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TRANSCRIPT
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yrig
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201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Intr
oduc
tion
to O
rgan
ic C
hem
istr
y:H
ydro
carb
ons
Cha
pter
12
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yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
1212
.1 –
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
san
dAl
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
nR
eact
ions
forA
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
12.1
–Organ
icCo
mpo
unds
Iden
tify
prop
ertie
s cha
ract
erist
ic of
org
anic
or in
orga
nic
com
poun
ds.
Org
anic
Com
poun
dsOr
gani
c che
mist
ryis
the
stud
y of
carb
on co
mpo
unds
.An
orga
nicc
ompo
und
•Al
way
scon
tain
scar
bon
and
hydr
ogen
atom
s•M
ay a
lso co
ntai
n ot
her n
onm
etal
s suc
h as
oxy
gen,
nitr
ogen
, ph
osph
orus
, or a
hal
ogen
.•O
rgan
icco
mpo
unds
are
foun
din
:•
Gaso
line,
med
icine
s, sh
ampo
os, p
last
ics, a
nd p
erfu
mes
•Ca
rboh
ydra
tes,
fats
,and
prot
eins
Func
tiona
l Gro
ups
•O
rgan
ic co
mpo
unds
are
org
anize
d by
thei
r fun
ctio
nal g
roup
s(gr
oups
of
atom
s bon
ded
in a
spec
ific
way
).
•Co
mpo
unds
that
cont
ain
the
sam
e fu
nctio
nal g
roup
s hav
e sim
ilar
phys
ical a
nd ch
emica
l pro
pert
ies.
•Th
eid
entif
icatio
nof
func
tiona
lgro
upsa
llow
sust
ocla
ssify
orga
nic
com
poun
dsac
cord
ing
toth
eirs
truc
ture
, to
nam
e co
mpo
unds
with
in
each
fam
ily, a
nd to
pre
dict
thei
r che
mica
l rea
ctio
ns.
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yrig
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201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Org
anic
vs.
Inor
gani
c•In
che
mis
try, m
olec
ules
are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s O
rgan
ic o
r In
orga
nic.
•In
orga
nic
com
poun
dsar
e (q
uite
exp
ansi
vely
) an
ythi
ng th
at is
not
org
anic
.
•O
rgan
ican
dIn
orga
nic
com
poun
dsha
vedi
ffere
ntpr
oper
ties.
–O
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
:H
ave
low
mel
ting
and
boilin
gpo
ints
.Ar
e fla
mm
able
and
und
ergo
com
bust
ion.
Are
nots
olub
lein
wat
er.
–In
orga
nic
com
poun
dsM
any
inor
gani
c co
mpo
unds
hav
e hi
gh
mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
.In
orga
nic
com
poun
dsth
atar
eio
nic
are
usua
llyso
lubl
ein
wat
er,a
ndm
ostd
ono
tbu
rnin
air.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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hts
Res
erve
dCop
yrig
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prac
tice
Iden
tify
each
cha
ract
eris
tic a
s m
ost t
ypic
al o
f com
poun
ds
that
are
inor
gani
c or
org
anic
.
A. It
has
a h
igh
mel
ting
poin
t.
B. It
is n
ot s
olub
le in
wat
er.
C. I
t con
tain
s ca
rbon
and
hyd
roge
n at
oms.
D. I
t has
the
form
ula
MgC
l 2.
E. It
bur
ns e
asily
in a
ir.
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Rep
rese
ntat
ions
of C
arbo
n C
ompo
unds
•H
ydro
carb
ons
are
orga
nic
com
poun
ds th
at c
onsi
st o
f onl
y ca
rbon
and
hy
drog
en.
–In
orga
nic
mol
ecul
es,e
very
carb
onat
omha
s fo
ur b
onds
. –
Inm
etha
ne(C
H4)
,the
carb
onat
om fo
rms
an o
ctet
by
shar
ing
its fo
ur
vale
nce
elec
trons
with
four
hyd
roge
n at
oms.
Thre
e-di
men
sion
alan
dtw
o-di
men
sion
alre
pres
enta
tions
ofm
etha
ne:a
)sp
ace-
fillin
gm
odel
,b)b
all-a
nd-s
tick
mod
el, c
) wed
ge-d
ash
mod
el, d
) ex
pand
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula,
and
e) c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a
Cop
yrig
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201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Rep
rese
ntat
ions
of C
arbo
n C
ompo
unds
•In
eth
ane
(C2H
6), e
ach
tetra
hedr
al c
arbo
n fo
rms
thre
e co
vale
nt b
onds
to
hydr
ogen
and
one
to th
e ot
her c
arbo
n.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alk
anes
Alka
nes
•ar
e fo
rmed
by
a co
ntin
uous
cha
in o
f car
bon
atom
s.
•ar
e na
med
usi
ng th
e IU
PAC
(Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
on o
f Pur
e an
d Ap
plie
d C
hem
istry
) sys
tem
.
•ha
ve n
ames
that
end
in a
ne.
•us
e G
reek
pre
fixes
to n
ame
carb
on c
hain
s w
ith fi
ve o
r m
ore
carb
on a
tom
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
In th
e bu
tane
mol
ecul
e (C
4H10
), pr
edic
t the
sha
pe a
roun
d ea
ch c
arbo
n at
om.
CH H
HCH H
CH H
CH H
H
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
1212
.1 –
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
san
dAl
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
nR
eact
ions
forA
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.2
-A
lkan
esW
rite
the
IUPA
C n
ames
and
dra
w th
e co
nden
sed
or li
ne-a
ngle
stru
ctur
al
form
ulas
for a
lkan
es a
nd c
yclo
alka
nes.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alka
nes
•M
ore
than
90%
of t
he c
ompo
unds
in
the
wor
ld a
re o
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
.
•Th
ela
rger
num
bero
fcar
bon
com
poun
dsis
pos
sibl
e be
caus
e th
e co
vale
nt b
onds
bet
wee
n ca
rbon
at
oms
(C-C
) is
very
stro
ng, a
llow
ing
carb
on a
tom
s to
form
long
, sta
ble
chai
ns.
Cop
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201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alka
nes
•Th
e al
kane
sar
e a
type
of h
ydro
carb
on in
whi
ch th
e ca
rbon
ato
ms
are
conn
ecte
d on
ly b
y si
ngle
bon
ds.
–Al
kane
sar
efo
rmed
bya
cont
inuo
usch
ain
ofca
rbon
atom
s.–
The
nam
es o
f alk
anes
and
in –
ane.
Such
nam
esar
epa
rtof
the
IUPA
Csy
stem
(Inte
rnat
iona
lUni
on
of P
ure
and
Appl
ied
Che
mis
try) u
sed
by c
hem
ists
to n
ame
orga
nic
chem
istry
.–
Alka
nes
mad
eof
carb
onch
ains
are
nam
ed b
ased
on
how
man
y ca
rbon
s m
ake
up th
e ch
ain.
–O
ne o
f the
mos
t com
mon
use
s of
alk
anes
is a
s fu
els.
Met
hane
,pro
pane
,oct
ane,
and
hex
ane
are
all a
lkan
es u
sed
as fu
els.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
IUPA
C N
ames
of A
lkan
es
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yrig
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Line
-Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
asA
sim
plifi
ed s
truct
ure
of o
rgan
ic m
olec
ules
•is
cal
led
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula.
•sh
ows
a zi
gzag
line
in w
hich
car
bon
atom
s ar
e re
pres
ente
d as
the
ends
of e
ach
line
and
as c
orne
rs.
Car
bon
atom
s
•at
the
end
are
bond
ed to
thre
e hy
drog
en a
tom
s.
•in
the
mid
dle
are
bond
ed to
two
hydr
ogen
ato
ms.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
dens
ed fo
rmul
a an
d Li
ne-a
ngle
form
ula
•Pe
ntan
e
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
dens
ed fo
rmul
a an
d Li
ne-a
ngle
form
ula
•D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
and
nam
e th
e m
olec
ule:
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Gui
de to
Dra
win
g St
ruct
ural
For
mul
as fo
r A
lkan
esSt
ep 1
: Dra
w th
e ca
rbon
cha
in.
Step
2: D
raw
the
expa
nded
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a by
add
ing
the
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
usin
g si
ngle
bon
ds to
eac
h of
the
carb
on a
tom
s.
Step
3: D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
by c
ombi
ning
th
e H
ato
ms
with
eac
h C
ato
m.
Step
4: D
raw
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
as a
zig
zag
line
in w
hich
the
ends
and
cor
ners
repr
esen
t C
atom
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g Ex
pand
ed, C
onde
nsed
, and
Lin
e-A
ngle
Str
uctu
ral F
orm
ulas
(1 o
f 3)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
1: D
raw
the
carb
on c
hain
. A m
olec
ule
of p
enta
ne h
as
five
carb
on a
tom
s in
a c
ontin
uous
cha
in.
Step
2:D
raw
the
expa
nded
str
uctu
ral f
orm
ula
by a
ddin
g th
e hy
drog
en a
tom
s, u
sing
sin
gle
bond
s to
eac
h of
the
carb
on a
tom
s.
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yrig
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g Ex
pand
ed, C
onde
nsed
, and
Lin
e-A
ngle
Str
uctu
ral F
orm
ulas
(2 o
f 3)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
3: D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
by
com
bini
ng th
e H
ato
ms
with
eac
h C
ato
m.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g Ex
pand
ed, C
onde
nsed
, and
Lin
e-A
ngle
Str
uctu
ral F
orm
ulas
(3 o
f 3)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
4: D
raw
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
as a
zi
gzag
line
in w
hich
the
ends
and
cor
ners
re
pres
ent C
ato
ms.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
form
atio
ns o
f Alk
anes
•Si
ngle
bon
ds c
an s
pin
and
rota
te.
•Th
usdi
ffere
ntar
rang
emen
ts,k
now
n as
con
form
atio
ns, o
ccur
dur
ing
the
rota
tion
abou
t a s
ingl
e bo
nd.
•ht
tp://
sym
met
ry.o
tterb
ein.
edu/
galle
ry/in
dex.
htm
l
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al F
orm
ulas
: C4H
10
As b
utan
e (C
4H10
) rot
ates
, som
etim
es th
elin
e up
in fr
ont o
f eac
h ot
her,
and
at o
ther
tim
es th
ey a
re
oppo
site
eac
h ot
her.
Buta
ne c
an b
e dr
awn
usin
g a
varie
ty o
f tw
o-di
men
sion
al c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as:
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al F
orm
ulas
: C4H
10
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cyc
loal
kane
s
Hyd
roca
rbon
s ca
n al
so fo
rm in
to c
ircle
s or
ring
s ca
lled:
cy
cloa
lkan
es
•ha
ve tw
o fe
wer
hyd
roge
n at
oms
than
the
open
cha
in fo
rm.
•ar
e na
med
by
usin
g th
e pr
efix
cyc
lobe
fore
the
nam
e of
th
e al
kane
cha
in w
ith th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f car
bon
atom
s.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Form
ulas
of C
yclo
alka
nes
Tabl
e12
.4 F
orm
ulas
of S
ome
Com
mon
Cyc
loal
kane
sN
ame
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Cyc
lopr
opan
eC
yclo
buta
neC
yclo
pent
ane
Cyc
lohe
xane
Bal
l-and
-Stic
k M
odel
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Thre
e ca
rbon
s si
ngle
-bon
ded
to e
ach
othe
r in
a tri
angu
lar p
atte
rn,
with
eac
h ca
rbon
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
2 h
ydro
gens
.Th
e ba
ll an
d st
ick
mod
el s
how
s fo
ur
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
squa
re p
atte
rn, w
ith e
ach
carb
on s
ingl
e-
bond
ed to
2 h
ydro
gens.
The
ball
and
stic
k m
odel
sho
ws
five
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
pent
agon
al p
atte
rn, w
ith e
ach
carb
on
sing
le-b
onde
d to
2 h
ydro
gens
.
The
ball
and
stic
k m
odel
sho
ws
six
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
hexa
gona
l pat
tern
, with
eac
h ca
rbon
sing
le-b
onde
d to
2 h
ydro
gens.
Con
dens
ed S
truc
tura
l For
mul
aB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KTh
e co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a sh
ows
a tri
angu
lar r
ing
of th
ree
C
H 2
mol
ecul
es.
The
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
squa
re ri
ng o
f fou
r C H
2 m
olec
ules
.Th
e co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a sh
ows
a pe
ntag
onal
ring
of f
ive
C H
2
mol
ecul
es.
The
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
hexa
gona
l rin
g of
six
C H
2
mol
ecul
es.
Line
-Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
aB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KTh
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a is
a tr
iang
le.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
squa
re.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s
a pe
ntag
on.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
hexa
gon.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Giv
e th
e IU
PAC
nam
e fo
r eac
h of
the
follo
win
g co
mpo
unds
:
A. B.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
alka
nes:
A.
B. C.
D.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
1212
.1 –
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
san
dAl
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
nR
eact
ions
forA
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.3
–A
lkan
es a
nd S
ubst
ituen
tsW
rite
the
IUPA
C n
ames
for a
lkan
es w
ith s
ubst
ituen
ts a
nd d
raw
thei
r co
nden
sed
and
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ulas
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
sSt
ruct
ural
isom
ers
•ha
ve th
e sa
me
mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
a w
ith a
diff
eren
t arra
ngem
ent
of a
tom
s.
•ha
ve th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f ato
ms
bond
ed in
a d
iffer
ent o
rder
.
Buta
ne (C
4H10
) has
two
stru
ctur
al is
omer
s: a
str
aigh
t cha
in a
nd a
br
anch
ed c
hain
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
D
raw
thre
e po
ssib
le s
truct
ural
isom
ers
of p
enta
ne
(C5H
12).
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
Dra
w th
ree
poss
ible
stru
ctur
al is
omer
s of
pen
tane
(C
5H12
).
Stru
ctur
al
Isom
ers
ofC
5H12
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
s of
C5H
12St
ruct
ural
Isom
ers
of
C5H
12
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
s of
C5H
12
Con
dens
edTh
e fir
st c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a is
a s
traig
ht c
hain
of s
ingl
e-bo
nded
mol
ecul
es a
s fo
llow
s. C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, C
H 3
.Th
e se
cond
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula
is a
bra
nche
d ch
ain
as fo
llow
s. C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
C H
3 a
bove
, C
H 2
, C H
3.
The
third
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula
is a
cen
tral C
si
ngle
-bon
ded
to fo
ur C
H 3
mol
ecul
es a
bove
, bel
ow,
right
war
d, a
nd le
ftwar
d.
Line
-Ang
leTh
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al f
orm
ula
show
s a
zigz
ag li
ne m
ade
of 4
seg
men
ts f
orm
ing
3 an
gles
.Th
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al f
orm
ula
show
s a
zigz
ag o
f 3 s
egm
ents
for
min
g 2
angl
es,
with
a
four
th s
egm
ent
risin
g ve
rtica
lly f
rom
the
first
ang
le.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
for
mul
a sh
ows
2 ris
ing
and
fallin
g lin
e se
gmen
ts w
ith 2
seg
men
ts r
isin
g di
agon
ally
rig
ht a
nd le
ft fro
m th
e an
gle.
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201
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Is
the
pair
offo
rmul
asst
ruct
ural
isom
ers?
Or t
hesa
me
mol
ecul
e?
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Subs
titue
nts
in A
lkan
es•
Whe
nC
H3
bran
ches
offo
fa c
arbo
n ch
ain,
it’s
cal
led
an a
lkyl
gro
up
•W
hen
aha
loge
n at
om(G
roup
17)i
sat
tach
edto
aca
rbon
chai
n,it
isna
med
asa
halo
grou
pw
ith th
e te
rms
–flu
oro,
-chl
oro,
-bro
mo,
-iod
oba
sed
on w
hich
ele
men
t it i
s.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Subs
titue
nts a
nd A
lkyl
Gro
ups
Tabl
e 12
.5 F
orm
ulas
and
Nam
es o
f Som
e C
omm
on S
ubst
ituen
ts
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
C H
3, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
met
hyl.
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2,si
ngle
bo
nd. n
ame,
eth
yl.
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e,
prop
yl.
Form
ula,
bra
nche
d ch
ain,
C H
3, C
H w
ith s
ingl
e bo
nd a
bove
, C
H 3.
nam
e, is
opropy
l.BL
ANK
BLAN
K
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, s
ingl
e bo
nd.
nam
e, b
utyl
.Fo
rmul
a, b
ranc
hed
chai
n, C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
C H
3
abov
e, C
H 2
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, is
obut
yl.
Form
ula,
C H
3, C
H w
ith s
ingl
e bo
nd a
bove
, C
H 2
, C
H 3
. nam
e, s
econ
dary
but
yl.
Form
ula,
cen
tral C
with
sin
gle
bond
ab
ove
and
thre
e C
H 3
mol
ecul
es
belo
w, r
ight
war
d, a
nd le
ftwar
d.
nam
e, te
rtiar
y bu
tyl.
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
F, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
flu
oro.
Form
ula,
F, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
flu
oro.
Form
ula,
B r,
sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, b
rom
o.Fo
rmul
a, I
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, io
do.
Cop
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ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Alka
nes
with
Sub
stitu
ents
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Alka
nes
with
Sub
stitu
ents
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
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0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Hal
oalk
anes
Hal
oalk
anes
•ar
e al
akan
es w
ith a
hal
ogen
ato
m th
at re
plac
es a
hyd
roge
n at
om.
•ar
e na
med
by
putti
ng th
e su
bstit
uent
s in
alp
habe
tical
ord
er.
•ha
ve th
e ha
lo g
roup
num
bere
d ac
cord
ing
to th
e ca
rbon
whe
re it
is
atta
ched
to th
e al
kane
.Ex
ampl
es o
f H
aloa
lkan
esB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
K
Form
ula
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C l
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, B
rB
ranc
hed
chai
n, C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
an
F ab
ove
A c
entra
l C s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to C
l ab
ove
and
thre
e C
H 3
mol
ecul
es b
elow
, rig
htw
ard,
and
leftw
ard
IUPA
CC
hlor
omet
hane
Brom
oeth
ane
2-Fl
uoro
prop
ane
2-C
hlor
o-2-
met
hylp
ropa
ne
Com
mon
Met
hyl c
hlor
ide
Ethy
l bro
mid
eIs
opro
pyl f
luor
ide
Tert
-But
yl c
hlor
ide
Cop
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
gth
em
olec
ule
from
the
nam
eD
raw
the
cond
ense
d an
d lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as fo
r 2,
3-di
met
hylb
utan
e.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
gth
em
olec
ule
from
the
nam
eD
raw
the
cond
ense
d an
d lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as fo
r 2-
brom
o-3-
ethy
l-4-m
ethy
lpen
tane
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
1212
.1 –
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
san
dAl
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
nR
eact
ions
forA
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
esId
entif
y th
e pr
oper
ties
of a
lkan
es a
nd w
rite
a ba
lanc
ed c
hem
ical
eq
uatio
n fo
r com
bust
ion.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prop
ertie
s of
Alk
anes
Man
yty
pes
ofal
kane
sar
eth
eco
mpo
nent
sof
fuel
sth
atpo
wer
ourc
ars
and
oilt
hat
heat
s ou
r hom
e.
The
solid
alka
nes
that
mak
eup
wax
yco
atin
gson
fruits
and
vege
tabl
es h
elp
reta
in m
oist
ure,
inhi
bit m
old,
and
enh
ance
ap
pear
ance
.
The
diffe
rent
uses
ofal
kane
com
poun
dsre
sult
from
thei
r phy
sica
l pro
perti
es,
incl
udin
g th
eir s
olub
ility
and
dens
ity.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Use
s of A
lkan
es (1
of 2
)
Alka
nes
with
one
to fo
ur c
arbo
ns a
re g
ases
at r
oom
te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd a
re w
idel
y us
ed a
s he
atin
g fu
els.
met
hane
, eth
ane,
pro
pane
, but
ane
But
ane
has
four
car
bons
:
Alka
nes
with
five
to e
ight
car
bons
are
hig
hly
vola
tile
liqui
ds
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re, w
hich
mak
es th
em u
sefu
l as
fuel
s.
pent
ane,
hex
ane,
hep
tane
, oct
ane
Oct
ane
has
eigh
t car
bons
:
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Use
s of A
lkan
es (2
of 2
)
Alka
nes
with
9−1
7 ca
rbon
s ar
e liq
uids
with
hig
her b
oilin
g po
ints
and
are
foun
d in
mot
or o
ils, m
iner
al o
il, k
eros
ene,
di
esel
, and
jet f
uels
.
Dec
ane
has
10 c
arbo
ns:
•Al
kane
s w
ith 1
8 or
mor
e ca
rbon
ato
ms,
kno
wn
as
para
ffins
, are
wax
y so
lids
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re.
•Pe
trole
um je
lly, o
r Vas
elin
e, is
a s
emis
olid
mix
ture
of
hydr
ocar
bons
with
mor
e th
an 2
5 ca
rbon
ato
ms.
Cop
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boili
ng P
oint
s (1
of 4
)
Alka
nes
•ha
ve th
e lo
wes
t mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
of o
rgan
ic
com
poun
ds.
•co
ntai
n on
ly th
e no
npol
ar b
onds
of
•ex
hibi
t onl
y w
eak
disp
ersi
on fo
rces
in th
e so
lid a
nd li
quid
sta
tes.
Long
er-c
hain
alk
anes
hav
e m
ore
disp
ersi
on fo
rces
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boili
ng P
oint
s (2
of 4
)
Bran
ched
alk
anes
•ha
ve lo
wer
boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
isom
ers.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ucat
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boili
ng P
oint
s (2
of 4
)
Bran
ched
alk
anes
•ha
ve lo
wer
boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
isom
ers.
•te
nd to
be
mor
e co
mpa
ct, r
educ
ing
the
poin
ts o
f con
tact
be
twee
n th
e m
olec
ules
.
•do
not
hav
e lin
ear s
hape
s an
d ca
nnot
line
up
clos
e to
eac
h ot
her.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boili
ng P
oint
s (3
of 4
)
Cyc
loal
kane
s
•ha
ve h
ighe
r boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
alk
anes
w
ith th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f car
bon
atom
s.
•ha
ve li
mite
d ro
tatio
n of
car
bon
bond
s; th
ey m
aint
ain
thei
r rig
id s
truct
ure
and
can
be s
tack
ed c
lose
ly to
geth
er, w
hich
gi
ves
them
man
y po
ints
of c
onta
ct a
nd a
ttrac
tions
to e
ach
othe
r.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boili
ng P
oint
s (4
of 4
)
We
can
com
pare
the
boilin
g po
ints
of s
traig
ht-c
hain
alk
anes
, br
anch
ed-c
hain
alk
anes
, and
cyc
loal
kane
s.Ta
ble
12.6
Com
paris
on o
f Boi
ling
Poin
ts o
f Alk
anes
and
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith F
ive
Car
bons
Form
ula
Nam
eB
oilin
g Po
int (
°C)
Stra
ight
-Cha
in A
lkan
eBL
ANK
BLAN
KS
traig
ht c
hain
alk
anes
. co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al
form
ula,
C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, C
H 3
Pent
ane
36
Bra
nche
d-C
hain
Alk
anes
BLAN
KBL
ANK
Bra
nche
d ch
ain
alka
nes.
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
for
mul
a,
C H
3, C
H s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to
C H
3, C
H 2
, C H
3
2-M
ethy
lbut
ane
28
Cen
tral
C s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to
four
C H
3 m
olec
ules
Dim
ethy
lpro
pane
10
Cyc
loal
kane
BLAN
KBL
ANK
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
fo
rmul
a,
a pe
ntag
onal
ring
Cyc
lope
ntan
e49
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Com
bust
ion
of A
lkan
es (1
of 3
)
The
carb
on–c
arbo
n si
ngle
bon
ds in
alk
anes
are
diff
icul
t to
brea
k, w
hich
mak
es th
em th
e le
ast r
eact
ive
fam
ily o
f org
anic
co
mpo
unds
.
How
ever
, alk
anes
bur
n re
adily
in o
xyge
n to
pro
duce
car
bon
diox
ide,
wat
er, a
nd e
nerg
y.
Alka
ne O
2
CO
2
H2O
+ e
nerg
yg
gg
g
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Com
bust
ion
of A
lkan
es (3
of 3
)
Met
hane
is th
e na
tura
l gas
we
use
to c
ook
our f
ood
and
heat
our
hom
es. T
he e
quat
ion
for t
he c
ombu
stio
n of
m
etha
ne (C
H4)
is w
ritte
n as
follo
ws:
42
22
CH
2
O
CO
2
HO
+ e
nerg
yg
gg
g2
Prop
ane
is th
e ga
s us
ed in
por
tabl
e he
ater
s an
d ga
s ba
rbec
ues.
The
equ
atio
n fo
r the
com
bust
ion
of p
ropa
ne
(C3H
8) is
writ
ten
as fo
llow
s:
42
22
CH
5
O
3C
O
4H
O +
ene
rgy
gg
gg
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
bilit
y an
d D
ensit
y of
Alk
anes
Alka
nes
are
•no
npol
ar.
•in
solu
ble
in w
ater
.
•le
ss d
ense
than
wat
er.
•fla
mm
able
in a
ir.
•fo
und
in c
rude
oil.
If th
ere
is a
n oi
l spi
ll in
the
ocea
n, th
e al
kane
s in
the
crud
e oi
l do
not
mix
with
the
wat
er b
ut fl
oat o
n to
p, fo
rmin
g a
thin
la
yer o
n th
e su
rface
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
1212
.1 –
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
san
dAl
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
nR
eact
ions
forA
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds