cos to vertebral joint dysfunction- another misdiagnosed

6
Postgrad M e d J (1992) 6 8 , 6 5 5 - 59 C ) T h e Fellowship o f Postgraduate Medicine, 1992 Missed Diagnosis Costovertebral joint dysfunction: another misdiagnosed cause o f atypical chest pain J.F. Arroyo, P h . Jolliet a n d A.F. Junod' Department o f Internal Medicine a n d 'Department o f Internal Medicine & Division o f Pneumology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland Summary: T h e diagnostic work-up of atypical chest pain frequently leads t o invasive procedures. However, this painful symptomatology c a n sometimes b e o f benign origin a n d respond t o simple therapeutic manoeuvres. A number o f musculoskeletal conditions such a s costovertebral dysfunc- tions should b e carefully considered. W e report five cases in which patient discomfort an d high costs could have been avoided i f awareness of these conditions h a d led to a correct diagnosis upon initial physical examination. Introduction Atypical chest pain unrelated t o a cardiac o r pleuro-pulmonary cause i s a common symptom particularly i n t h e emergency room.'4 However, little attention h a s been drawn i n t h e medical literature t o musculoskeletal causes.2'5'6 This c a n lead t o repeated, sometimes invasive a n d often costly medical investigations.7 Even though emo- tional factors c a n play a role i n such symptoms,",7'8 i t seems important t o identify specific local musculoskeletal causes o f atypical chest pain, which can be easily detected a n d treated.5'6"0 W e report five cases o f atypical chest pain related t o a characteristic cause o f r i b strain: costovertebral joint dysfunction. Case reports Case I A 5 4 year o l d female patient underwent a right artroscopic meniscectomy under general anaes- thesia. In t h e recovery room, s h e experienced three episodes o f atypical precordial pain, independent o f respiratory movements. Clinical examination a nd electrocardiogram (ECG) were normal. Nitro- glycerin produced no relief, a n d t h e pain subsided after a f e w minutes. S h e w a s transferred t o th e ward. Twenty-four hours later, t h e pain recurred, this time located i n t h e left basi-thoracic region. Routine diagnostic work-up w a s unrevealing. Since t h e patient w a s i n t h e postoperative period, pulmonary embolism was suspected. S he w a s anticoagulated with heparin. An isotopic vent- ilation/perfusion lung scan indicated l o w pro- bability f o r pulmonary embolism. i n view o f the high degree o f clinical probability, pulmonary angiography w a s performed, which w a s normal. A s th e pain continued, th e patient underwent a complete physical examination b y a rheumatologist. A n exquisitely tender thoracic paravertebral region a t t h e T 7 level w a s identified, whose palpation a n d r i b mobilization precisely reproduced t h e patient's symptoms. There w a s a n accompanying muscular contraction a n d cuta- neous tenderness. T h e diagnosis w a s a T 7 costo- vertebral joint dysfunction. Th e pain disappeared after intercostal nerve block with lidocaine a n d t h e patient w a s discharged from th e hospital 4 8 hours later. Case 2 A 4 2 year o l d woman witha history o f slight chest contusion o n e month previously w a s admitted t o t h e emergency room witha severe left basithoracic pain, increased by breathing movements, a n d accompanied b y dyspnoea and tachycardia. Physical examination a n d laboratory a n d blood ga s analyses were normal. T h e E C G revealed atrial fibrillation with a heart rate ranging from 1 2 0 t o 145/min, spontaneously reverting t o a normal sinus rhythm. Pulmonary embolism w a s suspected. T h e pulmonary scan yielded a l o w probability, promp- Correspondence: Jesus F . Arroyo, M.D., Medecin- Adjoint, H6pital Universitaire d e Geriatrie, r t e d e Mon-Idee, 1226 Thonex/Geneva, Switzerland. Accepted: 30 March 1992

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8/8/2019 Cos to Vertebral Joint Dysfunction- Another Misdiagnosed

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P o s t g r a d Med J ( 1 9 9 2 ) 6 8 , 6 5 5 - 6 5 9 C ) T h e F e l l o w s h i p o f P o s t g r a d u a t e M e d i c i n e , 1 9 9 2

M i s s e d D i a g n o s i s

C o s t o v e r t e b r a l j o i n t d y s f u n c t i o n : a n o t h e r m i s d i a g n o s e d

c a u s e o f a t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n

J . F . A r r o y o , P h . J o l l i e t a n d A . F . J u n o d '

D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e r n a l M e d i c i n e a n d ' D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e r n a l M e d i c i n e & D i v i s i o n o f P n e u m o l o g y , G e n e v aU n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l , 1 2 1 1 G e n e v a 4 , S w i t z e r l a n d

S u m m a r y : T h e d i a g n o s t i c w o r k - u p o f a t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n f r e q u e n t l y l e a d s t o i n v a s i v e p r o c e d u r e s .H o w e v e r , t h i s p a i n f u l s y m p t o m a t o l o g y c a n s o m e t i m e s b e o f b e n i g n o r i g i n a n d r e s p o n d t o s i m p l e

t h e r a p e u t i c m a n o e u v r e s . A n u m b e r o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c o s t o v e r t e b r a l j o i n t d y s f u n c -t i o n s s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d . We r e p o r t f i v e c a s e s i n w h i c h p a t i e n t d i s c o m f o r t a n d h i g h c o s t s c o u l dh a v e b e e n a v o i d e d i f a w a r e n e s s o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s h a d l e d t o a c o r r e c t d i a g n o s i s u p o n i n i t i a l p h y s i c a le x a m i n a t i o n .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

A t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n u n r e l a t e d t o a c a r d i a c o r

p l e u r o - p u l m o n a r y c a u s e i s a common s y m p t o mp a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e e m e r g e n c y r o o m . ' 4 H o w e v e r ,l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n d r a w n i n t h e m e d i c a ll i t e r a t u r e t o m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c a u s e s . 2 ' 5 ' 6 T h i s c a nl e a d t o r e p e a t e d , s o m e t i m e s i n v a s i v e a n d o f t e nc o s t l y m e d i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . 7 E v e n t h o u g h e m o -t i o n a l f a c t o r s c a n p l a y a r o l e i n s u c h s y m p t o m s , " , 7 ' 8i t s e e m s i m p o r t a n t t o i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c l o c a lm u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c a u s e s o f a t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n ,w h i c h c a n b e e a s i l y d e t e c t e d a n d t r e a t e d . 5 ' 6 " 0 Wer e p o r t f i v e c a s e s o f a t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n r e l a t e d t o ac h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a u s e o f r i b s t r a i n : c o s t o v e r t e b r a lj o i n t d y s f u n c t i o n .

C a s e r e p o r t s

C a s e I

A 5 4 y e a r o l d f e m a l e p a t i e n t u n d e r w e n t a r i g h ta r t r o s c o p i c m e n i s c e c t o m y u n d e r g e n e r a l a n a e s -t h e s i a . I n t h e r e c o v e r y r o o m , s h e e x p e r i e n c e d t h r e ee p i s o d e s o f a t y p i c a l p r e c o r d i a l p a i n , i n d e p e n d e n to f r e s p i r a t o r y m o v e m e n t s . C l i n i c a l e x a m i n a t i o na n d e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m ( E C G ) w e r e n o r m a l . N i t r o -g l y c e r i n p r o d u c e d n o r e l i e f , a n d t h e p a i n s u b s i d e d

a f t e r a f e w m i n u t e s . S h e w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h ew a r d . T w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s l a t e r , t h e p a i n r e c u r r e d ,

t h i s t i m e l o c a t e d i n t h e l e f t b a s i - t h o r a c i c r e g i o n .R o u t i n e d i a g n o s t i c w o r k - u p w a s u n r e v e a l i n g .S i n c e t h e p a t i e n t w a s i n t h e p o s t o p e r a t i v e p e r i o d ,p u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m w a s s u s p e c t e d . S h e w a s

a n t i c o a g u l a t e d w i t h h e p a r i n . An i s o t o p i c v e n t -i l a t i o n / p e r f u s i o n l u n g s c a n i n d i c a t e d l o w p r o -b a b i l i t y f o r p u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m . N o n e t h e l e s s , i nv i e w o f t h e h i g h d e g r e e o f c l i n i c a l p r o b a b i l i t y ,p u l m o n a r y a n g i o g r a p h y w a s p e r f o r m e d , w h i c hw a s n o r m a l . A s t h e p a i n c o n t i n u e d , t h e p a t i e n tu n d e r w e n t a c o m p l e t e p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n b y ar h e u m a t o l o g i s t . An e x q u i s i t e l y t e n d e r t h o r a c i cp a r a v e r t e b r a l r e g i o n a t t h e T 7 l e v e l w a s i d e n t i f i e d ,w h o s e p a l p a t i o n a n d r i b m o b i l i z a t i o n p r e c i s e l yr e p r o d u c e d t h e p a t i e n t ' s s y m p t o m s . T h e r e w a s a n

a c c o m p a n y i n g m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t i o n a n d c u t a -n e o u s t e n d e r n e s s . T h e d i a g n o s i s w a s a T 7 c o s t o -v e r t e b r a l j o i n t d y s f u n c t i o n . T h e p a i n d i s a p p e a r e da f t e r i n t e r c o s t a l n e r v e b l o c k w i t h l i d o c a i n e a n d t h ep a t i e n t w a s d i s c h a r g e d f r o m t h e h o s p i t a l 4 8 h o u r sl a t e r .

