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First Shots at

Fort Sumter

Lincoln’s dilemma

Lincoln’s decision

Confederate response

Outcome

Lincoln Calls Out

the Militia

Northern states’

response

Southern states’

response

Virginia’s importance

Lee’s decision

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Choosing Sides

Importance of the border

states

Maryland

Kentucky

Virginia

Missouri

Lesson 16.1a: War EruptsLesson 16.1a: War Erupts

Today we will examine the decisions made by Lincoln in the early weeks of the Civil War.

Today we will examine the decisions made by Lincoln in the early weeks of the Civil War.

Vocabulary

• examine – look at closely

• dilemma – a difficult problem with two equally undesirable solutions

• militia – group of volunteers who serve in their state’s military during emergencies

• border states – slave states that hadn’t seceded yet

• secession – withdrawal from the Union

What is a militia?What is a militia?

What is a border state?

What We Already Learned

The election of 1860, which Abraham Lincoln won, showed how slavery had divided the country.


• “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.

• I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided.

• It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

In 1858, Lincoln himself had warned that slavery might fatally divided the Union.

Read aloud with me!


After Lincoln’s election, seven Southern states seceded and by

February 1861 had formed the

Confederate States of America.


In his inaugural address, Lincoln reassured the South that he had no

intention of interfering with slavery, but also spoke

forcefully against secession.

What We Already Learned• Lincoln wanted no invasion, but he would not

abandon the government’s forts in the South.• Most of these, including Fort Sumter in South

Carolina, were still manned by Union troops. • These forts would soon need to be resupplied.

• Lincoln wanted no invasion, but he would not abandon the government’s forts in the South.

• Most of these, including Fort Sumter in South Carolina, were still manned by Union troops.

• These forts would soon need to be resupplied.

1. How did the secession of the Southern states confirm the fears Lincoln had expressed in

his “House Divided” speech?

A. The powers of the House of Representatives would have to be increased.

B. It demonstrated that Congress was too weak to deal with the nation's problems.

C. It showed how the issue of slavery was threatening the Union.

D. It meant slavery would have to be outlawed in the United States.

Read aloud with me!

First Shots at Fort Sumter

• Fort Sumter was running out of supplies.• Fort Sumter was running out of supplies.

First Shots at Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter was running out of supplies.• Lincoln decided to send supply ships to Fort

Sumter.

• Fort Sumter was running out of supplies.• Lincoln decided to send supply ships to Fort

Sumter.

First Shots at Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter was running out of supplies.• Lincoln decided to send supply ships to Fort

Sumter.• Confederate commander P.G.T. Beauregard’s

shore guns fired on the fort for 34 hours.


Sumter.• Confederate commander P.G.T. Beauregard’s




Sumter.• Confederate commander P.G.T. Beauregard's


• The fort commander

Major Robert Anderson

was forced to surrender

on April 14th, 1861…


Sumter.• Confederate commander P.G.T. Beauregard's


• The fort commander

Major Robert Anderson

was forced to surrender

on April 14th, 1861…


Two days after the surrender of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked the

Union states to provide 75,000

militiamen for 90 days to put down

the uprising in the South.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Abraham_Lincoln.jpg

2. Where were the first shots of the Civil War fired?

• Fort Sumter was where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.

• Fort Sumter was where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.

Lincoln Calls Out the Militia

Lincoln’s call for 75,000

state militia troops for 90 days led to

enthusiasm in the North.

In both North, and South,

many responded with

excitement, relief, or

eagerness.

Some feared the war would be over before

they got a chance to fight.

In both North, and South,

many responded with

excitement, relief, or

eagerness.

Some feared the war would be over before

they got a chance to fight.

Lincoln Calls Out the MilitiaLincoln Calls Out the Militia

3. Which seven states were the first to secede to form the Confederacy?

Which one is NOT included?Which one is NOT included?

3. Which seven states were the first to secede to form the Confederacy?

A. South CarolinaB. MississippiC. KentuckyD. FloridaE. AlabamaF. GeorgiaG. LouisianaH. Texas

Which one is NOT included?Which one is NOT included?


• Southern states that had not yet seceded reacted with shock and anger to this decision.

• They thought Lincoln’s call for troops was evil and aggressive.


Virginia, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to

join the Confederacy.

Lincoln Calls Out the MilitiaAs in the North, Southern volunteers also rushed to

enlist, with many fearing the war would be over before they could join the fight.

Virginia’s Secession

• With Virginia on its side, the Confed-eracy had a much better chance for victory.

• The Confederacy was strengthened by Virginia’s wealth, population, and prestige.

Virginia’s Secession

In recognition of Virginia’s importance,

the Confederacy

moved its capital to

Richmond.

Lee’s Decision

• Lincoln prepared for the war by offering command of all Union forces to the talented general, Robert E. Lee.

• Unwilling to fight against his home state, Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and offered his services to the Confederacy.

4. Why was Virginia important to the Confederacy?

A. It was home to many important factories.

B. It was a large and wealthy state.

C. It was the home of the talented general, Robert E. Lee.

D. Its mountains and valleys served as a protective barrier for the Confederate capital in Charleston.

Choose all that are true!Choose all that are true!

5. Why did Robert E. Lee decide to fight for the Confederacy ?

A. He did not support the idea of the Union.

B. He hoped to serve in the Confederate government some day.

C. He refused to fight against his home state.

D. He wanted to keep using slaves on his plantation.

Choosing Sides

• It was important to Lincoln that the border states did not secede.

• Border states were slave states that bordered the North and had not yet seceded.

Choosing Sides

The location and resources of the

border states made them

pivotal in tipping the scales to one side or the other.

Choosing Sides

• Maryland was of great concern.

• If Maryland seceded, then Washington, D.C., would be cut off from the rest of the Union.

Tech

p

Choosing Sides• Lincoln sent in troops

and ordered the arrest of Maryland politicians who were sympathetic to the South.

YOU’REBUSTED!!

Tech

p

Choosing Sides• Lincoln sent in troops

and ordered the arrest of Maryland politicians who were sympathetic to the South.

• Because of Lincoln’s decisive actions, both Maryland and Delaware stayed in the Union.

Tech

p

• Kentucky was deeply divided over secession.

• Its rivers could provide an invasion route into the South, or provide a barrier for the South.

• An 1861 invasion by Confederate troops convinced the state to stay in the Union.

• Kentucky was deeply divided over secession.

• Its rivers could provide an invasion route into the South, or provide a barrier for the South.

• An 1861 invasion by Confederate troops convinced the state to stay in the Union.

Choosing Sides

Choosing Sides• Western Virginia, with the help of Union troops,

broke away from Virginia and returned to the Union.

• Western Virginia, with the help of Union troops, broke away from Virginia and returned to the Union.

Choosing Sides• In Missouri, Union troops and local unionists In Missouri, Union troops and local unionists

fought against secessionists. fought against secessionists. • In the end, Missouri also stayed in the Union.In the end, Missouri also stayed in the Union.

• In Missouri, Union troops and local unionists In Missouri, Union troops and local unionists fought against secessionists. fought against secessionists.

• In the end, Missouri also stayed in the Union.In the end, Missouri also stayed in the Union.

6. Why were the border states important to both sides?

6. Why were the border states important to both sides?

A. Their location and resources made them pivotal in tipping the scales to one side or the other.

B. They contained most of the people and wealth of the country.

C. They believed in secession, but did not recognize slavery.

D. Many European immigrants lived there, and could influence the support of European nations.

A. Their location and resources made them pivotal in tipping the scales to one side or the other.

B. They contained most of the people and wealth of the country.

C. They believed in secession, but did not recognize slavery.

D. Many European immigrants lived there, and could influence the support of European nations.

7. Which border state was formed when it seceded from a Confederate state?

A. North Carolina

B. North Dakota

C. West Virginia

D. New Jersey

E. Arkansas

Lesson 16.1b: Strengths and Strategies

Lesson 16.1b: Strengths and Strategies

Today we will list the strengths and describe the strategies of each side at the beginning of the Civil War.

Today we will list the strengths and describe the strategies of each side at the beginning of the Civil War.

Vocabulary

• strength – a skill or an advantage

• strategy – long-term plan for success

• agrarian – having to do with agriculture or farming

• diplomat – one who is appointed by his government to maintain relations with another country

What is an agrarian economy?What is an agrarian economy?Noko shakai to wa nanidesu ka?Noko shakai to wa nanidesu ka?

What is a strategy?


