Correct Referencing, Plagiarism and the JISC Plagiarism Detection Service Minnie OFarrell and Guin Glasford-Brown MSc in Molecular Medicine BS936 Seminar 1 12 th October 2009 to copy someone else's work and pretend that it is your own to copy sections of someone else's work and just change the odd word or phrase to submit the same piece of work for two different assignments, even if they are for different modules.What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is committed if you do not acknowledge someone elses: Words or phrases Ideas or thoughts Images Computer code Experimental results Lecture content Plagiarised material can come from: Books Journal articles CDsEncyclopaedias The WebTalks or lectures Handouts 1 st competition: What is in this folder? Answers into Box with your Name by 3pm Some common mistakes/excuses: I thought it would be OK as long as I included the source in my bibliography. I made lots of notes for my essay and couldn't remember where I found the information. I thought it would be OK to use material that I had purchased online I thought it would be OK to copy the text if I changed some of the words into my own. More common mistakes/excuses: I thought that plagiarism only applied to essays. I didn't know that it also applies to oral presentations, dissertations, project write-ups etc. I thought it would be OK just to use my tutor's notes. I didn't think that you needed to reference material found on the web. I left it too late and just didn't have time to reference my sources. What are the consequences of plagiarising? Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. All assessed work where cheating is suspected is referred to the Head of Department and possibly the Dean. You risk failing your coursework; it can also lead to exclusion from the University. MORE INFORMATION - Please read Course Handbook page University Regulations on Plagiarism:htmhtm Also very useful Plagiarism and how to avoid it leaflet Plagiarism and how to avoid it leaflet is available in hard copy and on line. Lets try some exercises DNA can be damaged in a variety of ways. First, energy released by free oxygen radicals, generated either by normal metabolic processes or by exposure to an external source of ionizing radiation, can break the phosphodiester bonds in the backbone of the DNA helix. When two of these breaks are close to each other, but on the opposite strands, a double strand break (DSB) is present in the DNA and the cell faces a particular challenging situation for repair. Second, alkylating chemical moieties can modify purine bases and the size of the chemical adduct determines what repair process is used. Bifunctional alkylating chemicals can cause intra-strand or inter-strand crosslinks that require additional molecular interventions for them to be reversed. Third, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases can lead to enhanced single or DSBs depending on which topoisomerase is inhibited and on the phase of the cell cycle. Kastan, M. B. and Bartek, J. (2004) Nature, 432, Source 1 Is this plagiarised? DNA can be damaged in a number of ways. First, free oxygen radicals, generated either by endogenous metabolic processes or by exposure to an external source of ionizing radiation, can break the phosphodiester bonds in the DNA helix. When two of these breaks are close to each other, but on the opposite strands, a double strand break (DSB) is present in the DNA and the cell faces a particular difficult situation for repair. Second, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases can lead to increased single or DSBs depending on which topoisomerase is inhibited and on the phase of the cell cycle. Third, alkylating chemical agents can modify purine bases and the size of the chemical adduct determines what repair process is used. Bifunctional alkylating chemicals can cause intra-strand or inter-strand crosslinks that need additional molecular interventions for them to be reversed. What do you think? This IS plagiarised the writer has only changed a few words and phrases and, towards the end, changed the order of the original's sentences. the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts. DNA can be damaged in a variety of ways. First, [energy released by] free oxygen radicals, generated either by endogenous metabolic processes or by exposure to an external source of ionizing radiation, can break [the phosphodiester bonds in] the backbone of the DNA helix. When two of these breaks are close to each other, but on the opposite strands, a double strand break (DSB) is present in the DNA and the cell faces a particular difficult situation for repair. Second, alkylating chemical agents can modify purine bases and the size of the chemical adduct determines what repair process is used. Bifunctional alkylating chemicals can cause intra-strand or inter- strand crosslinks that require additional molecular interventions for them to be reversed. Third, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases can lead to enhanced single or DSBs depending on which topoisomerase is inhibited and on the phase of the cell cycle. Kastan, M. B. and Bartek, J. (2004) Nature, 432, Source 1 Why is it considered plagiarism? How to reference in Biological Sciences If you copy any material into your essays or dissertation, the copied material must be placed within quotation marks to tell