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10/8/2015 Coral worldwide threatened by bleaching NOAA BBC News
http://www.bbc.com/news/scienceenvironment34473371 1/12
Science & Environment
Coral worldwide threatened by bleaching NOAABy Roger HarrabinBBC environment analyst
7 hours ago Science & Environment
Corals worldwide are at risk from a major episode of bleaching which turns reefs white,scientists have confirmed.
The bleaching has hit reefs in the Pacific, Atlantic and Caribbean.
The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) warned it may affect over38% of the world's reefs, and kill over 12,000 sq km of reefs.
The mass bleaching is caused by rising water temperatures resulting from two natural warmcurrents and exacerbated by manmade climate change.
Bleaching happens when corals under stress drive out the algae known as zooxanthellae thatgive them colour.
If normal conditions return, the corals can recover. But the process can take decades, and if thestress continues, the corals can die.
XL Catlin Seaview Survey
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Reefs are under multiple threats including pollution, overfishing, sedimentation and damage fromboats and tourism.
The current worldwide bleaching episode is predicted to be the worst on record as the warmingPacific current, El Nino, increases in strength. Water temperatures are being driven further by aseparate natural warmwater mass dubbed the Pacific Blob.
Manmade climate change also contributes, as the oceans are absorbing about 93% of theincrease in the earth's heat.
Additionally, corals face ocean acidification as CO2 emissions are absorbed into the oceans,changing the pH of seawater.
Some scientists are warning that spectacular reefs as we know them with branching coralsand fan corals are unlikely to survive changes in temperature and pH by the end of thiscentury. That's if they are not killed first by other damaging local activities.
The current bleaching episode was predicted by NOAA and confirmed by researchers andcitizen scientists in the Caribbean. The main groups involved are XL Catlin Seaview Survey, theUniversity of Queensland, and Reef Check.
Although reefs represent less than 0,1% of the world's ocean floor, they help support about aquarter of all marine species. The NOAA says the livelihoods of 500 million people and incomeworth over $30bn (£19,6bn) are at stake.
Reefs are the breeding ground for tropical fisheries. They also provide shelter from the wavesfor tropical islands and bring invaluable tourist income.
"Just like in 1998 and 2010, we're observing bleaching on a global scale, which will causemassive loss of corals. With people relying on fisheries and reefs for sustenance, therepercussions could be potentially disastrous," said Prof Ove HoeghGuldberg from theUniversity of Queensland.
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Prof Rupert Ormond, Secretary of the International Society for Reef Studies, told BBC News:"Although corals may live for several days after they bleach, they then usually die. They mayrecover but only if the sea temperature drops within a week or so. Mostly it takes much longer,so the reef ends up covered with dead corals, especially on its upper parts.
"The reefs may slowly recover if new coral colonies come in from outside, but this may takeyears or decades. I know coral reefs in Kenya that lost most of their corals in 1998 and they stillonly have a few percent of the corals once there."
Follow Roger on Twitter @rharrabin
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