C a s e 2

A 4 2 y e a r o l d woman w i t h a h i s t o r y o f s l i g h t c h e s tc o n t u s i o n o n e m o n t h p r e v i o u s l y w a s a d m i t t e d t ot h e e m e r g e n c y r o o m w i t h a s e v e r e l e f t b a s i t h o r a c i c

p a i n , i n c r e a s e d b y b r e a t h i n g m o v e m e n t s , a n da c c o m p a n i e d b y d y s p n o e a a n d t a c h y c a r d i a .P h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n a n d l a b o r a t o r y a n d b l o o dg a s a n a l y s e s w e r e n o r m a l . T h e ECG r e v e a l e d a t r i a lf i b r i l l a t i o n w i t h a h e a r t r a t e r a n g i n g f r o m 1 2 0 t o1 4 5 / m i n , s p o n t a n e o u s l y r e v e r t i n g t o a n o r m a l s i n u sr h y t h m . P u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m w a s s u s p e c t e d . T h ep u l m o n a r y s c a n y i e l d e d a l o w p r o b a b i l i t y , p r o m p -

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e : J e s u s F . A r r o y o , M . D . , M e d e c i n -A d j o i n t , H 6 p i t a l U n i v e r s i t a i r e d e G e r i a t r i e , r t e d eM o n - I d e e , 1 2 2 6 T h o n e x / G e n e v a , S w i t z e r l a n d .A c c e p t ed : 3 0 M a r c h 1 9 9 2

8/8/2019 Cos to Vertebral Joint Dysfunction- Another Misdiagnosed

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6 5 6 J . F . ARROYO e t a l .

t i n g p u l m o n a r y a n g i o g r a p h y , w h i c h w a s n o r m a l . Ac o m p l e t e d i a g n o s t i c w o r k - u p i n c l u d i n g e c h o -c a r d i o g r a p h i c e x a m i n a t i o n , s e r o l o g i c a l t e s t i n g f o rv i r a l i n f e c t i o n , v e r t e b r a l X - r a y s a n d i s o t o p i c b o n es c a n w a s n o r m a l . Upon r e - e x a m i n a t i o n , a l e f t

p a r a v e r t e b r a l m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t u r e e x t e n d i n gf r o m T 4 t o T 7 , w i t h c u t a n e o u s h y p e r a l g e s i a , w a sd i s c o v e r e d . T h e r e w a s e x q u i s i t e t e n d e r n e s s o f t h eT6-T7 r e g i o n a s w e l l a s u p o n m o b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e6 t h r i b . T h e s e p a i n f u l s y m p t o m s w e r e i d e n t i c a l t ot h o s e e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e p a t i e n t d u r i n g t h ep r e v i o u s d a y s . A d i a g n o s i s o f T6 c o s t o v e r t e b r a lj o i n t d y s f u n c t i o n w a s m a d e . I n t e r c o s t a l n e r v e

b l o c k w i t h l i d o c a i n e c o m p l e t e l y r e l i e v e d t h e s y m p -t o m s .

C a s e 3

A 2 3 y e a r o l d m a l e p a t i e n t w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h ee m e r g e n c y w a r d f o r a c u t e d o r s a l a n d l a t e r o -t h o r a c i c p a i n , w i t h a p r o b a b l e d i a g n o s i s o f p e r i -c a r d i t i s . H i s h i s t o r y w a s f r e e o f r e c e n t ' f l u - l i k es y m p t o m s , c o u g h o r c h e s t p a i n . He c o m p l a i n e d o fs e v e r e , b u r n i n g p a i n , i n c r e a s e d b y b r e a t h i n g a n dm o v e m e n t s o f t h e t o r s o , t h e l a t t e r p r o d u c i n g l e f ta n t e r o - l a t e r a l r a d i a t i o n . T h e i n i t i a l d i a g n o s t i cw o r k - u p w a s i n c o n c l u s i v e , a n d t h e p a t i e n t w a s

h o s p i t a l i z e d . He d e s c r i b e d a s i m i l a r e p i s o d e o n e

y e a r p r e v i o u s l y , f o r w h i c h h e h a d a l s o b e e n h o s -p i t a l i z e d . No c l u e h a d b e e n f o u n d a s t o t h e c a u s e o f

t h e s y m p t o m s , w h i c h h a d s p o n t a n e o u s l y d i s a p -p e a r e d . He i n d i c a t e d t h a t h i s p r e s e n t s y m p t o m sh a d a p p e a r e d a f t e r h a v i n g s p e n t a f e w h o u r s

s t u d y i n g i n a p r o n e p o s i t i o n , f o l l o w e d b y s t r e t c h i n ge x e r c i s e s . T h e r e w a s a p a r a v e r t e b r a l m u s c u l a r

c o n t r a c t u r e i n t h e T5-T8 r e g i o n . A s k i n - p i n c h t e s tp r o d u c e d l o c a l i z e d d y s a e s t h e s i a . P o s t e r i o r p a l p a -t i o n o f t h e 6 t h l e f t r i b i n i t i a t e d s h a r p p a i n , r a d i a t i n ga n t e r i o r l y . C o s t o v e r t e b r a l d y s f u n c t i o n o f t h e 6 t hr i b w a s d i a g n o s e d . An i n t e r c o s t a l b l o c k w i t h

l i d o c a i n e r e l i e v e d t h e p a t i e n t i m m e d i a t e l y . He l e f tt h e h o s p i t a l a f t e r 4 8 h o u r s , a s y m p t o m a t i c .

C a s e 4

A 3 6 y e a r o l d m a l e p a t i e n t p r e s e n t e d w i t h r i g h tl a t e r o - t h o r a c i c p a i n o f a c u t e o n s e t . He h a d n o p a s tc a r d i o - r e s p i r a t o r y p r o b l e m s . He d e s c r i b e d h i s p a i na s m o s t l y d u l l a n d d e e p , w i t h o c c a s i o n a l s h a r p ,k n i f e - l i k e , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . He w a s d y s p n o e i c . D o r -s a l o r r i g h t l a t e r a l d e c u b i t u s d e c r e a s e d t h e s y m p -

t o m s . T h e e m e r g e n c y w a r d e v a l u a t i o n w a s t h a t o f ap o s s i b l e p u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m . A n t i c o a g u l a t i o nw i t h h e p a r i n w a s s t a r t e d . H o w e v e r , a n i s o t o p i cv e n t i l a t i o n / p e r f u s i o n l u n g s c a n w a s n o r m a l , a n dh e p a r i n w a s t h u s d i s c o n t i n u e d . A p h y s i c a l r e -e x a m i n a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e p a i n a p p e a r e d u p o ni n s p i r a t i o n a n d r o t a t i o n o f t h e t o r s o . T h e r e w a s a

p a r a v e r t e b r a l m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t u r e a n d t e n d e r n e s s

a t t h e T 8 l e v e l . P a l p a t i o n a t t h a t l e v e l r e p r o d u c e dt h e p a t i e n t ' s p a i n . A f t e r v a r i o u s d o r s a l m u s c u l o -s k e l e t a l p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , t h ep a t i e n t d e s c r i b e d p a r t i a l r e l i e f o f h i s s y m p t o m s .C o s t o v e r t e b r a l d y s f u n c t i o n w a s d i a g n o s e d , a n d a

t r e a t m e n t o f n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r yd r u g s a n d m u s c l e r e l a x a n t s s t a r t e d . T h e s y m p t o m sd i s a p p e a r e d w i t h i n 4 8 h o u r s , a n d t h e p a t i e n t l e f tt h e h o s p i t a l .

C a s e S

A 7 0 y e a r o l d f e m a l e p a t i e n t p r e s e n t e d w i t h s u d d e nl e f t b a s i t h o r a c i c p a i n , i n c r e a s e d b y b r e a t h i n gm o v e m e n t s . S h e h a d b e e n e x p e r i e n c i n g s i m i l a r ,a l t h o u g h l e s s i n t e n s e , s y m p t o m s f o r o n e m o n t h .

T h e p a i n w a s u s u a l l y d e e p , d u l l , a n d i n c r e a s e d b yi n s p i r a t i o n a n d a n t e r i o r f l e x i o n o f t h e t o r s o . A tt i m e s , s h e f e l t i n t e n s e l y d y s p n o e i c . T h e d y s p n o e aw a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y p a l p i t a t i o n a n d d i a p h o r e s i s .A s w i t h t h e o t h e r f o u r p a t i e n t s , t h e i n i t i a le m e r g e n c y w a r d e v a l u a t i o n w a s i n c o n c l u s i v e , b u tt h e s y m p t o m s w e r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s p o s s i b l y r e l a t e dt o p u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m , a n d t h e p a t i e n t w a sa n t i c o a g u l a t e d w i t h h e p a r i n . An i s o t o p i c v e n -t i l a t i o n / p e r f u s i o n l u n g s c a n w a s n o r m a l . A n t i -c o a g u l a t i o n w a s s t o p p e d . F u r t h e r e v a l u a t i o nr e v e a l e d l e f t p a r a v e r t e b r a l m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t u r e a t

t h e T5-T7 l e v e l s . S k i n - p i n c h t e s t i n g c a u s e dd y s a e s t h e s i a a n d l o c a l h y p e r a l g e s i a , a n d p a l p a t i o no f t h e p o s t e r i o r l e f t 6 t h r i b r e p r o d u c e d t h e p a i nw i t h i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n t e r o - l a t e r a l r a d i a t i o n .C o s t o v e r t e b r a l d y s f u n c t i o n w a s d i a g n o s e d a n d t h es y m p t o m s w e r e t o t a l l y r e l i e v e d b y a n i n t e r c o s t a ln e r v e b l o c k a t t h e T 6 l e v e l , a n d t h e p a t i e n t l e f t t h eh o s p i t a l a f t e r 4 8 h o u r s .

D i s c u s s i o nWe h a v e r e p o r t e d f i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a s e s o fa t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n d u e t o a m i s d i a g n o s e d m u s -c u l o s k e l e t a l a e t i o l o g y , w h i c h l e d t o n e e d l e s s , a n ds o m e t i m e s i n v a s i v e , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . P a t i e n t s w e r eh o s p i t a l i z e d f o r a c u m u l a t i v e n u m b e r o f 2 6 d a y s . At o t a l o f 1 4 E C G s , s e v e n c h e s t a n d s p i n e X - r a y s ,f o u r i s o t o p i c v e n t i l a t i o n / p e r f u s i o n l u n g s c a n s , t w op u l m o n a r y a n g i o g r a p h i e s , o n e c a r d i a c e c h o g r a p h ya n d o n e i s o t o p i c b o n e s c a n w e r e p e r f o r m e d .

A l l p a t i e n t s p r e s e n t e d w i t h a t y p i c a l c h e s t p a i n

r e l a t e d t o a p o o r l y k n o w n a e t i o p a t h o g e n i c c a u s e :c o s t o v e r t e b r a l j o i n t d e r a n g e m e n t s . 9 ' 4 T h i s c o n d i -t i o n r e f e r s t o a n a b n o r m a l m o b i l i t y a n d / o r ap o s t e r i o r s u b l u x a t i o n o f t h e r i b p r o d u c i n g a f u n c -t i o n a l d i s r u p t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r i b a n d i t s t w ov e r t e b r a l j o i n t s : c o s t o v e r t e b r a l a n d c o s t o t r a n s v e r -s a l a r t i c u l a t i o n s ( t h e l a t t e r i s n o n e x i s t e n t i n t h e t w of l o a t i n g r i b s ) . B o t h t h e s e j o i n t s a r e r e i n f o r c e d b y a

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8/8/2019 Cos to Vertebral Joint Dysfunction- Another Misdiagnosed

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6 5 8 J . F . ARROYO e t a l .

f o r m e d a s a d i a g n o s t i c p r o c e d u r e , f o l l o w e d b y t h ep e r m a n e n t d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f s y m p t o m s . D i f f e r e n tt e c h n i q u e s o f i n t e r c o s t a l n e r v e b l o c k s h a v e b e e nd e s c r i b e d a n d w i d e l y u s e d i n s e v e r a l c l i n i c a l c o n d i -t i o n s . 2 4 ' 2 5 H o w e v e r , i t i s n o t c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d how

n e r v e b l o c k a d e p r o c e d u r e s c a n p r o d u c e l o n g -l a s t i n g r e l i e f o f p a i n i n t h i s a s w e l l a s i n o t h e rs i m i l a r p a i n f u l c o n d i t i o n s . ' 6 ' 2 0 A h y p o t h e t i c a l e x -p l a n a t i o n c o u l d b e t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i np a i n b y a l o c a l a n a e s t h e t i c a l l o w s a n o r m a lm o b i l i t y o f d i s r u p t e d j o i n t s w h i c h c a n f i n a l l y e x e r tt h e i r n o r m a l b i o m e c h a n i c a l a c t i v i t y . T h i s r e s u l t s i na r e d u c t i o n i n t h e j o i n t s ' s t r a i n a n d s u b s e q u e n ta b o l i t i o n o f l o c a l n o c i c e p t i v e i m p u l s e s . A s e l f -p e r p e t u a t i n g c y c l e o f p a i n - s p a s m - p a i n i s b r o k e n ,w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c t i o n i n p a i n a n d , p e r h a p s ,i n l o c a l s y m p a t h e t i c o v e r a c t i v i t y w h e n p r e s e n t .B e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o f m a n i p u l a t i o n s , w h e n a c c u r a t e -l y p e r f o r m e d , e m p h a s i z e s u c h a b i o m e c h a n i c a la p p r o a c h , 1 0 - 1 2 a l t h o u g h t h e p r e c i s e a n a l g e s i ce f f e c t s o f m a n i p u l a t i o n s h a v e n o t b e e n c l e a r l ye s t a b l i s h e d y e t . 2 6

