and China‟s response.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapters 10 & 11; Gray, chapters 5 & 6; Hsü, chapter 14; Roberts, 187-202;

Spence, chapter 10.


Cheng and Lestz, “9.8 Chinese Anti-Foreignism, 1892”, “10.5 Several Accounts of „The Shining

Red Lantern‟” and “10.6 Four Accounts of the Fate of Miss Han (Han Guniang)”, 166-167, 184-

189.

Tutorial questions:

The number of Christian converts in China around 1900 was about one million, a tiny fraction of

the total population of some 450 million people. Nonetheless Christianity had a disproportionately

strong impact on Chinese society. Explain this in relation to:

methods that the missionaries employed to spread Christianity,

Chinese people‟s perceptions of the missionaries‟ activities,

Boxer Rebellion,

local beliefs about the rebels,

roles played by some women such as shamans.


Cheng and Lestz, chapters 9-10; De Bary, 239-264; Roberts, 38-50.

Further readings:

Barnett, Suzanne Wilson and John K. Fairbank (eds). Christianity in China: Early Protestant

Missionary Writings. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1985 [266.00951 BARN].

Bays, Daniel H. (ed.). Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 1996 [257.108 BAYS].

Biggerstaff, Knight. The Earliest Modern Government Schools in China. Port Washington:

Kennikat Press, 1961 [371.010951/1].

Cohen, A. Paul. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1997 [E-Book].

Cohen, Paul A. “Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900 ”. In John K. Fairbank (ed.), The

Cambridge History of China. Vol. 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978,

543-590. [951 TWIT].

Cohen, Paul A. China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese

Antiforeignism, 1860-1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963 [275.1 COHE].


15

Cohen, Paul A. China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past. London:

RoutledgeCurzon, 2003 [951.033 COHE].

Esherick, Joseph. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: Univerisyt of California Press, 1987

[951.03/120].

Fairbank, John K. Missionary Enterprise in China and America. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1974 [266.0230951 FAIR].

Feuerwerker, Albert. “The Foreign Presence in China”. The Cambridge History of China, volume

12, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 128-208 [951 TWIT V 10].

Purcell, Victor. The Boxer Uprising. Cambridge: University Press, 1967 [951.3 PURC].

Schrecher, John E. Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism: Germany in Shantung. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1971 [951.03/36].

Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. New York: Octagon Books, 1967 [951.03/23].

Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. London: RoutledgeCurzon,

2003 [951.035 XIAN].

A Boxer being beheaded


16

Week Six

Lecture: Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-Sen, and Warlordism

This lecture deals with the interplays among a range of factors in the period of the fall of the Qing

Dynasty, the revolutionary nationalism, and warlordism.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapters 11 & 12; Gray, chapters 5 & 6; Hsü, chapters 11 & 15; Roberts,

182-202; Spence, chapters 9-10.


Cheng and Lestz, “11.3 Zou Rong on Revolution, 1903”, 197-202.

Teng and Fairbank, “DOC. 56 The Manifesto of the T‟ung-Meng-Hui, 1905”, 227-229.

Tutorial questions:

While the Qing officials, facing external threats and internal troubles, were making unsuccessful

attempts at self-strengthening and a reform, Chinese nationalist intellectuals began to express

revolutionary ideas.

Identify the domestic and foreign roots of the revolutionary ideas behind the 1911

Revolution.

What international supports were the Chinese revolutionaries able to secure?


Cheng and Lestz, chapters 10 & 11; De Bary, 98-124.

Further readings:

Ayers, William. Chang Chih-tung and Educational Reform in China. Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1971 [370.951/5].

Bays, Daniel. China Enters the Twentieth Century: Chang Chih-tung and the Issue of a New Age,

1895-1909. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1978 [951.03/91].

Bergere, Marie-Claire. Sun Yat-sen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 [951.041092

SUN-2 BERG 2000].

Chang, Hao. “Intellectual Change and the Reform Movement, 1890-8”. In John K. Fairbank (ed.).

The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 11,

pp. 274-338 [951 TWIT V 10].

Eto, Shinkichi and Harold Z. Schiffrin (eds). The 1911 Revolution in China: Interpretive Essays.

Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984 [951.041/2].

Fitzgerald, John. Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution.

Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996 [951.04 FITZ-2].

Gasster, Michael. “The Republican Revolutionary Movement”. The Cambridge History of China,

volume 11, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 463-534 [951 TWIT V

10].

