copyright © 2008 allyn & bacon developing and delivering effective presentations 13 chapter...

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Copyright © 2008 Allyn & Ba Developing and Delivering Effective Presentations 13 CHAPTER Chapter Objectives This Multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; 1. Manage speaking anxiety—understand its causes; anticipating/rehearsing your message’s delivery. 2. Identify your presentation’s goals (topic/purpose). 3. Assess audience’s needs; potential responses to message by gathering situational knowledge. 4. Identify main points of presentation; research them thoroughly. 5. Put presentation together via an outline. 6. Demonstrate communication competence—choose an appropriate/effective delivery style.

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Copyright © 2008 Allyn & Bacon

Developing and Delivering Effective Presentations13

CHAPTER

Chapter Objectives

This Multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;•Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

1. Manage speaking anxiety—understand its causes; anticipating/rehearsing your message’s delivery.

2. Identify your presentation’s goals (topic/purpose).

3. Assess audience’s needs; potential responses to message by gathering situational knowledge.

4. Identify main points of presentation; research them thoroughly.

5. Put presentation together via an outline.

6. Demonstrate communication competence—choose an appropriate/effective delivery style.

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Anxiety Management Communication Apprehension: Fear of

speaking in public; also termed reticence, shyness, and unwillingness to communicate.

Why is Public Speaking Frightening? Skills Deficit Conditioned AnxietyNegative Cognitive Appraisal

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Good Speech Topics Topics that speaker is

knowledgeable about and/or interested in.

Are relevant for the audience.

Meet requirements of the assignment or situation.

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Identifying the General and Specific Purposes

of the Presentation

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General Purpose The basic goal of a presentation.

General Purpose

Presentation Type Description

To Inform Informative Presentation Provides ideas, alternatives, data, or even opinions and provides credible, reliable information to back up major points.

To Persuade Persuasive Presentation Change or reaffirm existing attitudes about important topics, strive to gain audience commitment, and motivate action.

To Motivate Motivational Presentation Employ persuasion but rely extensively on stimulating the emotions and feelings of listeners as a method of inducing action.

To Celebrate Ceremonial Presentation Share many of the elements found in the previous types of presentations; include introduction, acceptance, tribute, goodwill, inspiration, and celebration presentations.

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Focusing the Presentation Specific Purpose: Derived from the

general purpose, identifying what the presenter wants the audience to think, believe, feel, or do as a result of listening to the presentation.

Thesis Statement: Single declarative sentence that summarizes the main ideas to be presented to the audience.

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Audience Analysis Gathering information

about an audience: Audience Type Audience

Characteristics Environmental

Characteristics

Can help speaker adapt speech to the situation at hand.

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Identifying & Researching Main Ideas

Generate Potential Main Ideas.Topical System: Method that uses a small set

of headings or topics to identify standard ways of thinking and talking about any subject.

Do Research.Bibliography: Detailed list of all the books,

articles, interviews, and abstracts you have reviewed in the course of your research.

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Providing Support for Main Ideas Explanations: Act or process of making a subject

plain or comprehensible. Examples: Illustrations that connect the main

ideas of a presentation with a real or an ideal state envisioned by the speaker.

Statistics: Descriptions of the result of collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data.

Testimony: Statement by a credible person/source that lends weight and authority to the speaker’s presentation.

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Visual Aids Enhance the clarity and credibility of the message.

Multiple channels appeal to multiple senses so as to increase listener’s retention.

Types: Actual Object Pictorial Reproductions (e.g., pictures, videos, drawings) Pictorial Symbols (e.g., graphs, charts, diagrams)

Tips: Create visual that are easily seen by every member of the

audience. Talk to the audience rather than to the visual aid. Display the visual aid only when it is being used.

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Developing an Introduction and a Conclusion

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The Introduction Beginning of speech

which: Informs the listener about

the topic of the speech (orientation).

The reason for attending to the speech (motivation).

The credibility of the source delivering the message (rapport).

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The Conclusion Ending of a speech, which provides a

sense of completeness and closure.

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The Outline: Basic Considerations

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Outline A visual, schematic summary of the message

that shows the order of ideas and the general relationships among them.

Outline Types: Complete-Sentence Outline: Lists each head and

subhead in complete-sentence form. Topic Outline: Reduces the sentences of a speech to

brief phrases or single words. Speaker’s Outline: Includes only key words and

important questions or statistics written on index cards.

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Basic Outlining Principles1. Use appropriate numbering systems.

2. Include heads of equal importance.

3. Use consistency in form.

4. Have balance in form.

5. Include points: Major ideas that a speaker wishes the audience to understand and accept.

6. Include subpoints: Forms of support for the main ideas.

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Transitions “Signposts” that link

the various elements of the outline, showing why and how each element relates to the other elements.

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Types of DeliveryDelivery Type Description

Impromptu Speaking

Situation in which a presentation is developed and prepared “on the spot” with little or no time for preparation.

Extemporaneous Speaking

Given from brief notes, the type of situation encourages thorough preparation and adaptability to the particulars of the situation at hand.

Manuscript Speaking

Situation in which a speech is written out and read verbatim; used when a situation requires precise wording exact timing.

Memorized Speaking

Situation in which a speech is memorized word for word and then recited.

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Effective Delivery Is… Intelligible Conversational Direct Unobtrusive

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Other Considerations Appearance: Basis for making judgments

about the speaker’s credibility; affect the development of subsequent impressions.

Timing Your Presentation:Use a clock/watch.Have a collaborator in the audience.Practice your presentation aloud.

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Fielding Questions Anticipate likely

questions. Repeat questions

from the audience. Treat all questions

with respect. Find a point of

agreement or truth.

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Develop a Strategy for Rehearsal