copyright © allyn & bacon 2004 development through the lifespan chapter 12 emotional and social...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 12

Emotional and Social Development inAdolescence

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Erikson’s Theory:Identity vs. Identity ConfusionIdentity

Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life.

Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals.

Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration

Identity Confusion

Lack of direction and definition of self.

Restricted exploration in adolescence Earlier psychosocial

conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices

Unprepared for stages of adulthood


Self-Understanding in Adolescence

Self-Concept Unify separate traits into larger, abstract

ones May describe contradictory traits; social

situations Gradually combine traits into organized

system Self-Esteem

Continues to differentiate Generally rises Individual differences


Identity Statuses

Level o

f Exp

loratio

n

Level of Commitment

High Low

HighIdentity

AchievementMoratorium

Low Identity

ForeclosureIdentity Diffusion


Factors that AffectIdentity Development Personality

Flexible, open-minded Child-rearing practices

Authoritative, attached Peers, friends Schools Communities Larger context

Culture Historical time period


Piaget’s Theory ofMoral DevelopmentHeteronomous Morality

View rules as handed down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience.

Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions

Autonomous Morality Rules as socially-

agreed on, changeable

Standard of ideal reciprocity

Judge on outcomes and intentions


Kohlberg’s Stages ofMoral Development

Preconventional Level

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience

Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose

Conventional Level

Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl” (Morality of interpersonal cooperation)

Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining

Postconventional

or Principled Level

Stage 5: Social Contract

Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle


Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning? Kohlberg: Rights and justice

orientation Gilligan: Caring for others

orientation Ethic of Care

Both sexes use both orientations, but females may stress care more Greater experience as

caregivers


Environmental Influences on Moral Reasoning

Child-Rearing Practices Caring, supportive Discuss moral

concerns Schooling Peer Interactions Culture


Gender Intensificationin Adolescence

Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior

Biological, social, cognitive factors

More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence


Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence

Autonomy De-idealize parents Shift from parents to selves and

peers for guidance Authoritative Parenting

Balances autonomy with monitoring as needed

Extra challenging during adolescence


Friendships in Adolescence Fewer “best friends” More intimacy, loyalty

Closeness, trust, Self-disclosure - get to know friend’s

personality

Friends are similar or get more similar Identity status, aspirations, politics,

deviant behavior

Gender differences Girls – emotional closeness Boys – activities, status


Self-Disclosure in Relationships


Benefits of Adolescent Friendships

Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of

another Foundation for future

intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude and

school involvement


Cliques and Crowds Clique

Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status

“popular” and “unpopular”

Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on reputation,

stereotype


Dating in Adolescence Emerges from mixed-sex cliques

Cliques hang out Several couples form and do things

together Individual couples

Changes throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities,

shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Too early dating related to legal,

academic problems


Peer Conformity

Pressures to conform to: Dress, grooming, social activities Proadult behavior Misconduct

Rises in early adolescence, but low overall

More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures


Depression in Adolescence Most common

psychological problem of adolescence – 15–20%

Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls

Factors influencing depression: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness


Adolescent Suicide A leading cause of youth

death 4-5 times as many boys as

girls Girls more attempts

Greatest risk: White males; African American males; gay, lesbian, bisexual

Highly intelligent & socially withdrawn, or antisocial youth at risk


Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood

Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty

Peer influences

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late adolescence slide

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stereotype slide

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identity confusion identity

adolescence selfconcept