Jansen, Marius. “Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911”. The Cambridge History of China,

volume 11, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 339-374 [951 TWIT V 10].

Leng, Shao Chuan. Sun Yat-sen and Communism. Westport: Greenwood, 1976 [951.041092 SUN-2

LENG 2000].


17

Ma, L. Eve Armentrout. Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns: Chinese Politics in the

Americas and the 1911 Revolution. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990

[973.04951/5].

Morcombe, Margot. The Spirit of Change: China in Revolution. Sydney: McGraw Hill, 1999,

Chapter One [551.05 MORC].

Schiffrin, Harold. Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary. Boston: Little Brown, 1980 [951.041092

SUN-2 SCHI 2000].

Wang, Te-wei. Fin-de-Siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1949-1911.

Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997 [895.1348 WANG].

Wilbur, C. Martin. Sun Yat-sen: Frustrated Patriot. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976

[951.041092 SUN-2 WILB 2000].

Yen, Ching-Hwang. The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revlution: With Special Reference to

Singapore and Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1976 [322.420951/1].

Sun Yat-sen and his family (centre, front) in Japan in 1916


18

Week Seven

Lecture: The May 4th

Movement, the Rise of the CCP, and the Nanjing Government

This lecture examines the intellectual and political climate in the early twentieth century up to 1937.

In this period China witnessed the rises of the two important political parties, the Guomindang

(GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which now rule Taiwan and the PRC

respectively.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 13; Gray, chapter 9; Hsü, chapter 21; Roberts, 214-225.; Spence,

chapter 13.


Ebrey, “76 My Old Home” and “77 The Spirit of the May Fourth Movement”, 354-363.

Tutorial questions:

The May Fourth Movement refers to a wide range of intellectual, cultural, social, and political

movements that started well before 4 May 1919 and continued after that date.

What constituted the multi-faceted May Fourth Movement?

What was the historical significance of this movement?

Did the movement spread nation-wide or was it confined to a handful of urban intellectuals?


Cheng and Lestz, chapter 13; De Bary, 53-86.

Further readings:

Chen, Joseph T. The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in

Modern China. Leiden: Brill, 1971 [951.1132041/1].

Chow, Tse-tung. The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1960 [95.04/27].

Furth, Charlotte (ed.). The Limmits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican

China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976 [951.04/36].

Furth, Charlotte. “Intellectual Change: From the Reform Movement to the May Fourth Movement,

1895-1920”. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1978, 322-405 [951 TWIT].

Goldman, Merle (ed.). Modern Chinese Literaturein the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1983 [895.109/10].

Grieder, Jerome. Intellectuals and the State in Modern China: a narrative history. London: Collier

Macmillan, 1981 [951.164].

Lawrance, Alan. China since 1919, Revolution and Reform: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge,

2004 [951.05 LAWR].

Lin, Yusheng. The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Antitraditionalism in the May Fourth

Era. Madison: University of Michigan Press, 1979 [951.05 LIN].

Liu, Lydia H. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity,

China, 1900-1937. Stanford: Stanford University press, 1995 [895.1090021 LIU].

Pusey, James. China and Charles Darwin Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983 [951.165].


19

Schwarcz, Vera. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the May Fourth Movement of 1919.

Barkeley: University of California Press, 1986 [951.04 SCHW-1].

Schwartz, Benjamin I. “Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After”. Vol. 12.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 12, 406-451. [951 TWIT].

Schwartz, Benjamin I. (ed.). Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1972 [951.041 SCHW 1972].

Smith, Stephen Anthony. Like Cattle and Horses: Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895-1927.

Durham: Duke University Press, 2002 [331.0951 SMIT].

Spence, Jonathan. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980.

New York: Viking, 1981 [951.147].

Wang, Zheng. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1999 [electronic resource].

Yeh, Wen-hsin. The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919-1937.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990 [378.51/3].

Beijing University students demonstrate on 4 May 1919


20

Week Eight

Lecture: The War of Resistance and the Civil War

This lecture examines how the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 altered the relationship

between the GMD and the CCP, and how the CCP was able to defeat the GMD four years after

Japan surrendered in World War II.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 14; Gray, chapter 11; Hsü, chapter 23; Roberts, 225-231; Spence,

chapter 15.