Charleston, South Carolina’s shore guns fired Charleston, South Carolina’s shore guns fired on Fort Sumter until it was forced to surrender.on Fort Sumter until it was forced to surrender.Charleston, South Carolina’s shore guns fired Charleston, South Carolina’s shore guns fired

on Fort Sumter until it was forced to surrender.on Fort Sumter until it was forced to surrender.


Two days after the surrender of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked the

Union states to provide 75,000

militiamen for 90 days to put down the uprising in the

South.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Abraham_Lincoln.jpg


A. North Carolina

B. North Dakota

C. West Virginia

D. New Jersey

E. Arkansas

Lincoln’s call for troops led four more states to join the Confederacy.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Industrial capacity Industrial capacity

• About 85% of all factories were in the North.

• Factories: 110,000 to 18,000

• Factory workers : 1,198,000 to 111,000

• An industrial economy is invigorated by war, and an agrarian economy is devastated by war.

• About 85% of all factories were in the North.

• Factories: 110,000 to 18,000

• Factory workers : 1,198,000 to 111,000

• An industrial economy is invigorated by war, and an agrarian economy is devastated by war.

Farm acreageFarm acreage

• 65% in the North65% in the North

• 35% in the South35% in the South

• 65% in the North65% in the North

• 35% in the South35% in the South

Railroad systemRailroad system• 21,847 miles in the North vs. 8,947 21,847 miles in the North vs. 8,947

miles in the South miles in the South (71% to 29%)

• Much of the southern rail lines had different gauges.

• 21,847 miles in the North vs. 8,947 21,847 miles in the North vs. 8,947 miles in the South miles in the South (71% to 29%)

• Much of the southern rail lines had different gauges.

PopulationPopulation• Union population: 22 million (71%)

• Confederate population: 9 million (29%); 3.5 million were slaves

• Union population: 22 million (71%)

• Confederate population: 9 million (29%); 3.5 million were slaves

Public SupportPublic Support• Public opinion was divided in the Union.Public opinion was divided in the Union.

• SomeSome Northerners want to fight for union, Northerners want to fight for union, othersothers wanted to let the South go its own wanted to let the South go its own way.way.

• The South suffered from too much The South suffered from too much democracy.democracy.

• Southern citizens often refused to pay Southern citizens often refused to pay taxes, or provide slaves and supplies to taxes, or provide slaves and supplies to the Confederate army.the Confederate army.

• Some Southern states even threatened to Some Southern states even threatened to secede from the Confederacy.secede from the Confederacy.

• Public opinion was divided in the Union.Public opinion was divided in the Union.

• SomeSome Northerners want to fight for union, Northerners want to fight for union, othersothers wanted to let the South go its own wanted to let the South go its own way.way.

• The South suffered from too much The South suffered from too much democracy.democracy.

• Southern citizens often refused to pay Southern citizens often refused to pay taxes, or provide slaves and supplies to taxes, or provide slaves and supplies to the Confederate army.the Confederate army.

• Some Southern states even threatened to Some Southern states even threatened to secede from the Confederacy.secede from the Confederacy.

Economic PoliciesEconomic Policies

• Confederates didn’t exploit the Confederates didn’t exploit the Union blockade before it tightened.Union blockade before it tightened.

• Unwillingness to tax citizensUnwillingness to tax citizens

• Confederacy didn’t promote Confederacy didn’t promote manufacturingmanufacturing

• Refused to free slaves for military Refused to free slaves for military serviceservice

• Confederates didn’t exploit the Confederates didn’t exploit the Union blockade before it tightened.Union blockade before it tightened.

• Unwillingness to tax citizensUnwillingness to tax citizens

• Confederacy didn’t promote Confederacy didn’t promote manufacturingmanufacturing

• Refused to free slaves for military Refused to free slaves for military serviceservice

WealthWealth

• More people means more money.

• More manufacturing means more money ($1.7 billion in the North vs. $1.56 million in the South)

• Most banks were in the North.

Established governmentEstablished government

• Confederacy began with neither a national government nor constitution

• Lincoln’s leadership

• Confederacy began with neither a national government nor constitution

• Lincoln’s leadership

Military tradition & leadershipMilitary tradition & leadership

• More of the most experienced and able commanders were from the South.

• Most Southern men could ride and shoot well.

