cost workshop april 2011 kc lam
TRANSCRIPT
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Soundscape - Necessary Context Information from a Geographer’s
Viewpoint
Kin-che Lam Department of Geography & Resource
ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
Sounding Brighton Workshop6-7 April 2011, Brighton, England
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Soundscape Conceptual Framework
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Soundscape• “Sound …..”
• Can be positive or negative• With a meaning to the listener• People-centred
• “….. Scape”• Totality of the acoustic environment• Human experience is multi-modal (senses)• Context specific
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• Man with man• Man with the environment using our senses
• Vision• Hearing• Smell• Tactile• Tasting
People-Centered Living Experience
VisionSound
Smell
Tactile
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• Human is predominantly a visual animal• With stereoscopic vision• Faculty to discriminate depth and orientation
Vision
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• Provides a vast amount of information concerning the world
• Fingers, hands and feet• “In touch” with nature
Tactile Sense
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• More important to primates than to modern humankind• People tend to love and “avoid” certain smells• Odour has the power to evoke vivid, emotionally-
charged memories of events and scenes
Smell
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• The eyes gain more precise information about the environment than our ears
• We are more “touched” by what we hear than what we see (e.g. music vs picture)
• “Hearing” has the connotation of “passivity” that “seeing” does not have
Hearing
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• Human experience is multi-modal, with all senses• Each sense reinforces the others• Objectivity of “seeing” – “Seeing” as an onlooker, less
emotionally involved• We can see what we cannot hear; we can hear what we
do not see
Perceiving the Environment with all the Senses
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Hearing goes beyond what is audible – Tranquility is both audition and a state of
mind
“Interpretation of this word (tranquility) is typically linked to engagement with the natural environment.”
G. Watts, Internoise 2008
“Interpretation of this word (tranquility) is typically linked to engagement with the natural environment.”
G. Watts, Internoise 2008
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Enviro-scape
• Human response to environmental stimuli, based on our senses, is multi-modal
• The enviro-scape is multi-layered, including• Thermal comfort• Acoustic comfort• Air movement• Air quality etc.
• Different enviro-scapes may reinforce or contradict each other. Some may be a constraining factor.
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AcousticComfort
ThermalComfort
Air Quality
Human Human InteractionInteraction
Human Human InteractionInteraction
Others
Urban Enviro-scape
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Human Needs and Aspiration
• Hierarchy of Human Needs• Basic, psychological and innate needs
• No Interference with daily activities• Absence of disease• Satisfaction with the environment• Well being
Based on Maslow (1943)
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Innate Human Needs
• To interact with others
• To connect with nature
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Significance of restorative environment
• Respite from urban stress• Rejuvenation• Different from daily chores
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“You go to Central Park to escape, you come to the High Line to be elevated”
- A Park User in Manhattan
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• Enviro-scape (including soundscape) is continuous & relatively stationary
Humans in the Enviro-scape
Thermal MapThermal Map Noise MapNoise Map
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• Enviro-scape (including soundscape) is continuous & relatively stationary
• Human beings are discrete & mobile• Activity space• Mental space
• Human movement• Necessity• Choice
Humans in the Environment
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Simulation of the dynamic sound field of sea waves on high and low Simulation of the dynamic sound field of sea waves on high and low tide daystide days
Low Wave
Low Wave
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Simulation of the dynamic sound field of sea waves on high and low Simulation of the dynamic sound field of sea waves on high and low tide daystide days
High Wave
High Wave
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Train StationTrain
Station
OfficeOfficeOption 1
Chinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong Kong
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Train StationTrain
Station
OfficeOfficeOption 1
Option 2
Chinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong Kong
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Train StationTrain
Station
OfficeOffice
Option 2Option 3
Chinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong Kong
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Space context of human activity
• Movement and activity over space
• Necessity or choice• Route• Move or stay• Activities
• In response to environmental stimuli and daily necessities
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Route of Hikers – Eastern Part Hong Kong
Sai Sai WanWanSai Sai WanWan
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Picnic/ camp sites with road access
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Hiking zone
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Coastal Scenic Spots
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Sound Measurement Sites at Sai WanSound Measurement Sites at Sai Wan
Hillslopes
WoodlandHuman
settlement
Back Dune
Scrubland
Lagoon
Stream
Abandoned agricultural field
Abandoned agricultural field
Lagoon
Experiential Sphere of the Countryside VisitorsExperiential Sphere of the Countryside Visitors
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Space, “Place” and Sound
• A “place” has a special meaning to human being, for• Meeting with other people• Undertaking certain activities • Retreat and meditation• Self-rejuvenation
• Soundscape – evaluation of whether …..• Sound interferes with intended purpose• Sound enhances function and human
satisfaction
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Human Preference as revealed in ….
