copyright © allyn & bacon 2005 1 chapter 1 introduction to social psychology this multimedia...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 20051

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to Social Psychology

Introduction to Social Psychology

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How can you tell if another person is attracted to you?

How can you tell if another person is attracted to you?


In most mammalian species, a female raises offspring with no

help from the male.

In most mammalian species, a female raises offspring with no

help from the male.

Why are homo sapiens one of the rare exceptions?

Why are homo sapiens one of the rare exceptions?


Space BlasterSpace Blaster

Doomsday Doomsday Version 2.5Version 2.5Doomsday Doomsday Version 2.5Version 2.5

Does playing violent video games increase aggressiveness?


Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

What is Social Psychology?

Major Theoretical Perspectives

Basic Principles

Research Methods

The Network of Knowledge

What is Social Psychology?

Major Theoretical Perspectives

Basic Principles

Research Methods

The Network of Knowledge


What is Social Psychology?What is Social Psychology?

Social psychology –the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people

Social psychology –the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people


Scientific Description and Explanation


Social Psychology, like any science, involves:

Description –careful and reliable observation

Explanation –development of theories that connect and organize observations

Social Psychology, like any science, involves:

Description –careful and reliable observation

Explanation –development of theories that connect and organize observations




Theories are scientific explanations that:

Connect and organize existing observations

Suggest fruitful paths for future research.

Theories are scientific explanations that:

Connect and organize existing observations

Suggest fruitful paths for future research.


SocioculturalSociocultural

EvolutionaryEvolutionary

Social LearningSocial Learning

Social CognitiveSocial CognitiveClick On Any Click On Any PerspectivePerspective

Major Theoretical PerspectivesMajor Theoretical Perspectives


Sociocultural PerspectiveSociocultural Perspective

Sociocultural perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups

Sociocultural perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups



What drives social behavior?

Forces in larger social groups such as:

norms within cultural groups

social class differences

nationality/ethnicity

fads


Forces in larger social groups such as:

norms within cultural groups

social class differences

nationality/ethnicity

fads



Sociocultural theorists might ask:

What are the differences in social behavior across cultures?

For example, women in some societies marry more than one man (polyandry).

Sociocultural theorists might ask:

What are the differences in social behavior across cultures?

For example, women in some societies marry more than one man (polyandry).



Social norm –a rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior

Culture –the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place

Social norm –a rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior

Culture –the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place


esearchesearch Culture, Choice, andIntrinsic MotivationCulture, Choice, andIntrinsic Motivation

American culture teaches children to cherish their own individual choice and independence.

But Asian culture emphasizes more collective values – viewing the self as interdependent with family and social group.

American culture teaches children to cherish their own individual choice and independence.

But Asian culture emphasizes more collective values – viewing the self as interdependent with family and social group.


Culture, Choice, andIntrinsic MotivationCulture, Choice, andIntrinsic Motivation

In one study, researchers asked Anglo-American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were either:

Chosen by the child (Personal Choice),

Chosen by the experimenter, or

Chosen by the child’s mom.

In one study, researchers asked Anglo-American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were either:

Chosen by the child (Personal Choice),

Chosen by the experimenter, or

Chosen by the child’s mom.

esearchesearch


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Personal Choice

Personal Choice

Iyengar & Lepper, 1999

Experimenter Choice

Experimenter Choice

But Asian-American children were more

motivated when their mothersmothers had chosen the

task

But Asian-American children were more

motivated when their mothersmothers had chosen the

task

Number of Word Puzzles Completed

Number of Word Puzzles Completed

Anglo AmericanAnglo

American Personal choicePersonal choice enhanced

motivation for Anglo-American

children

Personal choicePersonal choice enhanced

motivation for Anglo-American

children

Asian American

Asian American

Mom ChoiceMom

Choice


Evolutionary PerspectiveEvolutionary Perspective

Evolutionary perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce

Evolutionary perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce




Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as:

The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face

The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children


Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as:

The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face

The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children



Natural selection –the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring

Natural selection –the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring


Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Animals with features suited to the demands of the environment will survive better than those with less well-adapted features.

Those well-adapted animals will reproduce more successfully.

Animals with features suited to the demands of the environment will survive better than those with less well-adapted features.

Those well-adapted animals will reproduce more successfully.



Adaptation –a characteristic well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment

Adaptation –a characteristic well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment



Evolutionary theorists might ask:

Are there similarities in social behavior across species?

What are the similarities in social behavior across cultures and historical periods?

Evolutionary theorists might ask:

Are there similarities in social behavior across species?

What are the similarities in social behavior across cultures and historical periods?


Age Preferencesin Mates

Age Preferencesin Mates

One example of a seemingly universal feature of social behavior is the difference between men and women in the preference for younger versus older partners.

The next slide shows the minimum and maximum ages specified in singles ads in the U.S.

One example of a seemingly universal feature of social behavior is the difference between men and women in the preference for younger versus older partners.

The next slide shows the minimum and maximum ages specified in singles ads in the U.S.

esearchesearch


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20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s

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20s20s 30s30s 40s40s 50s50s 60s60s

MALE'S AGEMALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGEFEMALE'S AGE

DIF

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Oldest preferredOldest preferred

Youngest preferredYoungest preferred

Young men show no Young men show no particular preference for particular preference for younger partners, but younger partners, but older men prefer partners older men prefer partners younger than themselvesyounger than themselves

Women of all ages ask for Women of all ages ask for men around their own men around their own age or olderage or older

Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992)


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Oldest preferredOldest preferred


MarriagesMarriages show a show a similar patternsimilar pattern

Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992)


2020

1010

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-20-2020s20s 30s30s 40s40s >50>50


10s10s 20s20s 30s30s 40s40s >50>5010s10s

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Oldest preferred Oldest preferred


Phoenix Singles AdsPhoenix Singles Ads

The same pattern was found The same pattern was found on a remote island in the on a remote island in the Philippines throughout the Philippines throughout the century century

PORO – 1913 - 1929PORO – 1913 - 1929


Social Learning PerspectiveSocial Learning Perspective

Social learning perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person’s social behaviors

Social learning perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person’s social behaviors




Classically conditioned preferences

For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you.

Habits rewarded by other people

For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully.


Classically conditioned preferences

For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you.

Habits rewarded by other people

For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully.




Imitating the rewarded behavior of others

For example, buying a gun after seeing a movie in which the hero wins true love after shooting half the people in his girlfriend’s neighborhood.


Imitating the rewarded behavior of others

For example, buying a gun after seeing a movie in which the hero wins true love after shooting half the people in his girlfriend’s neighborhood.


Learning Violence From Video Games


One team of researchers hypothesized that violent video games may make aggression rewarding, by allowing a person to win points for killing and maiming human-like opponents (Anderson & Dill, 2000).

One team of researchers hypothesized that violent video games may make aggression rewarding, by allowing a person to win points for killing and maiming human-like opponents (Anderson & Dill, 2000).




In an experiment, students first played a violent video game (Wulfenstein) or a nonviolent game (Tetrix).

They then played a competitive game in which they could retaliate against real opponents by delivering unpleasantly loud blasts of noise.

In an experiment, students first played a violent video game (Wulfenstein) or a nonviolent game (Tetrix).

They then played a competitive game in which they could retaliate against real opponents by delivering unpleasantly loud blasts of noise.


8585

8080

Nonviolent Nonviolent

Anderson & Dill, 2000

ViolentViolent

Retaliatory Aggression (unpleasant noise level)

Retaliatory Aggression (unpleasant noise level)

Students who played a violent

video game demonstrated significantly

higher levels of retaliatory aggression

Students who played a violent

video game demonstrated significantly

higher levels of retaliatory aggression

Type of Videogame Type of Videogame


Social Cognitive PerspectiveSocial Cognitive Perspective

Social cognitive perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences

Social cognitive perspective –a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences


Social Cognitive PerspectiveSocial Cognitive Perspective


What we pay attention to

How we interpret and judge social situations

What we retrieve from memory

People notice the behaviors of group members who are in a minority, and exaggerate the significance of the things they do.


What we pay attention to

How we interpret and judge social situations

What we retrieve from memory

People notice the behaviors of group members who are in a minority, and exaggerate the significance of the things they do.


From Chump to ChampFrom Chump to Champ

Research on social cognition suggests that our memory processes are often biased to make ourselves feel good.

For example, Anne Wilson and Michael Ross (2001) asked students to:

Describe yourself as you are now, or

As you were several years ago.

Research on social cognition suggests that our memory processes are often biased to make ourselves feel good.

For example, Anne Wilson and Michael Ross (2001) asked students to:

Describe yourself as you are now, or

As you were several years ago.


44

00

PastPast

Wilson & Ross, 2001

NowNow

Frequency of Self-Descriptions

Frequency of Self-Descriptions

Students described their

present selves as champs, with more positive

and fewer negative features than the chumps they used to be

Students described their

present selves as champs, with more positive

and fewer negative features than the chumps they used to be

Self-Description Self-Description

22

(+)(+) (-)(-)


Sociocultural

Perspective

Evolutionary

What Drives Social Behavior?

Social Learning

Social Cognitive


Forces in larger social groups Forces in larger social groups such as: norms, fads, social such as: norms, fads, social

class, ethnic identity,class, ethnic identity,

Sociocultural

Perspective

Evolutionary


Social Learning

Social Cognitive


Genetic predispositions that Genetic predispositions that promoted our ancestors’ promoted our ancestors’

survival and reproduction, survival and reproduction, such as: the bond between such as: the bond between

parent and childparent and child

Sociocultural

Perspective

Evolutionary


Social Learning

Social Cognitive


Classically conditioned Classically conditioned preferences preferences

Habits rewarded by others;Habits rewarded by others;

Imitation of behavior we have Imitation of behavior we have seen rewarded in othersseen rewarded in others

Sociocultural

Perspective

Evolutionary


Social Learning

Social Cognitive


What we pay attention to; What we pay attention to; How we interpret and judge How we interpret and judge

social situations; social situations; What we retrieve from What we retrieve from

memorymemory

Sociocultural

Perspective

Evolutionary


Social Learning

Social Cognitive


Basic Principles of Social Behavior

Basic Principles of Social Behavior

Social behavior is goal-oriented.

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.

Social behavior is goal-oriented.

Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.


Social Behavior is Goal-OrientedSocial Behavior is Goal-Oriented

At the surface level, we have many day-to-day goals.

Go shopping

Study for a test

Get a date for Saturday night

Etc.

At the surface level, we have many day-to-day goals.

Go shopping

Study for a test

Get a date for Saturday night

Etc.


To establish social tiesTo establish social ties

To understand ourselves and othersTo understand ourselves and others

To gain and maintain statusTo gain and maintain status

To defend ourselves and those we valueTo defend ourselves and those we value

To attract and retain matesTo attract and retain mates

Social Behavior is Goal-OrientedSocial Behavior is Goal-Oriented

At the broadest level, we can categorize social goals into fundamental motives

At the broadest level, we can categorize social goals into fundamental motives


The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation


By person, psychologists mean the features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations.

By situation, psychologists mean the environmental events or circumstances outside the person.

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways.

By person, psychologists mean the features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations.

By situation, psychologists mean the environmental events or circumstances outside the person.

Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways.




1. Different persons respond differently to the same situation.

Example: You may see a party as a welcome chance to make new friends; another person may see the same party as an unbearable ordeal.

1. Different persons respond differently to the same situation.

Example: You may see a party as a welcome chance to make new friends; another person may see the same party as an unbearable ordeal.




2. Situations Choose the Person

Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like.

Example: A tall person is more likely to be encouraged to play basketball; A short person to be a jockey.

2. Situations Choose the Person

Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like.

Example: A tall person is more likely to be encouraged to play basketball; A short person to be a jockey.




3. Persons Choose Their Situations

Example: Violence-prone people choose to watch violent films; Less violent people do not.

3. Persons Choose Their Situations

Example: Violence-prone people choose to watch violent films; Less violent people do not.




4. Different Situations Prime Different Parts of the Person

Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; around an old friend who did not go to college, you may suppress it.

4. Different Situations Prime Different Parts of the Person

Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; around an old friend who did not go to college, you may suppress it.




5. Persons Change The Situation

Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season.

5. Persons Change The Situation

Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season.




6. Situations Change the Person

Example: After four years of college, your intellectual inclinations will probably be more prominent.

6. Situations Change the Person

Example: After four years of college, your intellectual inclinations will probably be more prominent.


How Psychologists Study Social Behavior


Hypothesis –a researcher’s prediction about what he or she will find

Hypothesis –a researcher’s prediction about what he or she will find




Descriptive methods involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts or feelings in their natural state.

Experimental methods involve attempts to manipulate social processes by varying some aspect of the situation.