Cheng and Lestz, “13.1 Lu Yihan, Two Biographies” and “13.2 Lu Xun: „My Views on Chastity‟,

1918”, 233-238.

Ebrey, “74 Ridding China of Bad Customs”, 341-347.

Tutorial questions:

The Republican Revolution and the May Fourth Movement included a movement for women‟s

liberation. This movement for women, like the political revolution, had a bumpy road ahead.

What were its aims?

Who led the movement?

How effective was it?

What obstacles did it face?


De Bary, 153-156; Lan and Fong; Lawrance, 1-17; Teng and Fairbank, 236-251; Roberts, 71-83.

Further readings:

Diktötter, Frank. Sex, Culture and Modernity in China: Medical Science and the Construction of

Sexual Identities in the Early Republican Period. London: Hurst, 1995 [306.70951 DIKO].

Evans, Harriet. Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant Discourses of Female Sexuality and

Gender since 1949. Oxford: Polity Press, 1997 [306.7082 EVAN].

Fan, Hong. Footbinding, Feminism, and Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern

China. London: F. Cass, 1997 [305.420951 HONG].

Gilmartin, Christina K. et al. Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1994 [305.420951 GILM].

Hemel, Vibeke. Women in Rural China: Policy towards Women before and after the Cultural

Revolution. London: Curzon, 1984 [305.420951/2].

Hershatter, Gail. Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 [306.740951 HERS].

Honig, Emily. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980’s. Stanford: Stanford University Press,

1988 [305.420951 HONI].

Jacka, Tamara. Women’s Work in Rural China: Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 [306.36150951 JACK].

Jackson, Beverley. Splendid Slippers: A Thousand Years of an Erotic Tradition. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1997 [391.413 JACK] CCC.


21

Lan, Hua R. and Vanessa L. Fung (eds). Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook. New York


Lee, Lily Hsiao Hung. The Virtue of Yin: Studies on Chinese Women. Broadway: Wild Poeny, 1994

[305.409951 XIAO].

Ng, Janet et al. May Fourth Women Writers: Memoirs. Hong Kong: Renditions Paperbacks, 1996

[305.420951 NG].

Ono, Kazuko. Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution, 1850-1950. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1985 [305.420951 ONO 1989].

Rofel, Lisa. Other Modernities: Gendered Yarnings in China after Socialism. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1999 [305.40951242 ROFE].

Sanna, Ellyn. Women in the World of China. Philadelphia: Mason Crest, 2005 [305.42095 SANN]

CCC.

Thakur, Ravin. Rewriting Gender: Reading Contemporary Chinese Women. London: Zed Books,

1996 [305.420951 THAK].

Theiss, Janet. Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth-Century China. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 2004 [176.0951 THEI] CCC.

Wang, Ping. Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China. New York: Anchor Book, 2002 [391.41

WANG 2002] CCC.

Wang, Zheng. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999

[electronic resource].

Wolf, Margery. Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1985 [305.420951 WOLF].

Xinran. The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices.London: Chatto & Windus, 2002 [305.420951

XINR 2002].

Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui et al. Spaces of Their Own: Women’s Public Space in Transitional China.

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 [305.40951 YANG].

Liberation of women?


22

Week Nine

Lecture: The Mao Years, 1949-1965

Mao Zedong, who ruled China from 1949 till his death in 1976, is said to have been responsible for

some seventy million deaths during this “peace time” alone. About a half of this occurred during

the Great Leap Forward period, 1958-1961. (Compare these figures with the twenty million deaths

in China during World War II.) This lecture traces the trajectory from the CCP‟s successful

consolidation of power and economic construction in the first several years, the catastrophic failure

of the Great Leap, and the partial recovery before the onset of the Cultural Revolution.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 18; Gray, chapter 14; Hsü, chapter 26; Roberts 254-262; Spence,

chapter 19.


Cheng and Lestz, “19.2 New Laws: Marriage and Divorce, May 1950”, 360-366.

Ebrey, “Sichuan Provincial Birth-Planning Rules”, “A Probe into the mentality of Sixty-Five Rural

Young Women Giving Birth to Baby Girls”, and “Wherein Lies the Way Out for Me?”, 478-481;

484-487.

Tutorial questions:

How systematically did the CCP implement their women‟s liberation policies?

How effective were those policies?

What were their limitations?


Cheng and Lestz, documents 18.6, 25.7, 26.1, 26.4; Ebrey, 470-484; Lawrance, documents 14.1,

14.4, 14.5.

Further readings:

Diktötter, Frank. Sex, Culture and Modernity in China: Medical Science and the Construction of

Sexual Identities in the Early Republican Period. London: Hurst, 1995 [306.70951 DIKO].

Evans, Harriet. Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant Discourses of Female Sexuality and

Gender since 1949. Oxford: Polity Press, 1997 [306.7082 EVAN].

Fan, Hong. Footbinding, Feminism, and Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern

China. London: F. Cass, 1997 [305.420951 HONG].

Gilmartin, Christina K. et al. Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1994 [305.420951 GILM].

Hemel, Vibeke. Women in Rural China: Policy towards Women before and after the Cultural

Revolution. London: Curzon, 1984 [305.420951/2].

Hershatter, Gail. Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 [306.740951 HERS].

Honig, Emily. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980’s. Stanford: Stanford University Press,

1988 [305.420951 HONI].

Jacka, Tamara. Women’s Work in Rural China: Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 [306.36150951 JACK].


23

Jackson, Beverley. Splendid Slippers: A Thousand Years of an Erotic Tradition. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1997 [391.413 JACK] CCC.

Lan, Hua R. and Vanessa L. Fung (eds). Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook. New York


Lee, Lily Hsiao Hung. The Virtue of Yin: Studies on Chinese Women. Broadway: Wild Poeny, 1994

[305.409951 XIAO].

Ng, Janet et al. May Fourth Women Writers: Memoirs. Hong Kong: Renditions Paperbacks, 1996

[305.420951 NG].

Ono, Kazuko. Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution, 1850-1950. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1985 [305.420951 ONO 1989].

Rofel, Lisa. Other Modernities: Gendered Yarnings in China after Socialism. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1999 [305.40951242 ROFE].

Sanna, Ellyn. Women in the World of China. Philadelphia: Mason Crest, 2005 [305.42095 SANN]

CCC.

Thakur, Ravin. Rewriting Gender: Reading Contemporary Chinese Women. London: Zed Books,

1996 [305.420951 THAK].

Theiss, Janet. Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth-Century China. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 2004 [176.0951 THEI] CCC.

Wang, Ping. Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China. New York: Anchor Book, 2002 [391.41

WANG 2002] CCC.

Wang, Zheng. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999

[electronic resource].

Wolf, Margery. Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1985 [305.420951 WOLF].

Xinran. The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices. London: Chatto & Windus, 2002 [305.420951

XINR 2002].

Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui et al. Spaces of Their Own: Women’s Public Space in Transitional China.

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 [305.40951 YANG].

Campaign by women for thorough criticism of Lin Biao after his death


24

Week Ten

Lecture: The Mao Years, 1966-1976

Mao began to see a great rift between him and many other CCP leaders after the failure of the Great

Leap that he initiated. He tried to purge all his potential critics and launched the Cultural

Revolution under the numerous slogans such as “Revolution is not a dinner party”, “Bombard the

Headquarters”, “Learn Revolution by Making Revolution”. This lecture examines the causes and

the effects of this revolution.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 20; Gray, chapters 16-17; Hsü, chapters 16 & 17; Roberts, 269-285;

Spence, chapter 22.


Lawrance, “10.5 Top-Secret Instructions Forbidding the Use of Military Force, 21 August 1966”,

“10.8Students Attack Teachers, July 1966”, “10.9a Interrogation of Wang Guangmei at Qinhua

University, 10 April 1967”, and “10.9b Big Scab Liu Shao-Chi Is the Mortal Foe of the Working

Class, 10 January 1969”, 194-202.

Tutorial questions:

What were the aims of the Cultural Revolution?

What enabled violence to spread so widely and quickly?


Cheng and Lestz, chapter 22; Ebrey, chapters 93 & 94.

Further readings:

An, Tai-sung. Mao Tse-tung’s Cultural Revolution. Indianapolis: Pegasus, 1972 [951.056 AN].

Baum, Richard. China in Ferment: Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution. Englewood Cliffs:

Prentice-Hall. 1971 [951.05 BAUM].

Bernstein, Thomas P. Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from

Urban to Rural China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977 [307.720951/4].

Cheng, Nien. Life and Death in Shanghai. New York: Grove Press, 1987 [951.056092 CHEN-1

LIFE].

Dittmer, Lowell. Liu Shao-ch’I and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the politics of mass criticism.


Dutt, Gargi. China’s Cultural Revolution. New York: Asia Publishing House, 1970 [951.056

DUTT].

Gao, Yuan. Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution. Stanford: Stanford University Press,

1987 [951.056/2].

Granqvist, Hans. The Red Guard: A Report on Mao’s Revolution. New York: Praeger 1967

[951.05/28 B].

Harding, Harry. “The Chinese State in Crisis”. The Cambridge History of China, volume 15,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 107-217 [951 TWIT V 10].

Li, Zhensheng. Red-Color News Soldier: A Chinese Photographer’s Odyssey through the Cultural

Revolution. London: Phaidon, 2003 [779.9951 LI-1 REDC 2003].


25

Liang, Heng. Son of the Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1983 [951.056/1].

Lin, Jing. The Red Guards’ Path to Violence: Political, Educational, and Psychological Factors.

New York: Praegar, 1991 [951.056 LIN].

Lo, Fulang. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1989 [951.056 LO].

MacFarquhar, Roderick. Mao’s Last Revolution. Cambridge: Belknapp of Harvard University

Press, 2006 [951.056 MACF].

MacFarquhar, Roderick. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution. London: Oxford University Press,

1974-1997 [951.05 MACF and also as an electronic resource].

Teiwes, Frederick C. The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger during the Cultural Revolution

1966-1971. Bathurst: Crawford House Publishing, 1996 [951.056 TEIW].

Thurston, Anne F. Enemies of the People. New York: Knopf, 1987 [951.056 THUR].

Tsou, Tang. The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1986 [951.056 TSOU].

White, Lynn Townsend. Policies of Chaos: The Organizational Causes of Violence in China’s

Cultural Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989 [951.056 WHIT].

Yan, Jiaqi. Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution. Honolulu: University of

Hawai‟i Press, 1996 [951.058 YAN].

Yang, Rae. Spider Eaters: A Memoir. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 [951.05092

YANG].

Yang, Xiaokai. Captive Spirits: Prisoners of the Cultural Revolution. Hong Kong: Oxford

University Press, 1997 [951.056 YANG 1997].

Yue, Daiyun. To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1987 [electronic resource].

The Commander of the Chendu Military Region, Huang Xinting,

being branded as a “Counterrevolutionary Revisionist Element”


26

Week Eleven

Lecture: The Age of Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping and his supporters were more than willing to move away from the ideologically

driven Maoist policies of endless revolution. Their governance, which aimed at raising the standard

of living through rapid economic development, proceeded smoothly until students in Beijing, joined

by workers, began to demand “democracy”. This lecture examines the dynamic process of the

Deng‟s era.


Fairbank & Goldman, chapter 21; Gray, chapter 18; Hsü, chapters 40 & 41; Roberts, 285-295;

Spence, chapter 26.


Cheng and Lestz, “On the People‟s Democratic Dictatorship”, 350-357.

Ebrey, Chapter 99 “A Memoria and Testament to the Priviledged Class”, “After All, What Are We

Fighting For?”; Chapter 100 “Defending China‟s Socialist Democracy”, 496-499, 501-504.

Tutorial questions:

Chinese people launched many political struggles under the name of “democracy”.

How was the term “democracy” defined and used in China?

How did the CCP define and implement the “democratic dictatorship” or “socialist

democracy”?

What were the aims of the Tiananmen Square Movement in 1989?

Why did they fail in achieving their goals?


No additional documents.

Further readings:

Barmé, Geremie and Linda Jaivin (eds). New Ghosts, Old Dreams: Chinese rebel Voices. New

York: Times Books, 1992 [951.05/160].

Brook, Timothy. Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy

Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 [951.058 BROO].

Calhoun, Craig J. Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994 [951.058 CALH].

Cherrington, Ruth. China’s Students: The Struggle for Democracy. London: Routledge, 1991

[278.1981/C1].

Chi, Wen-shun. Ideological Conflicts in Modern China: Democracy and Authoritarianism. New

Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986 [320.50951 CHI].

Duke, Michael S. The Iron House: A Mmemoir of a Chinese Democracy Movement and the

Tiananmen Massacre. Laton: Peregrine Smith Books, 1990 [951.058 DUKE].

Fang Lizhi. Bringing Down the Great Wall: Writings on Science, Culture, and Democracy in

China. New York: Knopf, 1991 [951.05/156].


