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This presentation is brought to you by

Grammar Bytes!, ©2013 by Robin L.

Simmons.

This presentation is brought to you by

Grammar Bytes!, ©2013 by Robin L.

Simmons.

Coordination and Coordination and SubordinationSubordination

Coordination and Coordination and SubordinationSubordination

Should I coordinate

with for?

Should I coordinate

with for?

Or would it be better to

subordinate with because?

Or would it be better to

subordinate with because?

This presentation covers the differences

between coordination and subordination and

the relationship between clauses within a sentence.

This presentation covers the differences

between coordination and subordination and

the relationship between clauses within a sentence.

A coordination and/or A coordination and/or subordination item on an subordination item on an objective test might look like objective test might look like this this .. .. ..

A coordination and/or A coordination and/or subordination item on an subordination item on an objective test might look like objective test might look like this this .. .. ..

Sample ItemSample ItemSample ItemSample Item

A.A. Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil since he had Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil since he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.

B.B. Since Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he Since Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.

C.C. Even though Jeremiah forgot to bring a Even though Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.of hers.

A.A. Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil since he had Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil since he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.

B.B. Since Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he Since Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.

C.C. Even though Jeremiah forgot to bring a Even though Jeremiah forgot to bring a pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one pencil, he had to beg Amanda to borrow one of hers.of hers.

Is the subordination effective at A,

B, or C?

Is the subordination effective at A,

B, or C?

Subordinating the first clause with since, as option B does,

is correct.

Subordinating the first clause with since, as option B does,

is correct.

• Coordination givesCoordination gives equal attentionequal attention toto twotwo items.items.

• Use coordinating conjunctions: Use coordinating conjunctions: andand, , butbut, , forfor, , oror, , nornor, , yetyet, and , and soso. .

CoordinationCoordinationCoordinationCoordination

The dog ate Marvin’s favorite tie. The cat rubbed The dog ate Marvin’s favorite tie. The cat rubbed white hair on Marvin’s black suit.white hair on Marvin’s black suit.The dog ate Marvin’s favorite tieThe dog ate Marvin’s favorite tie, and , and the cat the cat rubbed white hair on Marvin’s black suit.rubbed white hair on Marvin’s black suit.

Both clauses could stand alone. When

joined with and, they get equal attention.

Both clauses could stand alone. When

joined with and, they get equal attention.

You can also coordinate with a You can also coordinate with a semicolonsemicolon..You can also coordinate with a You can also coordinate with a semicolonsemicolon..

+ + ;; + + main clause.main clause.

The interviewer had seven Persian cats. She would The interviewer had seven Persian cats. She would understand Marvin’s predicament.understand Marvin’s predicament.The interviewer had seven PersianThe interviewer had seven Persian cats; she cats; she would understand Marvin’s predicament.would understand Marvin’s predicament.

Main clauseMain clause

Main clauseMain clause + + ;; + + main clause.main clause.transitiontransition + + ,, + +

The interviewer had seven PersianThe interviewer had seven Persian cats; as a result, cats; as a result, she she would understand Marvin’s predicament.would understand Marvin’s predicament.

Still balanced.

Still balanced.

• Subordination givesSubordination gives less attentionless attention toto oneone idea so that theidea so that the other other has emphasis.has emphasis.

• Use subordinate conjunctions, such as Use subordinate conjunctions, such as becausebecause, , even thougheven though, and , and whenwhen. .

SubordinationSubordinationSubordinationSubordination

Marvin tried to clean his suit. He was late to the Marvin tried to clean his suit. He was late to the interview.interview.Since Since Marvin tried to clean his suitMarvin tried to clean his suit, , he was late to he was late to the interview.the interview.

I’m sorry.I’m sorry.

Here are the subordinate Here are the subordinate conjunctions.conjunctions.Here are the subordinate Here are the subordinate conjunctions.conjunctions.

afterafter althoughalthough asas becausebecause beforebefore even thougheven though if, even ifif, even if in order thatin order that onceonce provided thatprovided that

sincesince so [so [thatthat implied], so that implied], so that thanthan thatthat thoughthough unlessunless when, wheneverwhen, whenever where, wherever, whereaswhere, wherever, whereas whetherwhether whilewhile

Use a Use a commacomma if you subordinate the if you subordinate the firstfirst of the two clauses.of the two clauses.Use a Use a commacomma if you subordinate the if you subordinate the firstfirst of the two clauses.of the two clauses.

Subordinate clauseSubordinate clause + + ,, + + main clause.main clause.

