copyright (c) 2003 allyn & bacon chapter 6 teaching students with visual impairments, hearing...

copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon

Chapter 6

Teaching Students with Visual Impairments, Hearing Loss, Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, or Traumatic Brain Injury

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Students with Visual Impairments

Legal blindness Total blindness Partial sight Low vision Functional vision


Possible delays for Students With Visual Impairments

Concept development

Communication

Motor Skills

Self-Help

Social Skills


Prevalence of Visual Impairments

0

5

10

15

20

25

Visual

Braille

Auditory

Low incidence disability

Less than 1% of population

Most students use large print to read, rather than Braille or books on tape


Identification

Red, swollen or encrusted eyes or recurring sties

Excessive blinking

Itchy eyes Eyes that are tearing

One or both eyes turn inward, outward, upward

Extreme sensitivity to light

Moving head to see an object

Covering one eye to view an object

Tripping, bumping into objects

Headaches, fatigue, or dizziness


Instructional Guidelines

Braille or Braille Devices

Speech Access

Print Enlargement

Braille Output

Portable Computers


Independence

Orientation and mobility specialists Instructional Aids

– Monocular– Hand held magnifiers– Prescription lenses– Large print books


Independence

Non-Optical Aids– Lamp– Reading stand– Bold or raised line paper– Hats and visors– Color overlays– Cranmer abacus– Writing guides– Measurement tools


Hearing Loss

Can occur as the result of– Heredity– Illness– Disease– Excessive prolonged exposure to loud noises– Unknown origin


Hearing Loss

Unilateral or bilateral

Conductive

Sensory-neural

16-25 dB = minimal

25-40 dB = moderate

65-90 dB = severe

Greater than 90 dB= profound


Ways to Identify Hearing Loss

Daydreaming or inattention

Watching others for cues

Behavior problems Lethargy

Failure to follow simple commands

Using “huh” or “I don’t know” excessively

Articulation errors Limited speech or vocabulary

Inappropriate responses to questions

Difficulties with verbal tasks

Unusual voice quality Mouth breathing


Sample Accommodations

Amplification Preferential seating Minimize

environmental noise Visual cues and

demonstrations Monitor for

understanding Promote cooperation

Face student directly Use gestures and

modeling Use visual media Provide written

instructions Identify speakers in

group discussion


Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, and Traumatic Brain Injury

IDEA Categories– Orthopedic impairment– Other health impairment– Traumatic brain injury

Neurological Impairment– Seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, spina bifida

Other Health Impairment


Traumatic Brain Injury

Lowered social inhibition and judgment

Faulty reasoning Cognitive processing

difficulties Lowered initiative

Overestimation of abilities

Depression Flat affect with sudden

outbursts Agitation and

irritability Fatigue


Types and Characteristics

Cerebral Palsy Spina Bifida Epilepsy Muscular Dystrophy HIV/AIDS


Assessments

Activities of daily living Attention, concentration, initiation or effort Adaptations for learning Communication Mobility Abilities and limitations Transition skills


Accommodations

Assistive technology

Environmental Modifications

Educating Classmates

Dealing with Death

Motor Skills instruction

Literacy development– Repeated readings– Print at eye-level– Books on tape– Adaptive holders

copyright (c) 2003 allyn & bacon chapter 6 teaching students with visual impairments, hearing...

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