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Page 1: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

© Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc.

Page 2: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Key Messages

• Utility‐scale PV power plants are a growing part of Australia’s energy mix and have the necessary tools to actively support grid stability

• The Australia grid has a number of unique characteristics that challenge the way power plants need to be operated, particularly in regional areas

• Utility‐scale PV is modular in nature, therefore the key enabler to maintaining power quality is a power plant controller

Page 3: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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First Solar at a Glance

Invests more in R&D than any other solar company

Strongest financial stability & bankability in the industry

Industry leading efficiency improvement roadmap

Over 10GW installed worldwide and a 2.6GW contracted pipeline

Founded in 1999 and publicly traded on Nasdaq (FSLR)

Proven technology performance in Australia

Page 4: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Topaz Solar Farm

World’s Largest PV Plant in Operation

Nyngan Solar Farm

Largest PV Plant in Australia – currently under construction

Page 5: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Key Differences in the National Electricity Grid

Page 6: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Power Quality Differences in Australia

Page 7: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Power Grid

First Solar Grid Integration and Plant Control System

• First Solar has been a pioneer in developing its own grid integration and plant control system in the PV industry, requiring no customer development

Real‐time ControllersSatellite Imagery

Transformer

Inverters

PV Module Arrays

CombinerBoxes

Power Conversion Station (PCS) Photovoltaic  Combining  Switchgear (PVCS) Substation

Plant SCADA system

• Checks grid’s actual conditions and required set points

• Sends individual instructions to each inverter based on location, losses, and performance

• Controls quality of power coming out of the PV plant

All every 100 milliseconds!Short Term Forecasting

Set Points

Page 8: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Why are Plant Controls Important for Utility-Scale PV Power Plants?

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2000

4000

6000

8000

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12000

Power (M

W)

Time Stamp (Seconds)

10MW Greenough River Solar Farm ‐Western Australia

Page 9: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Grid Support Functions and Controls

Voltage, VAR control and/or power factor regulation 

Fault ride through

Real power control, ramping, and curtailment

Primary frequency regulation

Frequency droop response

Short circuit duty control

Modern solar PV plants can now contribute to the reliability and efficiency of grid operation by offering the following capabilities:

Page 10: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Plant Controls - Voltage Regulation

Page 11: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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“Utility Scale” Active Power Control

Reduced Power

Page 12: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Without a Plant Control System

Plant Output Limit

Inverter Curtailed Locally

Plant Output Limit

Inverter Curtailed Locally

Page 13: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Benefit of Plant Level Control System

Plant Output LimitPlant Output Limit

Page 14: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Dynamic Power Factor Regulation

Source: Agua Caliente PV Plant in Yuma, Arizona, USA May 23, 2012. ~212MW on‐line.

Command Power Factor

Power Factor Set Point Changed from 0.98 to 1.0

Reaches 90% Steady State Value in ~ 3.2 seconds

Inverters Change VAr Output

Page 15: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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• Power Curtailment at Different Levels

Source: Agua Caliente PV Plant in Yuma, Arizona, USA March 13, 2012. ~90MW on‐line.

Plant Curtailment Test

Set PointReduced

Set PointIncreased

Ramp rates between set point changes are controlled

Inverters are Turned Down/ OFF to curtail output

Page 16: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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• Stopping and Starting One Block (30MW)

Source: Agua Caliente PV Plant in Yuma, Arizona, USA March 13, 2012. ~90MW on‐line.

Ramp Rate Controls

Plant StopCommand

Plant StartCommand

Inverters are Started in SequenceInverters are 

Turned Off in Sequence;Ramp Rates are Controlled

Page 17: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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What Makes a PV Plant “Grid Friendly”?

First Solar’s plant optimization and grid integration is unmatched in the PV industry

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Future Improvements – Larger PV Plants & Solar Forecasting

As plants become larger… high frequency variability reduces.

Average Irradiance

Total Power 

Page 19: Copyright 2013, First Solar, Inc. · First Solar, Inc. First Solar at a Glance Invests more in R&D than any other solar company Strongest financial stability & bankability in the

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Single Location

20 Bundled Locations

One‐minute Global Irradiance (W/sq.m)

One‐minute Global Irradiance (W/sq.m)

Future Improvements - Aggregation of Plants Reduces Variability

Spatial diversity of solar plants reduces aggregated variability… minimizing grid impact as the number of solar plants increase

Source: “Implications of Wide‐Area Geographic Diversity for Short‐Term Variability of Solar Power”; Andrew Mills and Ryan Wiser, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, September 2010

Source: Hoff et al. 2008

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Conclusions

• Modern PV plants can contribute actively to grid stability and reliability 

• In the future PV variability can be better managed through site diversity and improved solar forecasting

• PV power plants offer a cost‐effective energy resource 

• Lessons learned to date on Renewable Integration— Large‐scale PV has been successfully integrated into grids 

worldwide— No reported issues due to often cited barriers: PV variability, 

harmonics, DC current injection, anti‐islanding failure or protection coordination

— Bulk energy storage has not been necessary for variable generation integration

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