Cat hair clung to Marvin’s pant legs. He still got the Cat hair clung to Marvin’s pant legs. He still got the job.job.Even though Even though cat hair clung to Marvin’s pantcat hair clung to Marvin’s pant legs, legs, hehe still got the job.still got the job.

The first clause is

less important.

The first clause is

less important.

The second clause has more

emphasis because its thought is complete.

The second clause has more

emphasis because its thought is complete.

Use Use no punctuation no punctuation if you subordinate if you subordinate the the secondsecond of the two clauses. of the two clauses.Use Use no punctuation no punctuation if you subordinate if you subordinate the the secondsecond of the two clauses. of the two clauses.

Marvin smiled at his success. Cat hair wafted in his Marvin smiled at his success. Cat hair wafted in his wake.wake.Marvin smiled at hisMarvin smiled at his success as success as cat hair wafted in cat hair wafted in his wake.his wake.

Main clauseMain clause + Ø ++ Ø + subordinate clause.subordinate clause.

Now the first clause is the

most important.

Now the first clause is the

most important.

The second clause has less

emphasis because its thought

is incomplete.

The second clause has less

emphasis because its thought

is incomplete.

Quick Test, Part 1Quick Test, Part 1Quick Test, Part 1Quick Test, Part 1

Directions:Directions: In the items that follow, choose In the items that follow, choose the most effective word or phrase within the the most effective word or phrase within the context suggested by the sentence(s).context suggested by the sentence(s).

Show me what you

know!

Show me what you

know!

Item 1Item 1Item 1Item 1

To impress Deepa, his date, Ryan labored over To impress Deepa, his date, Ryan labored over the chicken stir fry; __________, she took offense the chicken stir fry; __________, she took offense that he was serving meat after she had explained that he was serving meat after she had explained her vegetarianism.her vegetarianism.

A.A.furthermorefurthermoreB.B.moreovermoreoverC.C.howeverhoweverD.D.additionallyadditionally

To impress Deepa, his date, Ryan labored over To impress Deepa, his date, Ryan labored over the chicken stir fry; __________, she took offense the chicken stir fry; __________, she took offense that he was serving meat after she had explained that he was serving meat after she had explained her vegetarianism.her vegetarianism.

A.A.furthermorefurthermoreB.B.moreovermoreoverC.C.howeverhoweverD.D.additionallyadditionally

Item 2Item 2Item 2Item 2

__________ Thomas scores a 100 on the final __________ Thomas scores a 100 on the final exam, he cannot pass College Algebra, a class he exam, he cannot pass College Algebra, a class he is taking for the third time.is taking for the third time.

A.A.BecauseBecauseB.B.SinceSinceC.C.As a result,As a result,D.D.UnlessUnless

__________ Thomas scores a 100 on the final __________ Thomas scores a 100 on the final exam, he cannot pass College Algebra, a class he exam, he cannot pass College Algebra, a class he is taking for the third time.is taking for the third time.

A.A.BecauseBecauseB.B.SinceSinceC.C.As a result,As a result,D.D.UnlessUnless

Item 3Item 3Item 3Item 3

The Rodriguez family breathed a sigh of relief The Rodriguez family breathed a sigh of relief when the giant oak withstood the hurricane winds; when the giant oak withstood the hurricane winds; __________, they gave thanks that crews restored __________, they gave thanks that crews restored electricity in twelve short hours.electricity in twelve short hours.

A.A.as a resultas a resultB.B.moreovermoreoverC.C.howeverhoweverD.D.on the other handon the other hand

The Rodriguez family breathed a sigh of relief The Rodriguez family breathed a sigh of relief when the giant oak withstood the hurricane winds; when the giant oak withstood the hurricane winds; __________, they gave thanks that crews restored __________, they gave thanks that crews restored electricity in twelve short hours.electricity in twelve short hours.

A.A.as a resultas a resultB.B.moreovermoreoverC.C.howeverhoweverD.D.on the other handon the other hand

Item 4Item 4Item 4Item 4

Mackenzie’s clarinet squealed like a startled Mackenzie’s clarinet squealed like a startled puppy, __________ she hadn’t practiced in weeks.puppy, __________ she hadn’t practiced in weeks.

A.A.becausebecauseB.B.forforC.C.sincesinceD.D.unlessunless

Mackenzie’s clarinet squealed like a startled Mackenzie’s clarinet squealed like a startled puppy, __________ she hadn’t practiced in weeks.puppy, __________ she hadn’t practiced in weeks.