• People’s choices between• Home – different rooms in the dwelling• Indoor or outdoor?• Urban park or shopping mall?• City or countryside?
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Living Space of the Hong Kong People
• Dwelling
• Neighbourhood
• Community
Dwelling
NeighbourhoodNeighbourhood
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Living Space of the Hong Kong People
• Dwelling
• Neighbourhood
• Community
Dwelling
NeighbourhoodNeighbourhood
Community Level
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Noise ExposureLevelsat and in the vicinity of Home
Dwelling Level
Neigbhourhood Level
Community Level
SHSmall housesOSOld development with squaresONOld development and small housing estates without podiumCMCompact massive housing estatesLNLarge housing estates without podiumLPLarge housing estates with podium
Source: Lam et al. 2005Source: Lam et al. 2005
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Nature in City or City in Nature
• City
• Urban open space
• Countryside
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Wanted and Unwanted Sounds in Cities
• Unwanted - Noise• Road traffic
• Industries
• Wanted• Bird songs
• Water sound
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• Coping Behaviour• Enjoying the sound• Shutting the ear• Creating one’s own “sound bubble”• Escape into a quiet room or place• Doing something that is “insensitive” to noise
How do people cope?
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Significance of Sound with the “Context”
• Congruent with the • Place
• Activities
• Expectation
• Congruence ensures that • Sound adds human enjoyment/satisfaction
• Activities/expectations are not being interfered with
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• Nature/wilderness• wildlife protection
• human appreciation/well-being
• Countryside/recreation • human appreciation/
well-being
• Urban • human appreciation/
well-being
Soundscapes preferred are “Place” specific
Source: Lex BrownSource: Lex Brown
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What do people prefer?
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Some Findings highlighting the Importance of “Context” in human
appraisal of soundscapes• Influence of surrounding environment on
human response to noise at home• Influence of culture on human response to
noise• Effect of “wanted” and “unwanted” sound on
human preference of soundscape• Effect of activity undertaken on human
response to noise intrusion• Effect of background sound on response to
extraneous noise
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Human response to noise at home
• Determined not only by• Noise exposure at the dwelling façade; but
also
• Entire soundscape & enviro-scape
(Source: Klæboe et al, 2004)
B
A
C
D
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• Highly Annoyed? – According to binary logistic ordinal regression
Access to a Quiet Room as aFactor Affecting Annoyance Response
Odds Ratio> 1< 1
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Significance of a Wetland Park to Residents of nearby High-rise Apartments
Reedbed
FM 1
FM2
SpurPond
Mudflat
Woodland
Wetland Discovery Centre
VC
LRT Wetland Park Station
Phase 1 venue of HKWP
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Subjective Evaluation of Acoustic Quality of Urban Parks in HK
Table 8: Mean evaluation scores of the acoustic quality of four soundscape on a scale of 1 to 5 (1= dislike most; 5 = like most)
Table 8: Mean evaluation scores of the acoustic quality of four soundscape on a scale of 1 to 5 (1= dislike most; 5 = like most)
*Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation;
#N = sample size
*Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation;
#N = sample size
Adapted from Lex Brown’s Framework 2006Adapted from Lex Brown’s Framework 2006
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Subjective Evaluation of Acoustic Quality of Urban Parks in HK
Table 8: Mean evaluation scores of the acoustic quality of four soundscape on a scale of 1 to 5 (1= dislike most; 5 = like most)
Table 8: Mean evaluation scores of the acoustic quality of four soundscape on a scale of 1 to 5 (1= dislike most; 5 = like most)
*Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation;
#N = sample size
*Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation;
#N = sample size
H Lin et al, in pressH Lin et al, in press
Adapted from Lex Brown’s Framework
Adapted from Lex Brown’s Framework
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Results:
Human Preference Correlated with Presence/Absence of Sounds
KC Lam et al., Acta Acustica, 2010KC Lam et al., Acta Acustica, 2010
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Human response to extraneous noise on a 7-point scale as a function of
activity• Two groups of people exposed to aircraft and
human-caused noise• Hiking/scenery appreciation• BBQ/social gathering
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Human response to extraneous noise on a 7-point scale as a function of
activityHow much do you dislike
aircraft noise?
