corso di laurea in medicina e chirurgia a.d.e.€¦ · in 1997, sir ian wilmut and his team...

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Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E. Le CelluleStaminali 17 maggio 2016 Cinzia Di Pietro Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche Sezione di Biologia e Genetica G Sichel

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Page 1: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.

Le CelluleStaminali 17 maggio 2016

Cinzia Di Pietro

Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche Sezione di Biologia e Genetica G Sichel

Page 2: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

La Cellula Staminale Cellula capace di dare origine a tutte le popolazioni cellulari di uno o più tessuti

Page 3: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Le cellule staminali possiedono la capacità di rinnovarsi e di differenziarsi

• sono in grado di generare cellule figlie identiche alla cellula madre (capacità di rinnovo)

• sono in grado di produrre una progenie di cellule con potenziale differenziativo (capacità di differenziamento)

La Cellula Staminale

Page 4: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

La Cellula Staminale

Page 5: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Totipotente Pluripotente Multipotente Unipotente Cellule Staminali Pluripotenti indotte iPSC Cellule Staminali del cancro

Classificazione

Page 6: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

hESCs

Page 7: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered
Page 8: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered
Page 9: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered
Page 10: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Classificazione

• Cellule Staminali Embrionali (ESCs)

• Cellule Staminali dell’Adulto

• Cellule Staminali Riprogrammate

Cellule staminali Pluripotenti indotte (iPSCs)

Trasferimento di nuclei di cellule somatiche differenziate in ovociti (SCNTs)

Page 11: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Le cellule embrionali staminali (in sigla ES da

Embryonic Stem cell), hanno come caratteristica

principale l'elevata capacità di differenziarsi in

qualsiasi altro tipo cellulare.

Inoltre è possibile mantenerle in coltura per un

lungo periodo di tempo.

Page 12: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

hESCs

Page 13: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

neurons

Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Challenges

embryonic stem cells

skin

blood

liver ?

Page 14: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered
Page 15: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Capacità di divisione quasi illimitata senza andare in contro a processi di differenziamento

hESCs

Page 16: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Adult Stem Cells

• Adult stem cells have been identified in most mammalian tissues of the adult body and are known to support the continuous repair and regeneration of tissues.

• Adult stem cells are clonogenic, self-renewing with a plasticity to differentiate into cell types of the particular tissue in which they reside

Page 17: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Stem cell niches

Direct contact Soluble factors Intermediate cell

stem cell

niche

Niche Microenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self-renewal and differentiation

Page 18: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Adult stem cells are usually located in a specific cellular niche, and niche

microenvironment determine the status of stem cell activation, thus ensuring a balance between maintenance of the stem cell pool

and production of progenitor cells engaged in tissue differentiation

Adult Stem Cells

Page 19: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Stem cell microenvironment or niche, which can modulate how stem cells participate in tissue regeneration, maintenance and repair .

Stem cell niches are diverse and comprise a variety of cells, extracellular matrices and paracrine hormonal and endocrine signals, which all interact with each other.

Adult Stem Cells

Page 20: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Adult Stem Cells

Page 21: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Le cellule staminali adulte sono purtroppo di difficile

reperibilità, poiché numericamente molto scarse;

non possono essere coltivate a lungo poiché, dopo alcune

divisioni cellulari, tendono a perdere le caratteristiche di

pluripotenzialità.

Le cellule staminàli embrionali, invece, possono essere

mantenute in coltura per moltissimi cicli di divisione, addirittura

per più di dieci anni, senza perdere di pluripótenzialità.

Page 22: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Adult Stem Cells

Page 23: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Pro e Contro Embryonic SC

“Pluripotent”

Stable. Can undergo many cell divisions.

Easy to obtain but blastocyst is destroyed (Ethics)

Possibility of immune rejection

High potential for tumours

Adult SC

“Multipotent” Less Stable. Capacity for self-

renewal is limited. Difficult to isolate in adult tissue. No ethical concerns Host rejection minimized or absent Less tumorigenic potential

Page 24: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Reprogramming

Page 25: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the

first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered via SCNT.

The generation of live animals by NT demonstrated that the epigenetic state of somatic cells, including that of terminally differentiated cells, while stable, is not irreversibly fixed but can be reprogrammed to an embryonic state that is capable of directing development of a new organism. After Dolly was cloned, it was believed that SCNT would become the method of choice for generating patient-specific pluripotent cells. However, the process is very inefficient and the reprogramming incomplete leading to Dolly’s premature death and early onset of a number of degenerative diseases.

Rudolf J, Young R. 2008

Page 26: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

• La clonazione di Dolly aveva dimostrato la capacità dell’oocita di riprogrammare i nuclei di cellule terminalmente differenziate.

• La riprogrammazione avviene grazie a

fattori presenti nel citoplasma dell’oocita fecondato.

Reprogramming

Page 27: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, PhD

Human iPSCs

Dr. Kazutoshi Takahashi, PhD

Page 28: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

24 candidate genes for pluripotency factors

Ecat1, Dpp5(Esg1), Fbx015, Nanog, ERas,

Dnmt3l, Ecat8, Gdf3, Sox15, Dppa4, Dppa2,

Fthl17, Sall4, Oct4, Sox2, Rex1, Utf1, Tcl1,

Dppa3, Klf4, b-cat, cMyc, Stat3, Grb2

Page 29: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

(Geoghegan and Byrnes, 2008)

iPSCs

Page 30: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

Page 31: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

Page 32: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Putative role of reprogramming factors during iPSC formation.

