copert 4 training 4. nox emissions. copert 4 training (4. nox) 2 projected emission factors emission...
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COPERT 4 Training
4. NOx Emissions
2COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Projected emission factors
• Emission reductions for future vehicle technologies generally follow the rule:
• Limitation:– Real-world behaviour does not (always) follow
emission standards
Current
Future
Current
Future
ES
ES
EF
EF
3COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Learning from our past…CO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
G E
uro
2
G E
uro
3
D E
uro
2
D E
uro
3
HD
Eur
o I
HD
Eur
o II
Actual
Copert 2
Removal eff iciency (%) HC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
G E
uro
2
G E
uro
3
D E
uro
2
D E
uro
3
HD
Eur
o I
HD
Eur
o II
Removal eff iciency (%) NOx
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
G E
uro
2
G E
uro
3
D E
uro
2
D E
uro
3
HD
Eur
o I
HD
Eur
o II
Removal eff iciency (%) PM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
G E
uro
2
G E
uro
3
D E
uro
2
D E
uro
3
HD
Eur
o I
HD
Eur
o II
Removal eff iciency (%)
4COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Runs executed (Germany)
• Run 1: Original RAINS calculation
• Run 2: COPERT 2 + RAINS Input
• Run 3: COPERT 2 + EC4MACS Input
• Run 4: COPERT 4 + RAINS Input
• Run 5: COPERT 4 + EC4MACS Input
5COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Fuel consumption - France
6COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
NOx Emissions - France
7COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
EGR Technology
1. Part of the exhaust is drawn through a bleed-off valve
2. This is cooled down in a heat exchanger
3. It is fed back to the intake air as an inert gas to absorb combustion heat, decrease T and decrease NOx concentration
Image taken from Volvo Trucks
8COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
SCR Technology
1. Injection of urea (NH2)2CO upstream of a hydrolysis catalyst
2. Urea hydrolysis (NH2)2CO +H2O2NH3 +CO2
3. NOx reduction through ammonia to form N2+H2O
Image taken from Bosch
9COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Heavy duty vehicles
• Emission Level
• EF over ES ratios(Euro V over Euro IV)
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Speed (km/h)
NO
x (g
/km
)
SCREGREmission Standard
00,20,40,60,8
11,21,41,6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Speed (km/h)
EF E
uro
V /
EF
Euro
IV Real SCR/EGR Mix
Emission Standard
10COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
How this is modelled with COPERT
• Both EGR and SCR considered in COPERT for Euro V
• The user needs to provide the %EGR for Euro V trucks
• Calculation:
EFEUROV = %EGR × EFEGR + (100-EGR%) × EFSCR
• Remarks
– SCR is the dominant technology in the market (75% of sales)
– EGR in principle only selected by Scania, although Scania Euro V
trucks with SCR have appeared
– Euro VI trucks will be all equipped with SCR. Large ones will be
equipped with SCR+EGR
– No reliable Euro VI emission factors still in COPERT 4
11COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
EGR vs SCR penetration
• Some values have been already filled in. • These values originate from market surveys
and sales of Euro V trucks in 2008, 2009 and first quarter of 2010. These values therefore reflect our best knowledge for the year 2010.
• The user may change these values if better information is available.
• On the basis of the this analysis, the EGR ratio for 2008 was 26.6% and 24.6% for 2009.
12COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Impact over previous version
HDT Emissions NOx
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2010 2020 2030
kt
Old Estimate
New Estimate
Total Emissions NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2010 2020 2030
kt
Old EstimateNew Estimate
Example: AustriaMax Effect 2015HDTs: 15%Road Transport: 7%National Total: 3,8%
13COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Light Duty Vehicles
• Graph obtained by TUG (S. Hausberger) study• Euro 5 based on limited sample (7 cars)• Not yet included in COPERT 4
14COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Impact on emission factors
• Much larger impact expected than correction for HDVs!!!!
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6
Per
cen
tag
e d
iffe
ren
ce o
ver
pre
vio
us
step
COPERT
Emission Standard
First results
15COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)
Summary
• HDVs– COPERT emission factors reliable up to Euro V– Euro V trucks need EGR/SCR ratio for accurate prediction– No indications yet on Euro VI trucks
• LDVs– COPERT emission factors reliable up to Euro 4– Indications on Euro 5 diesel cars emitting much more NOx
than expected– Euro 5 car emission factors expected summer 2012– First indications on demo Euro 6 show much better
performance overall compared to Euro 5