Descriptive methods involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts or feelings in their natural state.

Experimental methods involve attempts to manipulate social processes by varying some aspect of the situation.


Naturalistic ObservationNaturalistic ObservationNaturalistic ObservationNaturalistic Observation

Case StudiesCase StudiesCase StudiesCase Studies

ArchivesArchivesArchivesArchives

SurveysSurveysSurveysSurveys

Psychological TestsPsychological TestsPsychological TestsPsychological Tests

Descriptive MethodsDescriptive Methods

Social psychologists use five major types of descriptive methods

Social psychologists use five major types of descriptive methods


Descriptive Methods:Naturalistic Observation


Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior as it unfolds in its natural setting.

Advantages:

Behaviors are spontaneous.

Doesn’t rely on people’s ability to report on their own experiences

Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior as it unfolds in its natural setting.

Advantages:

Behaviors are spontaneous.

Doesn’t rely on people’s ability to report on their own experiences




Disadvantages:

Researcher may interfere with ongoing behavior.

Some interesting behaviors are very rare.

Observer bias –The researcher may selectively attend to certain events and ignore others.

This method is time consuming.

Disadvantages:

Researcher may interfere with ongoing behavior.

Some interesting behaviors are very rare.

Observer bias –The researcher may selectively attend to certain events and ignore others.

This method is time consuming.


Descriptive Methods: Case studies


Case studies involve intensive examination of a single person or group.

Advantages:

Rich source of hypotheses

Allows studies of rare behaviors

Case studies involve intensive examination of a single person or group.

Advantages:

Rich source of hypotheses

Allows studies of rare behaviors




Disadvantages:

Observer bias

Difficult to generalize findings from a single case

Impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events

Disadvantages:

Observer bias

Difficult to generalize findings from a single case

Impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events



Researchers can also examine archives, or public records of social behaviors.

Advantages:

Easy access to large amounts of pre-recorded data.

Disadvantages:

Many interesting social behaviors are never recorded.

Researchers can also examine archives, or public records of social behaviors.

Advantages:

Easy access to large amounts of pre-recorded data.

Disadvantages:

Many interesting social behaviors are never recorded.


Descriptive Methods: The Survey MethodDescriptive Methods: The Survey Method

The survey method involves asking people questions about their beliefs and behaviors.

Advantages:

Allows study of difficult-to-observe behaviors, thoughts and feelings

The survey method involves asking people questions about their beliefs and behaviors.

Advantages:

Allows study of difficult-to-observe behaviors, thoughts and feelings


Descriptive Methods: The Survey MethodDescriptive Methods: The Survey Method

Disadvantages:

People who respond may not be representative.

Social desirability bias –the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable

Disadvantages:

People who respond may not be representative.

Social desirability bias –the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable


Descriptive Methods:Psychological Tests Descriptive Methods:Psychological Tests

Psychological tests involve attempts to assess an individual’s abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behaviors.

Advantages:

Allows measurement of characteristics that are not always easily observable

Psychological tests involve attempts to assess an individual’s abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behaviors.

Advantages:

Allows measurement of characteristics that are not always easily observable


Descriptive Methods:Psychological Tests

Descriptive Methods:Psychological Tests

Disadvantages:

Tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores).

Tests may be reliable, but not valid (not measuring the actual characteristics they are designed to measure).

Disadvantages:

Tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores).

Tests may be reliable, but not valid (not measuring the actual characteristics they are designed to measure).



The descriptive methods are useful in determining correlation.

Correlation –the extent to which two or more more variables are associated with one another

Correlation coefficient –a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables

The descriptive methods are useful in determining correlation.

Correlation –the extent to which two or more more variables are associated with one another

Correlation coefficient –a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables



If we know two variables are highly correlated (e.g. ice cream sales are up on days when drowning incidents are highest), can we determine the causal relationship between them?

If we know two variables are highly correlated (e.g. ice cream sales are up on days when drowning incidents are highest), can we determine the causal relationship between them?


Variable A(ice cream)


Variable B(drowning)



Variable A could cause Variable B.

(Eating ice cream could cause cramps, which could lead to drowning)

Variable A could cause Variable B.

(Eating ice cream could cause cramps, which could lead to drowning)



Variable B could cause Variable A.

(Parents could buy kids more ice cream to console them after their friends drown)

Variable B could cause Variable A.

