copyright © 2008 allyn & bacon developing and delivering effective presentations 13 chapter...
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Copyright © 2008 Allyn & Bacon
Developing and Delivering Effective Presentations13
CHAPTER
Chapter Objectives
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1. Manage speaking anxiety—understand its causes; anticipating/rehearsing your message’s delivery.
2. Identify your presentation’s goals (topic/purpose).
3. Assess audience’s needs; potential responses to message by gathering situational knowledge.
4. Identify main points of presentation; research them thoroughly.
5. Put presentation together via an outline.
6. Demonstrate communication competence—choose an appropriate/effective delivery style.
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Anxiety Management Communication Apprehension: Fear of
speaking in public; also termed reticence, shyness, and unwillingness to communicate.
Why is Public Speaking Frightening? Skills Deficit Conditioned AnxietyNegative Cognitive Appraisal
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Good Speech Topics Topics that speaker is
knowledgeable about and/or interested in.
Are relevant for the audience.
Meet requirements of the assignment or situation.
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General Purpose The basic goal of a presentation.
General Purpose
Presentation Type Description
To Inform Informative Presentation Provides ideas, alternatives, data, or even opinions and provides credible, reliable information to back up major points.
To Persuade Persuasive Presentation Change or reaffirm existing attitudes about important topics, strive to gain audience commitment, and motivate action.
To Motivate Motivational Presentation Employ persuasion but rely extensively on stimulating the emotions and feelings of listeners as a method of inducing action.
To Celebrate Ceremonial Presentation Share many of the elements found in the previous types of presentations; include introduction, acceptance, tribute, goodwill, inspiration, and celebration presentations.
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Focusing the Presentation Specific Purpose: Derived from the
general purpose, identifying what the presenter wants the audience to think, believe, feel, or do as a result of listening to the presentation.
Thesis Statement: Single declarative sentence that summarizes the main ideas to be presented to the audience.
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Audience Analysis Gathering information
about an audience: Audience Type Audience
Characteristics Environmental
Characteristics
Can help speaker adapt speech to the situation at hand.
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Identifying & Researching Main Ideas
Generate Potential Main Ideas.Topical System: Method that uses a small set
of headings or topics to identify standard ways of thinking and talking about any subject.
Do Research.Bibliography: Detailed list of all the books,
articles, interviews, and abstracts you have reviewed in the course of your research.
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Providing Support for Main Ideas Explanations: Act or process of making a subject
plain or comprehensible. Examples: Illustrations that connect the main
ideas of a presentation with a real or an ideal state envisioned by the speaker.
Statistics: Descriptions of the result of collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data.
Testimony: Statement by a credible person/source that lends weight and authority to the speaker’s presentation.
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Visual Aids Enhance the clarity and credibility of the message.
Multiple channels appeal to multiple senses so as to increase listener’s retention.
Types: Actual Object Pictorial Reproductions (e.g., pictures, videos, drawings) Pictorial Symbols (e.g., graphs, charts, diagrams)
Tips: Create visual that are easily seen by every member of the
audience. Talk to the audience rather than to the visual aid. Display the visual aid only when it is being used.
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The Introduction Beginning of speech
which: Informs the listener about
the topic of the speech (orientation).
The reason for attending to the speech (motivation).
The credibility of the source delivering the message (rapport).
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The Conclusion Ending of a speech, which provides a
sense of completeness and closure.
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Outline A visual, schematic summary of the message
that shows the order of ideas and the general relationships among them.
Outline Types: Complete-Sentence Outline: Lists each head and
subhead in complete-sentence form. Topic Outline: Reduces the sentences of a speech to
brief phrases or single words. Speaker’s Outline: Includes only key words and
important questions or statistics written on index cards.
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Basic Outlining Principles1. Use appropriate numbering systems.
2. Include heads of equal importance.
3. Use consistency in form.
4. Have balance in form.
5. Include points: Major ideas that a speaker wishes the audience to understand and accept.
6. Include subpoints: Forms of support for the main ideas.
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Transitions “Signposts” that link
the various elements of the outline, showing why and how each element relates to the other elements.
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Types of DeliveryDelivery Type Description
Impromptu Speaking
Situation in which a presentation is developed and prepared “on the spot” with little or no time for preparation.
Extemporaneous Speaking
Given from brief notes, the type of situation encourages thorough preparation and adaptability to the particulars of the situation at hand.
Manuscript Speaking
Situation in which a speech is written out and read verbatim; used when a situation requires precise wording exact timing.
Memorized Speaking
Situation in which a speech is memorized word for word and then recited.
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Effective Delivery Is… Intelligible Conversational Direct Unobtrusive
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Other Considerations Appearance: Basis for making judgments
about the speaker’s credibility; affect the development of subsequent impressions.
Timing Your Presentation:Use a clock/watch.Have a collaborator in the audience.Practice your presentation aloud.
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Fielding Questions Anticipate likely
questions. Repeat questions
from the audience. Treat all questions
with respect. Find a point of
agreement or truth.