An a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n c o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d c o n -c e r n i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i n t e r e s t o f X - r a y i n v e s t i g a t i o ni n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e a c o m p l e t e d i a g n o s t i c w o r k - u pi n s u c h c a s e s , a s h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d . 1 3 " 4 I n o u re x p e r i e n c e , i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h i s t o r ya n d c l i n i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n ( T a b l e I ) a n d n o r e c u r -

r e n c e o f s y m p t o m s a f t e r a s i g n i f i c a n t c l i n i c a l e f f e c to f l i d o c a i n e b l o c k , X - r a y i n v e s t i g a t i o n c a n b ed e l a y e d . I n d e e d , a s o b s e r v e d i n o t h e r s p i n a l p a i nd i s o r d e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e f a c e t j o i n t s , i t m u s t b ep o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e i r m i n i m a l s t r a i n c a n b e as o u r c e o f l o c a l a n d / o r r e f e r r e d p a i n w i t h o u t a n yv i s i b l e a l t e r a t i o n 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 6 - 1 8 C o n v e r s e l y , s o m e

p a t i e n t s e x h i b i t a b n o r m a l c o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h i cs c a n f i n d i n g s w i t h o u t e x p e r i e n c i n g a n y p a i n . 2 7 T h ev a l u e o f i n v a s i v e d i a g n o s t i c a n d t h e r a p e u t i cm e a s u r e s b y l o c a l i n j e c t i o n s i n t o t h e s e f a c e t j o i n t sr e m a i n s h i g h l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l , a n d t h e s u b j e c t o f

m u c h d e b a t e . 2 8 - 3 0 T h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s c a n b e p u tf o r w a r d c o n c e r n i n g c o s t o v e r t e b r a l j o i n t s .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e p e a t e d X - r a y s i n s u c hp a t i e n t s c o u l d a l s o b e a n a d d e d s o u r c e o f d i a g n o s -t i c e r r o r . A s y m p t o m a t i c s u b j e c t s c a n p r e s e n t al o c a l i z e d h y p e r o s t o s i s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r r i b s , a n da r t i c u l a t i n g t r a n s v e r s e p r o c e s s e s r e l a t e d t o t h ea c t i v i t y a n d i n s e r t i o n s o f i l i o c o s t a l i s m u s c l e w i t h -o u t a n y c l i n i c a l t r a n s l a t i o n . 3 ' N e v e r t h e l e s s , a n ym e c h a n i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n m u s t b e a v o i d e d i n s u c hp a t i e n t s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f e v i d e n c e f o r r i b a n dv e r t e b r a l b o d y i n t e g r i t y .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , w e h a v e r e p o r t e d f i v e c h a r a c t e r i s -t i c c a s e s o f a t y p i c a l t h o r a c i c p a i n i n w h i c h e x t e n s i v em e d i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f a i l e d t o m a k e a n a c c u r a t ed i a g n o s i s . We e m p h a s i z e t h a t t h e l a c k o fk n o w l e d g e o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h c o s t o v e r t e b r a lj o i n t s t r a i n s ' 0 - 1 4 a n d o t h e r m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c a u s e so f a t y p i c a l t h o r a c i c p a i n , 5 ' 6 c o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o ri n a p p r o p r i a t e , r e p e t i t i v e , p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u sa n d c o s t l y i n v e s t i g a t i v e p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s c o u l d i nt u r n l e a d t o a v i c i o u s c y c l e w h e r e b y p a t i e n t s 'a n x i e t y , f u e l l e d b y r e c u r r i n g s y m p t o m s i n t h e f a c e

o f n e g a t i v e e x a m i n a t i o n s , w i l l t r i g g e r a d d i t i o n a ld i a g n o s t i c w o r k - u p s , t h u s f u r t h e r i n c r e a s i n g r i s k sa n d c o s t s . ' 3 ' 7 ' 8 We s u g g e s t t h a t f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a -t i o n o f t h e s e p a i n f u l c o n d i t i o n s b e p u r s u e d , i no r d e r t o i m p r o v e p h y s i o p a t h o l o g i c a l k n o w l e d g e o ft h e i r c a u s a t i v e m e c h a n i s m s , a n d , m o s t o f a l l ,i n c r e a s e p h y s i c i a n s ' a w a r e n e s s o f t h e i r e x i s t e n c e .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . P e a r c e , M . J . , M a y o u , R . A . & K l i m e s , I . T h e m a n a g e m e n t o f

a t y p i c a l n o n - c a r d i a c c h e s t p a i n . Q J Med 1 9 9 0 , 7 6 : 9 9 1 - 9 9 6 .2 . L e e , T . H . , C o o k , E . F . , W e i s b e r g , M. e t a l . A c u t e c h e s t p a i n i n

t h e e m e r g e n c y r o o m . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d e x a m i n a t i o n o fl o w - r i s k p a t i e n t s . A r c h I n t e r n Med 1 9 8 5 , 1 4 5 : 6 5 - 6 9 .

