copyright © allyn and bacon 2009 1 this multimedia product and its contents are protected under...

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

11This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Development Over the Lifespan


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Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology

Developmental psychology –The psychology study of growth, change, and consistency through the lifespan.

Examines these changes from multiple perspectives

• Physical

• Emotional

• Cognitive

• Sociocultural

Examines how both heredity and environment influence these changes


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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction

Nature-nurture controversy –Long-standing dispute over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes

e.g., ADHD-genetic component vs. environmental causes


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Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects


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Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family


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What Innate Abilities What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess?Does the Infant Possess?

Newborns have innate abilities for finding

nourishment, avoiding designed to facilitate

survival.


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Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

Prenatal period –The developmental period before birthZygoteEmbryoFetus

Placenta –An organ that developsbetween the embryo/fetusand the mother

Teratogens –Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism


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Neonatal PeriodNeonatal Period(from birth to one month)(from birth to one month)

Sensory abilitiesvisual and auditory preferences

Social abilitiesmirror neurons

Innate reflexesPostural reflex

Grasping reflex

Rooting reflex

Stepping reflex


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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)

Neural Development

• sensitive periods

• brain development• Synaptic pruning

Maturation –The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time


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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion

BirthBirth


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Responds to soundResponds to sound

Becomes quiet when picked upBecomes quiet when picked up

Vocalizes occasionallyVocalizes occasionally

Birth 1 mo.1 mo.


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Smiles sociallySmiles socially

Recognizes motherRecognizes mother

Rolls from side to backRolls from side to back

Lifts head and holds it erect and Lifts head and holds it erect and steadysteady

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo.2 mo.


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Vocalizes to the smiles and talk Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adultof an adult

Searches for source of soundSearches for source of sound

Sits with support, head steadySits with support, head steady

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo.3 mo.


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Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across tablespoon, and ball moved across table

Sits with slight supportSits with slight support

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo.4 mo.


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Discriminates strangers from familiar Discriminates strangers from familiar personspersons

Turns from back to sideTurns from back to side

Makes distinctive vocalizationsMakes distinctive vocalizations

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo.5 mo.


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Lifts cup and bangs itLifts cup and bangs it

Smiles at mirror imageSmiles at mirror image

Reaches for small objectReaches for small object

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.6 mo.


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Makes playful responses to Makes playful responses to mirrormirror

Sits alone steadilySits alone steadily

CrawlsCrawls

Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.

7 mo.7 mo.


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Vocalizes up to four different Vocalizes up to four different syllablessyllables

Listens selectively to familiar Listens selectively to familiar wordswords

Pulls to standing positionPulls to standing position


7 mo. 8 mo.8 mo.


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7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo.9 mo.


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Plays pat-a-cakePlays pat-a-cake


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo.10 mo.


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Stands aloneStands alone


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo.11 mo.


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Walks aloneWalks alone


7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year1 year


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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)

Contact comfort-physical contact

• Harlow (1965)- the stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch

• Field (1986)-message for premature babies

Attachment-emotional relationship between child and parent

• Lorenz-imprinting

• Bowlby (1969)-human attachment is innate

• Ainsworth (1989)-attachment styleSecure attachmentAnxious-ambivalent attachmentAvoidant attachment


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What Are theWhat Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofDevelopmental Tasks of

Childhood?Childhood?

Nature and nurture work together to help children

master important developmental tasks in the

areas of language, acquisition, cognitive development, and

development of social relationships


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How Children Acquire LanguageHow Children Acquire Language

Innateness theory of language –Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocabulary and grammar

Language acquisition device (LAD) – Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar


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Babbling stage

Vocabulary and grammarOne-word stage

Two-word stage

Telegraphic speech (short, simple sentences)

Morphemes (meaningful units of language that make up words)

Overregularization (e.g. using “hitted” and “feets”)


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Other language skills

Social rules of conversation (e.g., listening)

Abstract words (e.g. hope, truth)


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Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Cognitive development –The process by which mental abilities change over time

Piaget’s stage theory-

• Schemas –mental structures thatguide your interpretation of concepts and events


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Accommodation –Mental process thatmodifies schemas in order to accommodate newinformation