A.A.becausebecauseB.B.forforC.C.sincesinceD.D.unlessunless

Item 5Item 5Item 5Item 5

__________ Grandma tasted the spaghetti sauce, __________ Grandma tasted the spaghetti sauce, she declared that it needed more basil and salt.she declared that it needed more basil and salt.

A.A.UnlessUnlessB.B.AlthoughAlthoughC.C.WhereasWhereasD.D.AfterAfter

__________ Grandma tasted the spaghetti sauce, __________ Grandma tasted the spaghetti sauce, she declared that it needed more basil and salt.she declared that it needed more basil and salt.

A.A.UnlessUnlessB.B.AlthoughAlthoughC.C.WhereasWhereasD.D.AfterAfter

Quick Test, Part 2Quick Test, Part 2Quick Test, Part 2Quick Test, Part 2

Directions:Directions: In the items that follow, choose In the items that follow, choose the sentence that expresses the thought most the sentence that expresses the thought most clearly and effectively and that has no errors in clearly and effectively and that has no errors in structure.structure.

Now try this

type!

Now try this

type!

Item 6Item 6Item 6Item 6

A.A. We decided to skip breakfast, for a spider We decided to skip breakfast, for a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

B.B. We decided to skip breakfast, and a spider We decided to skip breakfast, and a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

C.C. We decided to skip breakfast, so a spider We decided to skip breakfast, so a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

A.A. We decided to skip breakfast, for a spider We decided to skip breakfast, for a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

B.B. We decided to skip breakfast, and a spider We decided to skip breakfast, and a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

C.C. We decided to skip breakfast, so a spider We decided to skip breakfast, so a spider crawled out of the cereal box.crawled out of the cereal box.

Item 7Item 7Item 7Item 7

A.A. Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner so that we had burned enough calories dinner so that we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.earlier at the gym.

B.B. Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner because we had burned enough calories dinner because we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.earlier at the gym.

C.C. Although Madison and I decided to eat ice Although Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner, we had burned enough cream for dinner, we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.calories earlier at the gym.

A.A. Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner so that we had burned enough calories dinner so that we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.earlier at the gym.

B.B. Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner because we had burned enough dinner because we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.calories earlier at the gym.

C.C. Although Madison and I decided to eat ice Although Madison and I decided to eat ice cream for dinner, we had burned enough cream for dinner, we had burned enough calories earlier at the gym.calories earlier at the gym.

Item 8Item 8Item 8Item 8

A.A. Even though Hank vacuumed the rental car, he Even though Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.golden retriever.

B.B. Unless Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed Unless Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.retriever.

C.C. Since Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed Since Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.retriever.

A.A. Even though Hank vacuumed the rental car, Even though Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.his golden retriever.

B.B. Unless Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed Unless Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.retriever.

C.C. Since Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed Since Hank vacuumed the rental car, he failed to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden to remove all the hair of Bonkers, his golden retriever.retriever.

Item 9Item 9Item 9Item 9

A.A. Bonkers retrieves anything round, but put away Bonkers retrieves anything round, but put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.them.

B.B. Bonkers retrieves anything round, and put away Bonkers retrieves anything round, and put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.them.

C.C. Bonkers retrieves anything round, so put away Bonkers retrieves anything round, so put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.them.

A.A. Bonkers retrieves anything round, but put away Bonkers retrieves anything round, but put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.them.

B.B. Bonkers retrieves anything round, and put away Bonkers retrieves anything round, and put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.them.

C.C. Bonkers retrieves anything round, so put Bonkers retrieves anything round, so put away those CDs if you don’t want teeth away those CDs if you don’t want teeth marks in them.marks in them.

Item 10Item 10Item 10Item 10

A.A. Andre mowed the lawn while Celia watched Andre mowed the lawn while Celia watched soap operas on television.soap operas on television.

B.B. While Andre mowed the lawn Celia watched While Andre mowed the lawn Celia watched soap operas on television.soap operas on television.

C.C. While Andre mowed the lawn Celia, on the While Andre mowed the lawn Celia, on the other hand, watched soap operas on television.other hand, watched soap operas on television.

A.A. Andre mowed the lawn while Celia watched Andre mowed the lawn while Celia watched soap operas on television.soap operas on television.

B.B. While Andre mowed the lawn Celia watched While Andre mowed the lawn Celia watched soap operas on television.soap operas on television.

C.C. While Andre mowed the lawn Celia, on the While Andre mowed the lawn Celia, on the other hand, watched soap operas on television.other hand, watched soap operas on television.

The End.The End.