3 . S o x , H . C . , M a r g u l i e s , I . & S o x , C . H . P s y c h o l o g i c a l l ym e d i a t e d e f f e c t s o f d i a g n o s t i c t e s t s . A n n I n t e r n Med 1 9 8 1 , 9 5 :6 8 0 - 6 8 5 .

4 . H e r l i t z , J . , H j a l m a r s o n , A . , K a r l s o n , B . W . & N y b e r g , G .L o n g - t e r m m o r b i d i t y i n p a t i e n t s w h e r e i n i t i a l s u s p i c i o n o fm y o c a r d i a l i n f a r c t i o n w a s n o t c o n f i r m e d . C l i n C a r d i o l 1 9 8 8 ,1 1 : 2 0 9 - 2 1 4 .

5 . F a m , A . G . C h e s t w a l l p a i n : i f n o t c a r d i a c d i s e a s e , t h e n w h a t ?( P a r t 1 : p a i n a r i s i n g f r o m t h e r i b s a n d s t e r n u m ) . J M u s -c u l o s k e l Med 1 9 8 7 , 4 : 6 5 - 7 4 .

6 . F a m , A . G .A p p r o a c h t o m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c h e s t w a l l p a i n .P r i m a r y C a r e 1 9 8 8 , 1 5 : 7 6 7 - 7 8 2 .

7 . R a y m o n d , C . C h e s t p a i n n o t a l w a y s w h a t i t s e e m s : p a n i cd i s o r d e r may b e c a u s e i n s o m e . JAMA 1 9 8 9 , 2 6 1 : 1 1 0 1 - 1 1 0 2 .

8 . K a t o n , W . , H a l l , M . L . , R u s s o , J . e t a l . C h e s t p a i n : r e l a t i o n -s h i p o f p s y c h i a t r i c i l l n e s s t o c o r o n a r y a r t e r i o g r a p h i c r e s u l t s .Am J Med 1 9 8 8 , 8 4 : 1 - 9 .

9 . M a i g n e , R . D o u l e u r s d ' O r i g i n e V e r t e b r a l e e t T r a i t e m e n t p a r

M a n i p u l a t i o n s , 3 r d e d . E x p a n s i o n S c i e n t i f i q u e F r a n 4 a i s e ,P a r i s , 1 9 7 7 , p p 3 2 - 5 0 , 4 1 7 - 4 3 3 .

1 0 . G o l d t h w a i t , J . E . T h e r i b j o i n t s . N E n g i J Med 1 9 4 0 , 2 2 3 :5 6 8 - 5 7 3 .

1 1 . M a i g n e , R . M a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e s p i n e . I n : R o g o f f , J . B . ( e d . )M a n i p u l a t i o n T r a c t i o n a n d M a s s a g e . W i l l i a m s & W i l k i n s ,B a l t i m o r e , 1 9 8 0 , p p . 5 9 - 1 2 0 .

1 2 . N e u m a n n , H . D . I n : G i l l i a r , W . G . ( e d . ) I n t r o d u c t i o n t oM a n u a l M e d i c i n e . S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , New Y o r k , 1 9 8 9 ,p p . 2 - 5 3 .

1 3 . B e n h a m o u , C . L . , R o u x , C . H . , G e r v a i s , T . & V i a l a , J . F .C o s t o - v e r t e b r a l a r t h r o p a t h y . D i a g n o s t i c a n d t h e r a p e u t i cv a l u e o f a r t h r o g r a p h y . C l i n R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 8 , 7 : 2 2 0 - 2 2 3 .

1 4 . R a n e y , F . L . C o s t o - v e r t e b r a l - c o s t o t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t c o m p l e x

a s t h e s o u r c e o f l o c a l o r r e f e r r e d p a i n . J B o n e J o i n t S u r g [Am]1 9 6 6 , 4 8 : 1 4 5 1 - 1 4 5 2 .1 5 . S i m o n s , D . G . & T r a v e l l , J . G . M y o f a s c i a l p a i n s y n d r o m e s . I n :

W a l l , P . D . & M e l z a c k , R . ( e d s ) T e x t b o o k o f P a i n , 2 n d e d .C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 9 , p p 3 6 8 - 3 8 5 .

1 6 . B o g d u k , N . & M a r s l a n d , A . T h e c e r v i c a l z y g a p o p h y s e a lj o i n t s a s a s o u r c e o f n e c k p a i n . S p i n e 1 9 8 8 , 1 3 : 6 1 0 - 6 1 7 .

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COSTOVERTEBRAL J O I N T S / C H E S T PAIN 6 5 9

1 7 . B o g d u k , N . T h e r a t i o n a l e f o r p a t t e r n s o f n e c k a n d b a c k p a i n .P a t i e n t M a n a g e m e n t 1 9 8 4 , 8 : 1 3 - 2 1 .