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

Assimilation – Mental process that incorporates new information into existingschemas


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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

SensorimotorSensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Formal OperationalOperational


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SensorimotorSensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

• Birth to about age 2

• Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli

• Sensorimotor intelligence

• Mental representations

• Object permanence


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Sensorimotor

PreoperationalPreoperational


Formal Operational

• About age 2 to age 6 or 7

• Marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language

• Egocentrism• Animalistic thinking• Centration• irreversibility


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Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational

Formal Operational

• About age 7 to about age 11

• Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought

• Conservation

• Mental operations


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Sensorimotor

Preoperational


Formal Formal OperationalOperational

• From about age 12 on

• Abstract thought appears


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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development

Temperament –An individual’s inherited, “wired-in” pattern of personality and behavior

Socialization –The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society


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Authoritarian parents

Authoritative parents

Permissive parents

Uninvolved parents


Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:


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Other factors influencing a child’s development may include:Effects of day care

Leisure influences

Gender


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Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesErikson’s Psychosocial StagesAge/PeriodAge/Period Principal ChallengePrincipal Challenge

0 to 1 1/2 years0 to 1 1/2 years Trust vs. mistrust

1 1/2 to 3 years1 1/2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. self doubt

3 to 6 years3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt

6 years to puberty6 years to puberty Industry vs. inferiority

AdolescenceAdolescence Identity vs. role confusion

Early adulthoodEarly adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation

Middle adulthoodMiddle adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation

Late adulthoodLate adulthood Ego-integrity vs. despair


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What Changes Mark theWhat Changes Mark theTransition of Adolescence?Transition of Adolescence?

Adolescence offers new developmental challenges

growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes


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The Transitions of AdolescenceThe Transitions of Adolescence

Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood

Rites of passage – Social rituals that usually take place at about the time of puberty and serve as a public acknowledgement of the transition from childhood to adulthood


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Menarche – Onset of menstruation, which signals puberty in girls

Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness

Physical Maturation in AdolescencePhysical Maturation in Adolescence

Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity


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Masturbation

Sexual Orientation

Sexual Issues in AdolescenceSexual Issues in Adolescence

Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:


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Hormones rise to high levels

The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”

• Processes information through the amygdala rather than frontal cortex

This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex

Adolescence brings Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)

Cognitive Development in Cognitive Development in AdolescenceAdolescence


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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning

Development of our sense of right and wrong

Using moral dilemmasresponses fell into 6 categories/stages

I. Preconventional moralityStage 1: Reward/punishment

Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity


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II. Conventional morality

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning

• Stage 3: “Good child” orientation• Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation

III. Postconventional (principled) morality• Stage 5: Social contract orientation• Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation


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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningKohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Critiques of Kohlberg’s theory:

• Culture and morality

• Gender and morality


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Identity crisis

Period of turmoil?

Social and Emotional Issues Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescencein Adolescence

The increasing influence of peers


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What DevelopmentalWhat DevelopmentalChallenges Do Adults Face?Challenges Do Adults Face?

Nature and nurture continue to interact as we progress thorough

a series of transitions in adulthood, with cultural norms about age combining with new technology to increase both the

length and quality of life for many adults


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Early and Emerging AdulthoodEarly and Emerging Adulthood

Intimacy versus isolation

• Intimacy-capacity to make a full commitment

• Isolation-inability to connect with others in meaningful ways

Exploration and experimentation

• work, lifestyle, worldviews


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Challenges of MidlifeChallenges of Midlife

Peak period of life as opposed to “over the hill”Generativity vs. stagnationGenerativity –

to make meaningful and lasting contributions to family, work, society, or future generations

Most do not undergo a mid-life crisis

Most do not experience the “empty nest syndrome”


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Late Adulthood:Late Adulthood:The Age of IntegrityThe Age of Integrity

According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair

Ego-identity –The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness


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The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face

Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as:Vision

Hearing

Thinking, learning, and problem solving

Memory

Sexual functioning

Social interaction

Emotions

copyright © allyn and bacon 2009 1 this multimedia product and its contents are protected under...

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