• The South had always had a military school tradition.

• More of the most experienced and able commanders were from the South.

• Most Southern men could ride and shoot well.

• The South had always had a military school tradition.

An established navy An established navy • Nearly all shipyards were in the North.Nearly all shipyards were in the North.• Most naval officers were Northerners.Most naval officers were Northerners.• The Union would be able to blockade the The Union would be able to blockade the

Confederate coastline.Confederate coastline.

• Nearly all shipyards were in the North.Nearly all shipyards were in the North.• Most naval officers were Northerners.Most naval officers were Northerners.• The Union would be able to blockade the The Union would be able to blockade the

Confederate coastline.Confederate coastline.

Diplomacy and Foreign PolicyDiplomacy and Foreign Policy

• Union Secretary of State William Seward was an able diplomat.

• US-Britain relations were very good in 1861.

• The Union had many trade ties w/Britain.

• European countries were opposed to slavery.

LocationLocation

• Most battles would have to be fought in the South.

• Confederates would have Confederates would have knowledge of the land.knowledge of the land.

• Southerners would be close to Southerners would be close to their supply lines.their supply lines.

• Most battles would have to be fought in the South.

• Confederates would have Confederates would have knowledge of the land.knowledge of the land.

• Southerners would be close to Southerners would be close to their supply lines.their supply lines.

MotivationMotivation

• Northern reasons for fighting (preserving the Union) were indistinct.

• Southerners fought to defend their homes and way of life.

8. What were the strengths of the

Union when the war began?

A. More people and factories

B. Talented generalsC. Strong public supportD. An established navyE. An established

governmentF. Better motivation

Choose ALL that are true!Choose ALL that are true!

9. What were the Confederacy’s strengths at the beginning of the war ?

A. An established navy B. Military tradition and

leadershipC. Defensive strategyD. More railroadsE. Better motivationF. Good relations with

foreign countriesG. Presidential leadership

Choose ALL that are true!

The Union Strategy• General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan• General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

The Union Strategy

• General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan• A naval blockade of the South’s coastline


The Union Strategy


Union to split the Confederacy in two by gaining control of the Mississippi River


Union to split the Confederacy in two by gaining control of the Mississippi River

The Union Strategy

• General Winfield Scott’s General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan• A naval blockade of the South’s coastlineA naval blockade of the South’s coastline• Union to split the Confederacy in two by Union to split the Confederacy in two by

gaining control of the Mississippi Rivergaining control of the Mississippi River• Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capture Richmond, the Confederate

capitalcapital• One drawback –it would take time to One drawback –it would take time to

work.work.

• General Winfield Scott’s General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan• A naval blockade of the South’s coastlineA naval blockade of the South’s coastline• Union to split the Confederacy in two by Union to split the Confederacy in two by

gaining control of the Mississippi Rivergaining control of the Mississippi River• Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capture Richmond, the Confederate

capitalcapital• One drawback –it would take time to One drawback –it would take time to

work.work.

The Confederate Strategy

• At first, a defensive strategy • No need to invade or conquer your enemy:

just survive until Northerners grew tired of the war and accept Southern independence

• At first, a defensive strategy • No need to invade or conquer your enemy:

just survive until Northerners grew tired of the war and accept Southern independence

The Confederate Strategy‘King Cotton’ was withheld from the market as

a way to win foreign support.


King Cotton referred to cotton’s importance to the South and to the world’s economy.

King Cotton referred to cotton’s importance to the South and to the world’s economy.


• Unfortunately for the Confederacy, European nations had surplus cotton in their warehouses.



• Most did not want to get involved in a foreign war.



• Most did not want to get involved in a foreign war.

• Britain had begun cultivating cotton in its colonies in India.


As the war went on, the South began to take the offensive,

hoping to wreck Northern morale.

10. Why did the Confederates believe that they would be helped by Britain?

A. They could increase cotton production as a form of bribery to foreign textile-producing nations.

B. They portrayed themselves as victims of Northern aggression and brutality.

C. They could withhold cotton from world markets, and force France and Britain to aid the Confederate cause.

D. They were lending money to foreign governments in an attempt to buy their assistance.

11. What were the three parts of the Union’s Anaconda Plan?

A. Withhold factory goods from Britain until we have their help in the war

B. Naval blockade of the South's coastline

C. Capture of the Confederate capital city

D. Union control of the Mississippi River

E. Reliance upon European aid

Choose ALL that are true!