Stadtfeld M , Hochedlinger K Genes Dev. 2010;24:2239-2263

©2010 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

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Integration

Integration free

iPSCs

Page 34: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

Page 36: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

miRNAs and Stemness

Page 37: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Fatica A, Bozzoni I Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentiation and development. Nat Rev Genet. 2014

Non-coding RNAs in development

Page 38: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

Page 39: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Potential applications of iPSCs.

Stadtfeld M , Hochedlinger K Genes Dev. 2010;24:2239-2263

©2010 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

Spinal muscular atrophy refers to a

group of autosomal recessive

neuromuscular disorders characterized

by degeneration of the anterior horn

cells of the spinal cord, leading to

symmetrical muscle weakness and

atrophy. SMA is the second most

common lethal, autosomal recessive

disease in Caucasians after cystic

fibrosis(Wirth, 2000).

spinal muscular atrophy type I (SMA I)

is caused by mutation or deletion in the

copy of the SMN gene, known as SMN1

Page 40: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

iPSCs

Page 41: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Limiti

Page 42: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Limiti

Page 43: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Limiti

Page 44: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni

Page 45: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

SCNTs

Page 46: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

SCNTs

Page 47: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

SCNTs

Page 48: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Cancer stem cell theory

• These CSCs cells persist in tumors as a

distinct population that likely causes

relapses and metastasis.

• This theory explains why are many cancers so difficult to treat.

Page 49: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

WRONG TARGET. Traditional cancer therapies (top) kill rapidly dividing tumor cells

(blue) but may spare stem cells (yellow) that can give rise to a new tumor. In theory, killing

cancer stem cells (bottom) should halt a tumor's growth lead to its disappearance.

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Page 51: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

“Abbiamo finalmente un nuovo eccezionale obiettivo per la ricerca: le

staminali del cancro”, ha dichiarato oggi il Professor Umberto Veronesi, Direttore

Scientifico dell’Istituto Europeo di Oncologia di Milano, nell’ambito dell’annuale

presentazione dei risultati e dei programmi di ricerca dello IEO. “Le cellule staminali

tumorali non sono altro che cellule, più indifferenziate delle altre, che sono in grado di

alimentare la proliferazione del tumore. Sono in pratica il serbatoio dal quale il cancro si

approvvigiona. Essere capaci di intervenire su questo serbatoio potrebbe quindi

rappresentare la svolta finale per la soluzione globale del problema cancro.

Page 52: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 53: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 54: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 55: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 56: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

TERAPIA CELLULARE

Definizione di protocolli sperimentali e clinici mirati alla applicazione clinica di:

• -cellule staminali dell'epitelio corneale per la ricostruzione della superficie oculare in diverse patologie, quali ustioni chimiche e termiche associate a deficit di cellule staminali limbari;

• -cellule staminali dell'epidermide in diverse patologie cutanee, quali ustioni di terzo grado, ulcere croniche degli arti inferiori, malattie della pigmentazione;

• - cellule staminali dell'epitelio congiuntivale, uretrale e buccale per la cura di patologie quali distruzioni traumatiche dell’epitelio congiuntivale, sindrome dell’occhio secco, ipospadia posteriore, stenosi uretrali recidivanti, chirurgia ricostruttiva nella cecità dovuta a danni bilaterali della superficie oculare.

TERAPIA GENICA

• Definizione di protocolli sperimentali e clinici per la terapia genica di:

• - malattie genetiche della pelle (quali le diverse forme di epidermolisi bollosa e ittiosi lamellare)

• -malattie genetiche degli epiteli oculari (quali le diverse forme di distrofia corneale)

• mediante correzione ex-vivo di cellule staminali epiteliali.

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 57: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

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Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 59: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 60: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Holoclar® è un prodotto di ingegneria dei tessuti per terapie avanzate consistente in

un epitelio corneale umano autologo ricostruito ex-vivo contenente cellule

staminali, indicato per la ricostruzione della superficie corneale in pazienti con

mancanza di cellule staminali limbari dovuta ad ustioni oculari.

Il principio attivo di Holoclar® è rappresentato dalle cellule staminali epiteliali in esso

contenute che, una volta attecchite, rigenerano in modo permanente l’epitelio

corneale ripristinandone la piena funzionalità e consentendo così il recupero della

capacità visiva.

Applicazioni Cliniche

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Applicazioni Cliniche

Page 62: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Epidermolisi Bullosa

Page 63: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Epidermolisi Bullosa

Type Number of subtypes

Inheritance of subtypes

Key genes affected

EBS ~ 12 subtypes dominant or recessive

Keratins 5, 14, Plectin

JEB ~ 6 subtypes recessive Collagen XVII, Integrin, Laminin

DEB ~ 13 subtypes dominant or recessive

Collagen VII

Types of epidermolysis bullosa (EB)

Page 64: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

Epidermolisi Bullosa

Page 65: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

• Applicazioni correnti: Adult Stem Cells

• Tantissime Potenzialità con la riprogrammazione nucleare

• Implementare la ricerca di base

To Take Home

Page 66: Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia A.D.E.€¦ · In 1997, Sir Ian Wilmut and his team surprised the world by presenting the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, engineered

To Take Home