(Parents could buy kids more ice cream to console them after their friends drown)






Variable C(heat)

Variable C(heat)


Or a third variable could cause A and B.

(Heat leads people to eat ice cream and to swim, but the two aren’t directly linked)

Or a third variable could cause A and B.

(Heat leads people to eat ice cream and to swim, but the two aren’t directly linked)







In order to determine causality we must turn to experimental methods.

In order to determine causality we must turn to experimental methods.


Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods

An experiment is a research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant.

An experiment is a research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant.



Independent variable –the variable manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent variable –the variable measured by the experimenter

Independent variable –the variable manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent variable –the variable measured by the experimenter



Social psychologists use two major types of experimental methods:

Laboratory experiments

Field experiments

Social psychologists use two major types of experimental methods:

Laboratory experiments

Field experiments


Experimental Methods:Laboratory ExperimentsExperimental Methods:Laboratory Experiments

Laboratory experiments involve the direct manipulation of (independent) variables and the observation of their effects on the behavior of other (dependent) variables.

Laboratory experiments involve the direct manipulation of (independent) variables and the observation of their effects on the behavior of other (dependent) variables.



Advantages:

Allows cause-effect conclusions

Allows control of extraneous variables

Advantages:

Allows cause-effect conclusions

Allows control of extraneous variables



Disadvantages:

Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects’ responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed).

Disadvantages:

Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects’ responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed).


Experimental Methods:Field Experiments


Field experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings.

Field experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings.




Advantages:

Allow cause-effect conclusions

Subjects give more natural responses.

Disadvantages:

Although participants don’t know they’re being observed, situation still unusual.

Less control of extraneous factors than in laboratory experiments.

Advantages:

Allow cause-effect conclusions

Subjects give more natural responses.

Disadvantages:

Although participants don’t know they’re being observed, situation still unusual.

Less control of extraneous factors than in laboratory experiments.



Internal validity –the extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect

External validity –the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances

Internal validity –the extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect

External validity –the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances



Random assignment –the practice of assigning subjects to treatments so each subject has an equal chance of being in any condition

Random assignment –the practice of assigning subjects to treatments so each subject has an equal chance of being in any condition



Confound – a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the independent variable

Confound – a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the independent variable



Demand characteristics –cues that make subjects aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave

Demand characteristics –cues that make subjects aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave


Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines for research includes:

1. Obtaining informed consent.

Informed consent – a research subject’s agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty

The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines for research includes:

1. Obtaining informed consent.

Informed consent – a research subject’s agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty



2. Fully debriefing subjects after the research is completed.

Debriefing –a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study

2. Fully debriefing subjects after the research is completed.

Debriefing –a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study



3. Evaluating the costs and benefits of the research procedures.

3. Evaluating the costs and benefits of the research procedures.


How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge?How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge?

Social psychology is closely connected to other sub-disciplines of psychology, including developmental, personality, clinical, cognitive and physiological psychology.

Social psychology is closely connected to other sub-disciplines of psychology, including developmental, personality, clinical, cognitive and physiological psychology.


Developmental

Area of Psychology

Personality

Clinical

Example of Common Question

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


Does early exposure to Does early exposure to televised violence lead to televised violence lead to

increased aggressiveness in increased aggressiveness in later years?later years?

Area of Psychology Example of Common Question

Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


What individual differences What individual differences predict success in marital predict success in marital

relationships?relationships?


Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


How do social dilemmas How do social dilemmas contribute to overpopulation contribute to overpopulation

and environmental and environmental destruction?destruction?


Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


How do normal feelings of How do normal feelings of attachment go awry in attachment go awry in

obsessive love relationships?obsessive love relationships?


Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


How do attention-demanding How do attention-demanding distractions contribute to our distractions contribute to our

ability to resist persuasive ability to resist persuasive messages?messages?


Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


How do hormones like How do hormones like adrenaline and testosterone adrenaline and testosterone

contribute to aggression?contribute to aggression?


Developmental

Personality

Clinical

Physiological

Environmental

Cognitive


How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge?How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge?

Social psychology also connects to other disciplines, including basic research sciences like biology and sociology as well as applied fields like organizational behavior and education.

Social psychology also connects to other disciplines, including basic research sciences like biology and sociology as well as applied fields like organizational behavior and education.

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