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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Page 1: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan

Chapter 7

Physical and Cognitive Development inEarly Childhood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Chapter 7

Physical and Cognitive Development inEarly Childhood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Page 2: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Physical Development in Early ChildhoodPhysical Development in Early Childhood

Body Growth Slows Shape becomes more

streamlined Skeletal Growth

Continues New growth centers Lose baby teeth

Asynchronies Brain, lymph nodes grow

fastest

Body Growth Slows Shape becomes more

streamlined Skeletal Growth

Continues New growth centers Lose baby teeth

Asynchronies Brain, lymph nodes grow

fastest

Page 3: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Epiphyses of the BoneEpiphyses of the Bone

Page 4: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Brain Development inEarly ChildhoodBrain Development inEarly Childhood

Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop

Left hemisphere active Language skills Handedness

Linking areas of the brain develop Cerebellum, reticular

formation, corpus callosum

Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop

Left hemisphere active Language skills Handedness

Linking areas of the brain develop Cerebellum, reticular

formation, corpus callosum

Page 5: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

HandednessHandedness

Reflects dominant cerebral hemisphere Right-handed (90%) - left hemisphere Left-handed (10%) - both hemispheres

May be genetic basis, but affected by experience Position in uterus, practice

Few left-handers show

developmental problems Left hemisphere damage may

link left-handedness & somemental problems

Reflects dominant cerebral hemisphere Right-handed (90%) - left hemisphere Left-handed (10%) - both hemispheres

May be genetic basis, but affected by experience Position in uterus, practice

Few left-handers show

developmental problems Left hemisphere damage may

link left-handedness & somemental problems

Page 6: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Influences on Physical Growth and HealthInfluences on Physical Growth and Health Heredity and Hormones

Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Emotional Well-Being Psychosocial dwarfism

Nutrition Infectious Disease

Malnutrition Immunization

Childhood Injuries

Heredity and Hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Emotional Well-Being Psychosocial dwarfism

Nutrition Infectious Disease

Malnutrition Immunization

Childhood Injuries

Page 7: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Eating in Early ChildhoodEating in Early Childhood

Appetite decreases Vary meal to meal

Wariness of new foods is adaptive

Need high-quality diet Limit fats, oils, salt, and sugar

Appetite decreases Vary meal to meal

Wariness of new foods is adaptive

Need high-quality diet Limit fats, oils, salt, and sugar

Page 8: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Infectious Disease and MalnutritionInfectious Disease and Malnutrition

Poor diet suppresses immune system

Illness reduces appetite

Diarrhea a danger

Oral rehydration therapy and zinc can help

Poor diet suppresses immune system

Illness reduces appetite

Diarrhea a danger

Oral rehydration therapy and zinc can help

Page 9: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

ImmunizationsImmunizations

Many American children lack full set Cost Schedules Misconceptions

about vaccines

Many American children lack full set Cost Schedules Misconceptions

about vaccines

Page 10: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Factors Related to Childhood InjuriesFactors Related to Childhood Injuries

Gender and temperament Poverty, low parental

education Births to teenagers not ready

for parenthood Shortage of high-quality

child care Societal conditions

International differences

Gender and temperament Poverty, low parental

education Births to teenagers not ready

for parenthood Shortage of high-quality

child care Societal conditions

International differences

Page 11: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Motor Skill Development in Early ChildhoodMotor Skill Development in Early Childhood

Gross Motor Skills Balance improves Gait smooth and rhythmic by age 2 Upper- and lower-body skills

combine into more refined actions by age 5

Greater speed and endurance Fine Motor Skills

Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing

Gross Motor Skills Balance improves Gait smooth and rhythmic by age 2 Upper- and lower-body skills

combine into more refined actions by age 5

Greater speed and endurance Fine Motor Skills

Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing

Page 12: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Progression of Drawing SkillsProgression of Drawing Skills