Battle of Bull Run

• To take Richmond, the railway center of Manassas, southwest of Washington, D.C., would have to be taken first.

• July 21, 1861, Union forces clashed with Confederate forces near a little creek called Bull Run.

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

General Irvin McDowellGeneral Irvin McDowell led Union forces against Confederates commanded by

General Pierre BeauregardGeneral Pierre Beauregard.

General Irvin McDowellGeneral Irvin McDowell led Union forces against Confederates commanded by

General Pierre BeauregardGeneral Pierre Beauregard.


The battle was confusing, due to the The battle was confusing, due to the smoke, the noise, and the similarities in smoke, the noise, and the similarities in

flags and uniforms that day.flags and uniforms that day.

The battle was confusing, due to the The battle was confusing, due to the smoke, the noise, and the similarities in smoke, the noise, and the similarities in

flags and uniforms that day.flags and uniforms that day.


At first, Union troops outnumbered the At first, Union troops outnumbered the Confederates and had the upper hand.Confederates and had the upper hand.At first, Union troops outnumbered the At first, Union troops outnumbered the Confederates and had the upper hand.Confederates and had the upper hand.


Fresh Confederate troops arrived by railroad, and the tide of battle began to turn.

Fresh Confederate troops arrived by railroad, and the tide of battle began to turn.


Eventually, the Union troops broke ranks and Eventually, the Union troops broke ranks and fled all the way back to Washington, D.C.fled all the way back to Washington, D.C.

Eventually, the Union troops broke ranks and Eventually, the Union troops broke ranks and fled all the way back to Washington, D.C.fled all the way back to Washington, D.C.

Battle of Bull Run

• The Confederate victory thrilled the South and many in the South thought the war was won.

• Lincoln sent the 90-day militias home and called for a real army of 500,000 volunteers for three years.

• It was beginning to look like it would be a long war.

12. How did Lincoln react after the Battle of Bull Run?

A. He replaced General Meade with Ulysses S. Grant.

B. He considered resigning from the presidency.

C. He called for 500,000 volunteers to enlist for three years.

D. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

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First Shots at

Fort Sumter

Lincoln’s dilemma

• He had to decide what to do with the Federal Forts within the Confederate States of America (CSA) borders...• IF Lincoln attempted to resupply the Union forts, he risked starting a war with the CSA...

Lincoln’s decision

•He informed South Carolina that he was sending supply ships to Fort Sumter...

Confederate response

• Leaders of the Confederacy decided to prevent the Federal Government from holding on to Fort Sumter by attacking Fort Sumter...• B.Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard commanded the CSA forces that were shelling Fort Sumter...

Outcome

• After 34 hours of continuous shelling, Fort Sumter’s Commander, Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort to Confederate forces...• This was the BEGINNING of the Civil War...

Lincoln Calls Out

the Militia

Northern states’

response

• President Lincoln asked Union States to provide 75,000 militiaman for 90 days to put down the Southern uprising...• Northerners responded to Lincoln’s call with excitement and enthusiasm...

Southern states’

response

• Southern leaders responded with anger to Lincoln’s call for troops: VA, NC, TN, AR all voted to join the Confederacy (CSA)...• Southerners also responded with excitement and enthusiasm to go and fight against the Union...

Virginia’s importance

• VA was a wealthy, prestigious & populous state...• it was also the home to the CSA capital, Richmond, VA...

Lee’s decision

• Robert E. Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and joined the CSA, even though he opposed slavery, and secession... He would not fight against his native home-state of Virginia (VA)...

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Choosing Sides

Importance of the border

states

• Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, all stayed within the Union...• Their location & resources were very important to the Union. These states could ‘tip the scale’ ...

Maryland• Pro-Union leaders gained control of the Maryland legislature, and Maryland stayed with the Union...

Kentucky• Divided over secession, a CSA invasion in 1861 prompted Kentucky to stay in the Union...

Virginia• seceded from the Union, and joined the CSA...• Counties in Western Virginia formed the state of West Virginia and stayed IN the Union...

Missouri• Missouri stayed in the Union, though Anti-Slavery forces still battled Pro-Slavery forces within the state... Missouri did stay in the Union ...

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