27

Goldman, Merle. Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping

Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994 [320.951 GOLD].

Grant, Joan. Worm-eaten Hinges: Tensions and Turmoil in Shanghai, 1988-9. South Yarra: Hyland

House, 1991 [951.058/21].

Han, Minzhu (ed.). Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese

Democracy Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990 [951.058/19].

Hicks, George (ed.). The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen. Chicago: Longman, 1990

[951.059 HICK].

Human Rights in China. Children of the Dragon: The Story of Tiananmen Square. London: Collier

Macmillan Publisher, 1990 [Q951.156058 CHIL].

Jaivin, Linda. The Monkey and the Dragon: A True Story about Friendship, Music, Politics and

Life on the Edge. Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2001 [782.42163092 HOU-2 JAIV].

Kwan, Michael David. Broken Portraits: Personal Encounters with Chinese Students. San

Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1990 [951.058 KWAN].

Liew, Leong H and Shaoguang Wang (eds). Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in

China. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004 [320.540951 LIEW].

Lifton, Robert Jay. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: a study of brainwashing in

China. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976 [153.853 LIFT].

Li, Lu. Moving the Mountain: My Life in China from the Cultural Revolution to Tiananmen Square.

London: Macmillan, 1990 [951.05/157].

Miles, James A. R. The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray. Ann Arbor: University of

Michigan Press, 1996 [951.058 MILE].

Mu, Yi. Crisis at Tiananmen: Reform and Reality in Modern China. San Francisco: China Books &

Periodicals, 1989 [951.058 YI].

Saichi, Tony (ed.). The Chinese People’s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989. Armonk: M.E.

Sharpe, 1990 [951.058 SAIC].

Schell, Orville. Discos and Democracy: China in the Throes of Reform. New York: Pantheon

Books, 1988 [951.05 SCHE].

Suettinger, Robert. Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000.

Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003 [327.73051SUET].

Su, Shaozhi. Democracy and Socialism in China. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1982 [338.951/21].

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. and Elizabeth J. Perry (eds). Popular Protest and Political Culture in

Modern China: Learning from 1989. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992 [951.058 WASS].

Goddess of Democracy


28

Week Twelve

Lecture: The Age of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao

Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao pursued the policy line laid down by Deng, and tried to bolster the

CCP‟s authority by the theory of “Three Represents” and the economic policy of “Open Up The

West”. Further economic privatisation occurred and the national economy grew rapidly. This was

however accompanied by, among other issues serious, environmental problems and heightened

ethnic tensions.


Fairbank & Goldman, Epilogue; Gray, chapter 19 and Conclusion; Hsü, chapter 42; Roberts, pp.

295-307; Spence, chapter 27.


Lawrance, “13.2 The Tibetan people agree to return to the big family”, “13.3 Cultural clash in the

land on the roof of the world”, “13.4 Race and history in China”, 248-255.

“President Hu Jintao made his first trip to the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region”. China Daily, 27

August 2009. http://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zgxw/t580883.htm, Sighted on 7 October

2009.

“The Xinjiang Riots: What‟s Happened So Far”. Shanghaiist.

http://shanghaiist.com/2009/07/07/the_xinjiang_riots_whats_happened_s.php. Sighted on 7 October

2009.

Tutorial questions:

The PRC‟s attempts at recognition, integration, and development of the ethnic minorities have

encountered a range of resistance movements. In reaction to the widespread demonstrations during

the 2008 Olympic torch relays against the Chinese government‟s handlings of Tibet, many Chinese

citizens angrily demanded the demonstrators to look at the ethnic problems in their own countries

before condemning China, such as the Ainus and the Okinawans in Japan, the aborigines in

Australia, the Indians in the Americas, Basques in France, and many more.

How valid do you think the Chinese people‟s argument is?

Discuss China‟s policies towards the ethnic minority groups in the light of, among other

issues, the “Open Up the West” policies in the past ten years.


Cheng and Lestz, document 27.1.

Further readings:

China Quarterly. Number 178 (June 2004). This volume contains nine articles on “China‟s

Campaign to „Open Up the West‟: National, Provincial and Local Perspective”

[S915.1005/1].

Cayley, Vyvyan. Children of Tibet: An Oral History of the First Tibetans to Grow up in Exile.

Balmain: Pearlfisher, 1994 [305.8954 CAYL].

Goldstein, Melvyn C. (ed.). Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural

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