How much are you annoyed
by aircraft noise?
How much do you dislike human noise?
How much are you annoyed
by human noise?
NMean
ScoreN
MeanScore
NMeanScore
NMeanScore
Hiking/Scenery
Appreciation193 5.74 235 3.69 321 4.40 503 2.77
Picnic/BBQ
50 5.10 53 2.77 99 3.85 141 2.68
Overall 243 5.59 288 3.42 420 4.27 644 2.73
KC Chau, L Marafa & KC Lam, NCEJ, 2010KC Chau, L Marafa & KC Lam, NCEJ, 2010
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Aircraft Noise
Aircraft Noise
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Human Response to Extraneous Noise in the CountrysideHuman Response to Extraneous Noise in the Countryside
Masking Effect of Background Sound on Audibility of Aircraft Noise
30
40
50
60
70
0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30mm:ss
Leq[dB(A)]
Beach
Woodland
Fallow field
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Effect of Masking on Visitors’ Response to Aircraft and Human Noise in Outdoor Sites
on 1 to 7 Scale (1: not at all; 7: very much)
KC Chau, L Marafa & KC Lam, NCEJ, 2010KC Chau, L Marafa & KC Lam, NCEJ, 2010
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Sound Masking in the design of an urban park in Hong Kong
Sound Masking in the design of an urban park in Hong Kong
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Two Types of Masking
• Acoustic masking
• Mind masking
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Masking & AudibilityMasking & Audibility
Location and Landscape
Characteristics
Biophony & Geophony
Human Use & Aspiration
Human Use & Aspiration
Human NoiseHuman Noise Road NoiseRoad Noise Aircraft NoiseAircraft Noise
Evaluation & AppreciationEvaluation & AppreciationCopingCoping ContextContext
Overall Perception &
Feelings
Conceptual Framework of Human Response to Extraneous Noise in the Countryside
Conceptual Framework of Human Response to Extraneous Noise in the Countryside
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Trend of Enviro-scape in Cities
• Gradual shift• From a continuous
to a disaggregated system
• From an open & interconnected to discrete and closed system
• Examples: shopping malls and gated communities
• Increasingly human engineered
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Summary
• Sound is an important aspect of living experience
• Importance of Sound to Human Well-being• Restorative environment • Home – quiet room/ quiet side• Urban open space – people connecting with
people with people• Countryside – people connecting with
nature
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Summary• Human beings are discrete individual moving
over continuous multi-dimensional environmental space• They react to different environmental stimuli• They choose to move on or stay• The undertake different activities
• Human interaction with soundscape has yet to be elucidated and conceptualized
• Human appraisal of the soundscape is defined by the context of:
Single or in a group Activity undertaken Aspiration Other non-sonic environmental attributes
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Opportunities in Cities• Enhancement of acoustic quality of urban open
spaces
• Incorporation of soundscape features in urban design
• Urban design to guide people to areas of high acoustic quality
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Welcome to Acoustics 2012 Hong KongWelcome to Acoustics 2012 Hong Kong14-18 May, 201214-18 May, 2012
Kin Che LAM 林健枝 HonFCIWEM, FHKIEIA, MHKIOA, SBS, JPKin Che LAM 林健枝 HonFCIWEM, FHKIEIA, MHKIOA, SBS, JP
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]