Count Cavour[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

1815:Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont is created after the defeat of Napoleon

1815:Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont is created after the defeat of Napoleon

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification movement:

1831:Mazzini establishes “Young Italy” group of nationalists hoping to unite the region

1831:Mazzini establishes “Young Italy” group of nationalists hoping to unite the region

Carbonari Insurrections:Carbonari Insurrections:

Committed to establishing a unitedItalian republic. Became the Young Italian Society in 1831 and provoked nationalist uprisings throughout Italy in 1848.

1849:Mazzini helps set up a revolutionary republic in Rome

1849:Mazzini helps set up a revolutionary republic in Rome

1852:Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-Piedmont names Count Camillo Cavour prime minister

1852:Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-Piedmont names Count Camillo Cavour prime minister

1855:Sardinia joins Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia

1855:Sardinia joins Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia

Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea

Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea

Sardinia gains no territory, but establishes diplomatic relations with France

The Crimean War [1854-1856]The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Cavour & Napoleon IIIMeet at Plombières, 1858

Cavour & Napoleon IIIMeet at Plombières, 1858

A secret alliance is formed between Sardinia and France against Austria.

1859:Through Cavour, Sardinia defeats Austria with France’s assistance. Annexes the region of Lombardy. Nationalist groups overthrow Austrian-backed rulers in northern Italian states.

1859:Through Cavour, Sardinia defeats Austria with France’s assistance. Annexes the region of Lombardy. Nationalist groups overthrow Austrian-backed rulers in northern Italian states.

Austro-Sardinian War, 1859Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

1860:Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” capture Sicily and Naples in southern Italy. He gives over both regions to Victor Emmanuel.

1860:Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” capture Sicily and Naples in southern Italy. He gives over both regions to Victor Emmanuel.

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with CavourGaribaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

1861:Victor Emmanuel II is crowned king of Italy. Cavour dies.

1861:Victor Emmanuel II is crowned king of Italy. Cavour dies.

1866:After war against Austria, Venetia is added to Italy with Germany’s assistance.

1866:After war against Austria, Venetia is added to Italy with Germany’s assistance.

Austro-Prussian War, 1866Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

1870:France is forced to withdraw its troops from Rome to fight the Franco-Prussian War. Italy is united.

1870:France is forced to withdraw its troops from Rome to fight the Franco-Prussian War. Italy is united.

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire