copyright©2000 by houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved. 1 organic chemistry and...

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1

Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms.The study of the chemistry of living things.


2

Hydrocarbons

. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.

Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H


3

Hydrocarbons(continued)

Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

H C

H

H

C

H

CH

H


4

Rules for Naming Alkanes

1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons.

C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane

2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl.

-C2H5 is ethyl


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Rules for Naming Alkanes

3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially.

C C-C-C-C-C-C

3-methylhexane

4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.


6

Substitution Reactions

Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.

CHCl Cl CCl HClh3 2 4


7

Cyclic Alkanes

Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.

C3H6, C4H8, C6H12


8

Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. [CnH2n]

CC=C propene

Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.

CCCCC 2-pentyne


9

Nomenclature for Alkenes

1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene

C2H4 is ethene

2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond.

C=CCC is 1-butene


10

Addition Reactions

. . . in which (weaker) bonds are broken and new (stronger) bonds are formed to atoms being added.

CH CHCH H CH CH CHcatalyst2 3 2 3 2 3


11

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.

+ Cl2

FeCl3

Cl

+ HCl

benzene Chlorobenzene


12

The Common Functional Groups

Class General Formula

Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols ROH

Ethers ROR Aldehydes CR

OH


13

The Common Functional Groups

Class General Formula

Ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Esters

Amines RNH2

CRO

R'

CRO

OH

CRO

O R'


14

Polymers

. . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers.

Monomer PolymerEthylene PolyethyleneVinyl chloride Polyvinyl

chlorideTetrafluoroethylene Teflon


15

Types of Polymerization

Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon)

Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)


16

Proteins

•Natural polymers made up of -amino acids (molecular weight from 6000 to >1,000,000 g/mol).

•Fibrous Proteins: provide structural integrity and strength to muscle, hair and cartilage.


17

Proteins(continued)

• Globular Proteins: roughly spherical shape transport and store oxygen and nutrients act as catalysts fight invasion by foreign objects participate in the body’s regulatory

system transport electrons in metabolism


18

-Amino Acids

NH2 always attached to the -carbon (the carbon attached to COOH)

•C = -carbon

H2N C

H

COOH

R


19

Bonding in -Amino Acids

• + H2O

• A peptide linkage•There are 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.

CNH

H

H

R

C

O

N

H

C

H

R'

CO

OH


20

Levels of Structure

•Primary: Sequence of amino acids in the protein chain.

•Secondary: The arrangement of the protein chain in the long molecule (hydrogen bonding determines this).

•Tertiary: The overall shape of the protein (determined by hydrogen-bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and London forces).


21

Carbohydrates

•Food source for most organisms and structural material for plants.

•Empirical formula = CH2O

•Monosaccharides (simple sugars) pentoses - ribose, arabinose hexoses - fructose, glucose


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Carbohydrates(continued)

•Disaccharides (formed from 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage) sucrose (glucose + fructose)

•Polysaccharides (many monosaccharide units) starch, cellulose


23

Nucleic Acids

•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids): stores and transmits genetic information, responsible (with RNA) for protein synthesis. (Molar mass = several billion)

•RNA (ribonucleic acid): helps in protein synthesis. (Molecular weight = 20,000 to 40,000) messenger RNA transfer RNA

copyright©2000 by houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved. 1 organic chemistry and...

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