readers that the text was copied, and the source fully referenced. However, it is rarely acceptable to include more than a few direct quotations. An important principle in all forms of research and scholarship is that you must give full reference to all ideas, results, diagrams etc. that you are quoting or using. You should use the conventions described in the Course Handbook for referencing. Literature cited For example, in the body of the text: Smith (2001) has investigated the inhibitory effect of aminobenzamide on PARP-1 activity in lymphocytes. Aminobenzamide has been shown to inhibit PARP-1 activity in lymphocytes (Smith, 2001). Caffeine is shown to stimulate ATP synthase activity in skeletal muscle mitochondria during exercise (Snell and Barrett, 1998). Literature cited In the reference section: For Journals Smith, J.C. (2001) Effect of inhibition of PARP-1. Journal of Cell Science, 47, Jones, A., Black, C and Zebidee, A. (2005) Recruitment of DNA methylases to DNA strand breaks. Nature, 248, i.e. Surname(s), initial(s), year, title of paper, journal (in italics), volume and first and last page number. In this order Literature cited In the reference section: For Books Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2002) Biology. 6th edition. Benjamin-Cummings. New York. i.e. Surname(s), initial(s), year, title of book (in italics), edition, publisher, place of publication. Literature cited In the reference section: For chapters in books Dame, J.J. (1998) Formulation of cloning strategies. In Recombinant DNA: Principles and methodologies. (ed J.J. Greene and V.B. Rao) pp , Marcel Dekker, New York. i.e. Surname(s), initial(s) (of author of chapter) year, title of chapter, title of book, editors, page numbers, publisher, place of publication. Literature cited In the reference section: For the Web Mahillon, J. (2003) IS Finder:is.biotoul.fr/is.htmlhttp://www- is.biotoul.fr/is.html Last accessed i.e. Surname(s), initial(s) (of author) year, name/title of site, full URL, date of last access. Academic Writing Handbook E. Borg Source 2: DAmour et al. (1999) Biochemical Journal, 342, Some more examples Is this plagiarised? Source 3: Size of PlateGrowth Area (cm2)Relative Area 35mm petri dish 9.61x 60mm petri dish x 90mm petri dish x 150mm petri dish x 96 well tray x 24 well tray x Area of Culture Plates for Cell Growth: Lecture notes, Is this plagiarised? Type of PlateSurface Area (cm 2 )Relative Area 96 well tray x 24 well tray x 35mm petri dish 9.61x 60mm petri dish x 90mm petri dish x 150mm petri dish x JISC Plagiarism Service Detection Service Based on turnitin.com Tutors create their own user profiles and class details and submit papers Your consent is sought (on the coversheets) ON DEPARTMENTAL COVER SHEETS To be signed by the student: I have read and understood the University regulations and the Departmental guidelines on cheating in the course handbook. I confirm that, in preparing this piece of work, I have followed the guidelines. I am aware that my work may be checked electronically for cheating by inadequate referencing. Name of student: Signature of student: Date: How does the service work? Browser-based: system accepts a variety of formats (MS Word, WordPerfect, RTF, PDF, Postscript, HTML) Browser-based: system accepts a variety of formats (MS Word, WordPerfect, RTF, PDF, Postscript, HTML) Turnitin.com: database of previously submitted material (student essays and assignments) Turnitin.com: database of previously submitted material (student essays and assignments) 800 million Web sites 800 million Web sites Essays from cheat sites Essays from cheat sites Results returned within 24 hours Results returned within 24 hours Checking your own work It is possible to submit your work to the plagiarism checking software see handbook. However, you will have to pay to do this. We do not pay for this. It is better to develop good practice, i.e. learning to write your own work rather than modifying text that you have cut and paste from elsewhere. Approaches Develop good working practice Develop good working practice Really think about what the question/essay title Really think about what the question/essay title Informative develop understanding of what is and what is not acceptable. Informative develop understanding of what is and what is not acceptable. University Plagiarism pages : University Cheating pages: Many students do not seem to realize that whenever they cite a source, they are strengthening their writing. Citing a source, whether paraphrased or quoted, reveals that they have performed research work and synthesized the findings into their own argument. Using sources shows that the student in engaged in "the great conversation," the world of ideas, and that the student is aware of other thinkers' positions on the topic. By quoting (and citing) writers who support the student's position, the student gains strength for the position. By responding reasonably to those who oppose it, the student shows that there are valid counter arguments. In a nutshell, citing helps make the essay stronger and sounder. Robert HarrisRobert Harris, Vanguard University of Southern California Robert Harris Remember: plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone elses work and lying about it afterward.If in doubt ask! Other support: Course lecturer, Scheme Director, Project Supervisor or Student Union