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1. Cotton Farmingo Cotton is grown all over the world but the biggest cotton-growing nations are

China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan. After the flowers of the

cotton plant have blossomed they fall off and a round green seed pod called acotton boll remains. The cotton boll ripens in the sun and its cellulose fibersexpand until they ripen and burst out of the boll. At this point the cotton plant is

ready to be harvested.

Cotton Harvesting

o Although cotton used to be picked by hand, it is now almost entirely harvestedmechanically. The cotton is harvested either with a cotton-picking machine thattwists the cotton boll from the plant or a cotton-stripping machine that strips theentire boll from the plant. The harvested cotton bolls are packaged into largebales for transportation to a cotton mill.

Cotton Ginning

o Cotton bolls are processed in a cotton gin that removes the seeds and pods fromthe cotton fibers. The gin cleans and dries the raw cotton and removes any

debris by passing the cotton over a series of fine combs. The combs also brushthe fibers straight and aligns them to make clean lint. The lint is pressed intolarge bales, which are categorized by professional cotton assessors according tothe staple length, color and cleanliness of the cotton, all of which affect itsvalue. The lint is usually sold and then sent to a textile mill to be turned intocloth.

Cotton Spinning

o When bales of lint reach the textile mill they are further cleaned by a machinethat blows the fibers. The lint is sorted by fiber length as only the longer cotton

fibers are suitable for spinning into thread. The shorter fibers are separated andsent elsewhere for production of paper and other products. The longer fibers areprocessed by a carding machine that combs and aligns the fibers into a long,

soft rope called a sliver. The sliver is taken to a spinning frame to be spun intothread. The machine draws out individual cotton fibers from the sliver and

twists them into a thin thread with a rapid spinning motion. These single threadsare often spun together with one or more additional single threads to makestronger plied thread.

Cotton Cloth Weaving

o Cotton threads are taken to the loom to be woven into cloth. The loom holdsone set of threads taut vertically, which are called the warp threads. Thehorizontal or weft threads are held in bobbins that are held by the loom's

shuttle. The warp threads are lifted in a sequence to create a gap through whichthe shuttle passes with the weft threads. The high-speed movement of the loomlifts and lowers the warp threads while the weft threads are interlaced by theshuttle, forming a flat cotton cloth. There are different kinds of weave that aregenerated by lifting and lowering the warp threads in different sequences. The

weave is varied by its pattern, its tightness, the number of threads per inch ofcloth, and the colors and thicknesses of the different threads used.

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