country report postharvest practices in fruit/vegetable in china by chinese participants
TRANSCRIPT
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Country Report
Postharvest Practices in fruit/vegetable in China
By Chinese Participants
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1. Profile of Yunnan
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YUNNAN
From 21 to 29 degrees north latitude and from 97 to 106 degrees east longitudeAbout 383 thousand square kilometers. The population is more than 42,000,000 in Yunnan
Located in Southwest China
CHINA
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In Yunnan, there is a plentiful diversity for geographical conditions, climates……
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A plentiful biological diversification in Yunnan and rich in plant,animal,crop resources
Plant Resources in China Animal Resources in China Crop Resources in China
Yunnan 62.5%
Other 37.5%Yunnan 55%
Other 45%
Yunnan 80%
Other 20%
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A plentiful diversification for minority and human culture
Performance of various and interesting local cultural programs by 26 minorities
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2. Overview of the fruit/vegetable industry in China
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Fruits and vegetables are essential compo
nents of the human diet as they contain a
number of nutritional important compound
s such as vitamins, which cannot be synth
esized by the human body.
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Fruits and vegetables industry in
China has developed rapidly in
resent years. Up to now, China’s total
output of fruits and vegetables take
the first rank in the world with 59.2
million tons of vegetables and 11.34
million tons of fruits respectively.
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Vegetables production in recent years
Area(million hectare) Yield(ton)NATION
YUNNAN
NATIONYUNNAN
2002 17.35 0.40 5.29*108 7.99*106
2003 17.95 0.44 5.40*108 8.39*106
2004 17.56 0.46 5.51*108 8.85*106
2005 17.72 0.49 5.65*10
8 9.71*106
2006 18.22 0.52 5.83*108 10.33*106
2007 18.48 0.56 5.65*108 11.13*106
2008 17.88 0.58 5.92*108
11.67 *106
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Area(million hectare) Yield(ton)
NATIONYUNNAN
NATION YUNNAN
2002 9.10 0.21 6.95*107 8.56*105 2003 9.44 0.22 7.55*107 9.65*105
2004 9.77 0.23 8.39*107 11.55*10
5
2005 10.03 0.22 8.84*10713.66*10
5
2006 10.04 0.24 9.60*107 16.26*105
2007 10.47 0.27 10.52*1
07
20.24*105
2008 10.73 0.2911.34*1
07
26.62*105
Fruit production in recent years
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The raise of yields meet the increasingly
demand of fruits and vegetables supply by
consumers. At the same time, as fruits
and vegetables are characterized by their
seasonal, regional and perishable
properties, the industry is facing problems
involving quality, safety and marketing.
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postharvest loss resulting from
spoilage, senescence or other
damages is up to 20-25% of the total
output
equivalent to above 100,000 million
RMB.
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3. Problems and challenges of
fruit/vegetable industry in China
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Although China’s fruit and vegetable
industry has a great development, there
exist a number of problems and
challenges associated with the
postharvest life, quality and safety of
crops. They are as follows:
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3.1 Pesticides and harvesting
Recommended periods between final
spraying and harvest are sometime not
followed. Farmers are ignorant the
requirement because they want to take
advantage of high prices.
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Improper harvest stage
Too early or too late harvesting
Some farmers use growth chemicals to de
lay the time of harvest, until the prices rise.
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Harvesting techniques and equipment
Poor harvesting techniques
Dirty clippers, knives, harvest bags and field
crates
Leading to contamination, skin breakages, c
rushing and bruising, thus promoting physiol
ogical damage and disease attacking.
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3.2 Preparations of fruits and vegetables before sale
Preparatory activities can include a
number of operations . Only large-scale
growers sort produce by size and maturity
at their packing sheds. Roots and tubers
and other crops are frequently washed
prior to sale.
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Other vegetables ,particularly leafy
vegetables, are often watered by farmers
to make look fresher. The quality of water
used for such washing is questionable
and farmers have little knowledge about
water-borne contamination.
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Farm workers can be a source of
biological and physical contamination
during the handling of fresh produce.
Dirty hands, sneezing, coughing,
spitting, failure to wash hands after
visiting the toilet, handling animals,
smoking and handling waste food and
rubbish can contaminate produce.
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Produce waiting to be purchased or p
icked up by traders is usually held at
ambient temperature at the side of th
e road. Animals may freely near the fr
esh produce and there is not any prot
ection from dust or other contaminant
s.
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3.3 Packaging Use low quality and dirty packaging materi
als lead to produce being squashed and bruised.
Even where good-quality packaging materials are used there is a tendency to overfill the containers, so leading to produce damage. This particularly occurs when transport is charged on a “per piece” basis.
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3.4 Transport
Transport vehicles are normally used for
multiple purposes. Even where trucks are
used primarily for fruits and vegetables,
failure to clean them properly can result in
contamination by rotting fruit left in the
vehicle.
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Damages caused by attempts to
maximize loads by squeezing as many
containers as possible into a vehicle.
Bad roads, transport in the heat of the
day, and limited air circulation in vehicle.
The bottom layers of containers in a truck
collapse during a long journey.
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Combining product with differing transport
requirement in the same vehicle
Ethylene-producing fruit are sometimes mi
xed with ethylene –sensitive produce.
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3.5 Storage practices
Among horticultural products, some are
suitable for long-term storage, some are
not. Ripe, ethylene-releasing fruit needs
to be separated from unripe fruit prior to
storage, but this is not always done.
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Different products should be kept in
different stores, but limited storage space
means that this is also not always done.
Improper storage conditions due to lack
of knowledge or available facilities.
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3.6 Ripening and produce preparation
These are carried out by traders including
promoting ripening, grading, sorting,
washing, waxing, treating against fungal
infection and pests, and watering to
preserve freshness.
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The problem is that not all these
operations are carried out properly or
following recommendations. Examples
include using dirty water to wash or water,
relative high dose of fungicide being used,
ripening of immature produce
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3.7 Wholesale and retail marketing
Waste disposal problem
Produce is exposed to direct sunlight and
rain due to lack of shelters in the markets.
Sorting and trimming for leafy vegetables
and removing spoiled fruits are often done
on ground, in the sunlight and often on
bare earth.
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3.7 Research and facilities improvement
Research is not enough.
facilities for postharvest practices do not
meet the needs.
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4. Recommendations to improve
postharvest practices in
fruit/vegetable of China
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4.1 Training and education
knowledge and techniques of postharvest
practices.
Awareness of postharvest practices,
sanitation and hygiene, produce quality
keeping and safety
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4.2 Storage facilities and marketing infrastructure improvement
Storage capacity of horticultural products in
China is behind the development of
production. At present the total storage
space of fresh produce is about 25 million
tons, which is far less than the total output
of fresh produce. This is one of the
important reasons that postharvest loss is
around 20% per year in china.
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In addition to government investment, priv
ate sector investment should be encourag
ed. According to China’s situation, constru
ction of storage house in production area
has been proved to be a good way to incr
ease the storage capacity.
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4.3 Government’s role
Government play an important role in
postharvest practices. Activities including
the recommendations or standards setting,
organization of training and education,
market regulation, information providing and
investment should be direct or indirect
carried out by government.
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4.4 Research
More scientific research associated with postharvest practices should be encouraged, including postharvest handlings for quality keeping and improvement, safe treatment for microbial control, postharvest physiological changes of various types of fresh produce, mechanism of spoilage, establishment of effective market system and so on.
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Wholesale market
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Wholesale market
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Preharvest bagging and spray of chmicals
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Separating by sponge after harvest
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Separating by sponge after harvest
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shipment
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图 14 吊挂防机械伤
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Postharvest treatment
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Transfer from truck to temperature control vehicle
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Wholesale market for banana
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Cllecting products
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Cool House
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Cool House
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Cool House
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Handling pomegranate on the ground Handling pomegranate on the ground
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Handling of persimmonHandling of persimmon
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Handling of persimmonHandling of persimmon
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Thank You For Your Attention