copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 what are the developmental tasks of infancy and childhood?...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofInfancy and Childhood?

Infants and children face especially important

developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social

relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in

adolescence and adulthood

Jean Piaget and

Cognitive Development

Children undergo a revolution of thought in each stage


Theories• Piaget's theory is based on the idea that

the developing child builds cognitive structures

• Used mental "maps" or schemas for understanding and responding to physical their environment

• Piaget's theory supposes that people develop schemas (conceptual models) by either assimilating or accommodating new information

• Showed that a child's cognitive structure increases in sophistication with development


Cognitive Development

• The process by which thinking changes over time


Schemas • Mental structures that

guide thinking

• According to Piaget, they are the building blocks of development

• Schemas form and change as we develop knowledge

• Right now, you are building a schema about schemas


Assimilation

• Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existingschemas

A baby will begin to suck o a bottle the way he or she sucked a breast


Accommodation• Mental process

thatrestructures existingschemes so that newinformation is better understood

• Example: When children learn a butterfly is not a bird


Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

SensorimotorSensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Formal OperationalOperational


Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

SensorimotorSensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

• Birth to about age 2Intelligence takes the form of motor actions. Experiencing the world through senses and

actions (looking, touching, mouthing)

• Sensorimotor intelligence

• Mental representations

• Object permanence


Developmental Milestones

Mental Representation

Ability to form internal images of objects and events

Object Permanence Knowledge that an object exists independently

of one’s own actions or awareness


Object Permanence


Object Permanence; A not B error

Watch Object Permanence videoAt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8y-JVhjS0&feature=related



Sensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational


Formal Operational

Age 2 – 7 yearsIntelligence is intuitive in nature Representing things with words and images but

lacking logical reasoning

• Egocentrism

• Animistic thinking

• Centration



Egocentrism • Self-centering point of

view• The inability to realize

there are other viewpoint beside theirs.

• (the world revolves around the child and was invented for them)

“The only reason bees make honey is so I can eat it”



Animistic Thinking• Inanimate objects are

imagined to have life and mental process

Centration• The inability to consider

more than one factor at a time


Developmental Milestones • Irreversibility: • The inability to think

through a series of events or mental operations and then reverse the steps

For example, a child can’t imagine pouring the juice from the tumbler back into the bottle.



Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Operational

• About age 7 to age 11

The cognitive structure is logical but depends upon actual events.

• Acquires Conservation

• Mental operations



• Conservation• The child in this stage

masters this ability, to logically determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.


This child lacks conservation abilities…she still cannot see that both glasses have the same amount in them


A Lack of Conservation



Mental Operations• Solving problems by manipulating images in

one’s mind

For example, a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal.



Sensorimotor

Preoperational


Formal Formal OperationalOperational

• From about age 12 on

• Abstract thought appears



• To think abstractly• To reason logically and draw conclusions from

the information available• To apply all these processes to hypothetical

situations.

• During this stage the young adult is able to understand such things as love, "shades of gray", logical proofs, and values.

copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 what are the developmental tasks of infancy and childhood?...

Documents

awarenesscopyright allyn

timecopyright allyn

stagecopyright allyn

breastcopyright allyn

itcopyright allyn bacon

schemascopyright allyn

birdcopyright allyn

cognitive development