1 8 . A r r o y o , J . F . , C o h e n , M . L . & C h a m p i o n , G . D . L e s c e r v i c o -b r a c h i a l g i e s o c c u p a t i o n n e l l e s c h r o n i q u e s ( C B O C ) : e l e m e n t ss e m i o l o g i q u e s e t m e c a n i s m e s n o c i c e p t i f s . D o u l A n a i g 1 9 8 9 , 2 :1 3 7 - 1 4 6 .

1 9 . K e l l g r e n , J . H . On t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a i n a r i s i n g f r o m d e e ps o m a t i c s t r u c t u r e s w i t h c h a r t s o f s e g m e n t a l p a i n a r e a s . C l i nS c i 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 2 , 4 : 3 5 - 4 6 .

2 0 . W r i g h t , J . T . S l i p p i n g r i b s y n d r o m e . L a n c e t 1 9 8 0 , f i : 6 3 2 - 6 3 3 .

2 1 . S p e n c e , E . K . & R o s a t o , E . F . T h e s l i p p i n g r i b s y n d r o m e . A r c h

S u r g 1 9 8 3 , 1 1 8 : 1 3 3 0 - 1 3 3 2 .

2 2 . J a l o v a a r a , P . , R a m 6 , J . & L i n d h o l m , R . T w e l f t h - r i b s y n -d r o m e s i m u l a t i n g i n t r a - a b d o m i n a l d i s e a s e . A c t a C h i r S c a n d

1 9 8 8 , 1 5 4 : 4 0 7 - 4 0 8 .

2 3 . A r c e , C . A . & D o h r m a n n , G . J . T h o r a c i c d i s c h e r n i a t i o n .I m p r o v e d d i a g n o s i s w i t h c o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h i c s c a n n i n g

a n d a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e . S u r g N e u r o l 1 9 8 5 , 2 3 : 3 5 6 - 3 6 1 .

2 4 . B o n i c a , J . J . L o c a l a n a e s t h e s i a a n d r e g i o n a l b l o c k s . I n : W a l l ,P . D . & M e l z a c k , R . ( e d s ) T e x t b o o k o f P a i n , 2 n d e d . C h u r c h i l lL i v i n g s t o n e , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 9 , p p 7 2 4 - 7 4 3 .

2 5 . T h o m p s o n , G . E . C e l i a c p l e x u s , i n t e r c o s t a l a n d m i n o rp e r i p h e r a l b l o c k a d e . I n : C o u s i n s , M . J . & B r i d e n b a u g h , P . O .

( e d s ) N e u r a l B l o c k a d e i n C l i n i c a l A n e s t h e s i a a n d M a n a g e m e n to f P a i n . J . B . L i p p i n i c o t t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 9 8 0 , p p . 3 8 4 - 4 0 4 .

2 6 . H a l d e m a n , S . M a n i p u l a t i o n a n d m a s s a g e f o r t h e r e l i e f o fp a i n . I n : W a l l , P . D . & M e l z a c k , R . ( e d s ) T e x t b o o k o f P a i n ,

2 n d e d . C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 9 , p p . 9 4 2 - 9 5 1 .2 7 . W i e s e l , S . W . , T s o u r m a s , N . , F e f f e r , H . L . e t a l . A s t u d y o f

c o m p u t e r - a s s i s t e d t o m o g r a p h y . I . T h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o s i t i v eCAT s c a n s i n a n a s y m p t o m a t i c g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s . S p i n e 1 9 8 4 ,9 : 5 4 9 - 5 5 1 .

2 8 . D e y o , R . A . F a d s i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f l o w b a c k p a i n ( e d i t o r i a l ) .N E n g l J Med 1 9 9 1 , 3 2 5 : 1 0 3 9 - 1 0 4 0 .

2 9 . C a r e t t e , S . , M a r c o u x , S . , T r u c h o n , R . e t a l . A c o n t r o l l e d t r i a lo f c o r t i c o s t e r o i d i n j e c t i o n s i n t o f a c e t j o i n t s f o r c h r o n i c l o wb a c k p a i n . N E n g l J Med 1 9 9 1 , 3 2 5 : 1 0 0 2 - 1 0 0 7 .

3 0 . C u l l i n g , R . D . & R i c e , J . H . C o r t i c o s t e r o i d i n j e c t i o n s f o rc h r o n i c l o w b a c k p a i n ( l e t t e r ) . N E n g l J Med 1 9 9 2 , 3 2 6 : 8 3 4 .

3 1 . M a c o n e s , A . J . , F i s h e r , M . S . & L o c k e , J . L . S t r e s s - r e l a t e d r i ba n d v e r t e b r a l c h a n g e s . R a d i o l o g y 1 9 8 9 , 1 7 0 : 1 1 7 - 1 1 9 .