Scribbles – during 2nd year

First Representational Forms Label already-made drawings – around

age 3 Draw boundaries and people –

3–4 years

More Realistic Drawings – preschool to school age

Early Printing – Ages 3–5

Scribbles – during 2nd year

First Representational Forms Label already-made drawings – around

age 3 Draw boundaries and people –

3–4 years

More Realistic Drawings – preschool to school age

Early Printing – Ages 3–5

Page 13: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Individual Differences in Motor SkillsIndividual Differences in Motor Skills

Genetics Size, shape

Gender Practice Caregiver

encouragement

Genetics Size, shape

Gender Practice Caregiver

encouragement

Page 14: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage

Ages 2 to 7

Gains in mental representation Make-believe Play Symbol-Real World Relations

Limitations in thinking

Egocentrism Conservation Hierarchical Classification

Ages 2 to 7

Gains in mental representation Make-believe Play Symbol-Real World Relations

Limitations in thinking

Egocentrism Conservation Hierarchical Classification

Page 15: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Early ChildhoodDevelopment of Make-BelieveEarly ChildhoodDevelopment of Make-Believe

More detached from real life conditions

Less self-centered More complex

Sociodramatic Play

More detached from real life conditions

Less self-centered More complex

Sociodramatic Play

With age, make-believe gradually becomes:With age, make-believe gradually becomes:

Page 16: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Benefits of Make-Believe PlayBenefits of Make-Believe Play

Practice representational schemes Reflect on thinking, control behavior, and

take another’s perspective Gain in social, language, and literacy skills Improve attention, memory, and logical

reasoning Strengthen imagination and creativity

Practice representational schemes Reflect on thinking, control behavior, and

take another’s perspective Gain in social, language, and literacy skills Improve attention, memory, and logical

reasoning Strengthen imagination and creativity

Page 17: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Dual RepresentationDual Representation

Viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol

Mastered around age 3 Adult teaching can help

Viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol

Mastered around age 3 Adult teaching can help

Provide maps, photos, drawings, and opportunities for make-believe play to support child’s experience with symbols

Point out similarities to real world

Provide maps, photos, drawings, and opportunities for make-believe play to support child’s experience with symbols

Point out similarities to real world

Page 18: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Limitations of Preoperational ThoughtLimitations of Preoperational Thought

Cannot perform mental operations

Egocentrism and animistic thinking

Cannot conserve

Lack hierarchical

classification

Cannot perform mental operations

Egocentrism and animistic thinking

Cannot conserve

Lack hierarchical

classification

Page 19: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

EgocentrismEgocentrism

Failure to distinguish others’ views from one’s own

Failure to distinguish others’ views from one’s own

Page 20: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Animistic ThinkingAnimistic Thinking

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Page 21: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Limits on ConservationLimits on Conservation

Centration Focus on one aspect and neglect others

Irreversibility Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps

Centration Focus on one aspect and neglect others

Irreversibility Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps

Page 22: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Piagetian Class Inclusion ProblemPiagetian Class Inclusion Problem

Page 23: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Follow-Up Research on Preoperational ThoughtFollow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought

Egocentric Thought

• Can adjust language to others & take others’ perspectives in simple situations• Animistic thinking comes from incomplete knowledge of objects

Illogical Thought

• Can do simplified conservation• Can reason by analogy

Categorization

• Everyday knowledge is categorized

Appearance versus reality

• Can solve appearance-reality tasks in nonverbal ways

Page 24: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Educational Principles Derived from Piaget’s TheoryEducational Principles Derived from Piaget’s Theory

Discovery learning Sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn

Discovery learning Sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn

Developmentally appropriate practices

Acceptance of individual differences

Developmentally appropriate practices

Acceptance of individual differences

Page 25: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Early ChildhoodVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Early Childhood

Private Speech Zone of

Proximal Development

Private Speech Zone of

Proximal Development

Page 26: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Children’s Private SpeechChildren’s Private Speech

Piaget called this “egocentric speech”

Vygotsky viewed as foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Helps guide behavior Used more when tasks are difficult,

after errors, or when confused

Gradually becomes more silent

Piaget called this “egocentric speech”

Vygotsky viewed as foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Helps guide behavior Used more when tasks are difficult,

after errors, or when confused

Gradually becomes more silent

Page 27: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Zone of Proximal DevelopmentZone of Proximal Development

Scaffolding supports children’s learning

Assisted discovery and peer collaboration also help children learn

Scaffolding supports children’s learning

Assisted discovery and peer collaboration also help children learn

Page 28: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Vygotsky and EducationVygotsky and Education

Assisted Discovery Teacher:

Guides learning Tailors help to

Zone of Proximal Development

Peer Collaboration

Assisted Discovery Teacher:

Guides learning Tailors help to

Zone of Proximal Development

Peer Collaboration

Page 29: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Vygotsky and Make-Believe PlayVygotsky and Make-Believe Play

Provides Zone of Proximal Development Imaginary substitutions

help children separate thinking from objects

Rules strengthen capacity to think before acting

Provides Zone of Proximal Development Imaginary substitutions

help children separate thinking from objects

Rules strengthen capacity to think before acting

Page 30: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Evaluation of Vygotsky’s TheoryEvaluation of Vygotsky’s Theory

Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition

Emphasizes importance of teaching

Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods

Says little about biological contributions to cognition

Vague in explanation of change

Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition

Emphasizes importance of teaching

Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods

Says little about biological contributions to cognition

Vague in explanation of change

Page 31: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Model of Information ProcessingModel of Information Processing

Page 32: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Improvements in Information ProcessingImprovements in Information Processing Attention

Planning Memory

Memory Strategies Everyday Experiences

Theory of Mind Metacognition

Emerging Literacy Mathematical Reasoning

Ordinality, Counting, and Cardinality

Attention Planning

Memory Memory Strategies Everyday Experiences

Theory of Mind Metacognition

Emerging Literacy Mathematical Reasoning

Ordinality, Counting, and Cardinality

Page 33: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Improvements in Inhibiting ImpulsesImprovements in Inhibiting Impulses

Page 34: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Recognition and RecallRecognition and Recall

Recognition Noticing that a

stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

Easier than recall

Recognition Noticing that a

stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

Easier than recall

Recall Generating a mental

representation of an absent stimulus

More difficult than recognition

Recall Generating a mental

representation of an absent stimulus

More difficult than recognition

Page 35: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Memory StrategiesMemory Strategies

Rehearsal Organization Elaboration

Rehearsal Organization Elaboration

Page 36: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Autobiographical MemoryAutobiographical Memory

Long-lasting representations of one-time events

Improves with cognitive,conversational skills

Parents help develop narrative Elaborative Repetitive

Long-lasting representations of one-time events

Improves with cognitive,conversational skills

Parents help develop narrative Elaborative Repetitive

Page 37: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

MetacognitionMetacognition

Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought

Develops with theory of mind

Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought

Develops with theory of mind

Page 38: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Development of Theory of MindDevelopment of Theory of Mind

Awareness of Mental Life Infancy – age 3

Mastery of False Beliefs Around age 4

Awareness of Mental Life Infancy – age 3

Mastery of False Beliefs Around age 4

Page 39: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Fostering Emergent LiteracyFostering Emergent Literacy

Spoken language skills Phonological awareness Adult conversations

Informal literacy

experiences Interactive reading Games Writing

Training, books for low SES families

Spoken language skills Phonological awareness Adult conversations

Informal literacy

experiences Interactive reading Games Writing

Training, books for low SES families

Page 40: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Early Childhood Mathematical Reasoning Early Childhood Mathematical Reasoning

Ordinality Relationships between quantities 14 to 16 months

Cardinality When counting, last number

is the total 3-1/2 to 4 years

Ordinality Relationships between quantities 14 to 16 months

Cardinality When counting, last number

is the total 3-1/2 to 4 years

Page 41: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Individual Differences in Early Childhood Mental DevelopmentIndividual Differences in Early Childhood Mental Development

Factors Contributing to Individual Differences:

Home environment Quality of child care, preschool

or kindergarten Child-centered versus academic Early intervention programs

Television Educational TV

Factors Contributing to Individual Differences:

Home environment Quality of child care, preschool

or kindergarten Child-centered versus academic Early intervention programs

Television Educational TV

Page 42: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Features of a High-Quality Home EnvironmentFeatures of a High-Quality Home Environment Stimulation

Toys, games, reading Language Academic

Physical organization Pride, affection, warmth Social modeling Variety No physical punishment

Stimulation Toys, games, reading Language Academic

Physical organization Pride, affection, warmth Social modeling Variety No physical punishment

Page 43: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Types of PreschoolTypes of Preschool

Child-Centered Children select

from wide variety of activities

Learn through play

Child-Centered Children select

from wide variety of activities

Learn through play

Academic Teachers structure

learning Formal lessons

Letter, numbers, colors, shapes

Repetition and drill

Academic Teachers structure

learning Formal lessons

Letter, numbers, colors, shapes

Repetition and drill

Page 44: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Benefits of High-Quality PreschoolBenefits of High-Quality Preschool

Page 45: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Signs of Developmentally-Appropriate PracticeSigns of Developmentally-Appropriate Practice

Physical setting Group size Caregiver-child ratio Daily activities Adult-child interactions Teacher qualifications Relationships with parents Licensing & accreditation

Physical setting Group size Caregiver-child ratio Daily activities Adult-child interactions Teacher qualifications Relationships with parents Licensing & accreditation

Page 46: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Dangers and Benefits of TVDangers and Benefits of TV

Dangers

Aggression Ethnic, gender

stereotypes Consumerism Time away from

other activities

Dangers

Aggression Ethnic, gender

stereotypes Consumerism Time away from

other activities

Potential Benefits

Learning, make-believe play Educational shows Slow, easy stories

Prosocial behavior

Potential Benefits

Learning, make-believe play Educational shows Slow, easy stories

Prosocial behavior

Page 47: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Learning with ComputersLearning with Computers

Programming languages Problem solving,

metacognition, collaboration

Programming languages Problem solving,

metacognition, collaboration

Word processing Can support emergent literacy

Games Practice basic skills

Word processing Can support emergent literacy

Games Practice basic skills

Page 48: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Language Developmentin Early ChildhoodLanguage Developmentin Early Childhood

Vocabulary Fast-mapping

Grammar Overregularization

Conversation Pragmatics

Supporting Language Development Expansions, Recasts

Vocabulary Fast-mapping

Grammar Overregularization

Conversation Pragmatics

Supporting Language Development Expansions, Recasts

Page 49: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Vocabulary DevelopmentVocabulary Development

Fast-mapping1. Objects

2. Verbs

3. Modifiers

Coin new words Metaphors

Fast-mapping1. Objects

2. Verbs

3. Modifiers

Coin new words Metaphors

Page 50: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Strategies for Word LearningStrategies for Word Learning

Mutual exclusivity bias Figure out sentences Adult help

Mutual exclusivity bias Figure out sentences Adult help

Page 51: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Learning GrammarLearning Grammar

Basic Rules Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 Plurals To be

Overregularization Complex Structures

Questions Not complete until middle childhood

Basic Rules Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 Plurals To be

Overregularization Complex Structures

Questions Not complete until middle childhood

Page 52: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

PragmaticsPragmatics

2-year-olds can have effective conversations

By 4, adjust to fit age, sex, social status of listener

Difficult situations Telephone

2-year-olds can have effective conversations

By 4, adjust to fit age, sex, social status of listener

Difficult situations Telephone

Page 53: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Supporting Early Childhood LanguageSupporting Early Childhood Language

Direct feedback Recasts Expansions

Direct feedback Recasts Expansions