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Note de Curs de Prof. Univ. Dr. Ing. Dan FloricauAplicatiiCelula elementara de comutatieDispozitive semiconductoare de putereFractionarea sau asociereaStructura 3L - SC4 (Stacked Cells)Comanda PWMStructura 3L- NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)

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  • Convertoare statice multinivelConvertoare statice multinivel

    Note de Curs Prof. Univ. Dr. Ing. Dan FLORICAU

    Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti

    Note de Curs Prof. Univ. Dr. Ing. Dan FLORICAU

    Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti

    11

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    2

    AplicatiiAplicatii

    9 Domeniu cu o crestere importanta9 Tensiuni de 2 la 10kV9 Puteri de la 300kW la 10MW

    Marine

    Propulsion marine

    Conversia de Energie de Putere MareExemplu: Reglarea vitezei in cadrul aplicatiilor de tensiune medie

    MtallurgieLaminoir

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    3

    Celula elementar de comutaie 2NCelula elementar de comutaie 2N

    Proprieti:V ripple = EF ripple = fpV max IGBT = E

    Proprieti:V ripple = EF ripple = fpV max IGBT = E

    Dispozitive semiconductoare de putere:-gama limitat (

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    4

    AplicaiiAplicaii

    Wind energy

    Pompare,

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    5

    Power Static Converters

    Matrix Converter

    Flying Capacitor Cascaded

    Topologies Hybrid Topologies

    Cycloconverter Current Source

    2-Level VSI

    NPC Coupled Inductor

    SMC 3L-CI 3L-SNPC

    Cascaded NPCs 5L-NPC-CI

    3L-ASNPC

    NPC+ Cascaded H-Bridge

    FC+ Cascaded H-Bridge

    Other Other

    MMC Cascaded Half-Bridge

    CHB Cascaded H-Bridge

    Equal DC sources

    Unequal DC sources

    7L-ASNPC

    H-NPC

    3L-ANPC

    5L-ANPC-FC

    AVNPC

    Direct Conversion AC/AC

    Indirect Conversion(DC-Link) AC/DC/AC

    Voltage Source

    Multilevel Converters

    Topologies elaborated byDan FLORICAU

    5L-ANPC-CI

    Convertoare statice: clasificareConvertoare statice: clasificare

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    6

    Creterea grosimii

    Cresterea suprafetei

    Grosime

    Dispozitive semiconductoare de putereDispozitive semiconductoare de putere

    9 Cresterea capabilitatii in tensiune (+)9 Reducerea performantelor (-)

    Suprafata

    9 Cresterea curentului (+)9 Performante echivalente (=)

    Calibrul intreruptoarelor de putere

    Suprafata de siliciu a

    dispozitivului semiconductor

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    7

    Pentru a obine aceste niveluri de tensiune / putere, dou soluii sunt posibile:

    9 Fractionarea in tensiune9 Asocierea celulelor de comutatie sau a convertoarelor

    Avantaje

    9 Cresterea puterii9 Cresterea performantelor9 O mai buna modularitate9Mai multe grade de libertate

    Dezavantaje

    9 Repartizarea tensiunii la bornele intreruptoarelor9 Utilizarea gradelor de libertate

    Fracionare sau asociereFracionare sau asociere

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    8

    Avantaje:

    9 Cresterea tensiunii9 Intreruptoare de calibru redus9Macro-intreruptoare mai performante9 Cresterea fp

    Dezavantaje:

    9 Repartizarea solicitarilor in tensiune9 Nici-o ameliorare a formelor de unda

    Asocierea serie a intreruptoarelorAsocierea serie a intreruptoarelor

    9 Repartizarea tensiunii la bornele intreruptoarelor9 Asocierea celulelor de comutatie sau a convertoarelor

    Asocierea serie:

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    9

    Avantaje

    9 Cresterea curentului comutat

    Dezavantaje

    9 Nici o ameliorare a performantelor9 Nici o ameliorare a formelor de unda

    Asocierea paralela a intreruptoarelorAsocierea paralela a intreruptoarelor

    9Cresterea curentului

    Asocierea paralela:

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    10

    Celule de comutatie suprapuse

    Structura 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980)Structura 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980)

    S1, S2c

    ik

    uk

    S1c+ S2

    ik

    uk

    Properties:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fp

    Properties:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fp

    V max IGBTV max IGBT

    Proprietati ale intreruptoarelor

    E

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c S2

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    E/2

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    11

    E

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c S2

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)

    E

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c S2

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    E/2

    Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)

    Celule de comutatie suprapuse

    S1c+S2 interuptor in 4 cadrane ?S1c+S2 interuptor in 4 cadrane ?

    iload>0, iload0, iload0 Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    12

    1 Duty cycle

    vAO [u.r.]

    1 2

    -1 1 0

    Sd1

    Sd2

    Sr

    Comanda PWMComanda PWM

    1Durate de conductie T1

    2Durate de conductie T2

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    13

    Analiza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-SCAnaliza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-SC

    Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 2N:

    Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 3N-SC:

    f1=50Hzfp=1kHz

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    E/2

    iloadf1=50Hz

    fp=1kHz

    ppmax fL

    EfL

    /EI == 842

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    14

    Structura 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)Structura 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)

    Principiul structurii:

    9 Conectarea serie a intreruptoarelor9 Utilizarea diodelor clamp pentru a fixa tensiunea la bornele intreruptoarelor S1 si S2c atunci candconduc S2 si S1c9 divizarea tensiunii de alimentare

    1Durata de conductie T1

    2Durata de conductie T2

    Celula 1: S1-S1c

    Celula 2: S2-S2c

    (Nabae, 1981)(Nabae, 1981)

    + -

    + -

    E

    O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    2 1

    Raport de conductie

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    1

    0 -1

    iload

    R

    L

    A

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    15

    3L-NPC: Configuratii posibile3L-NPC: Configuratii posibile

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    E

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    E

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = fpV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = fpV max IGBT = E/2

    S1 et S2 = ONS1c et S2c = OFF

    S1 et S2 = OFFS1c et S2c = ON

    S1 et S2c = OFFS1c et S2 = ON

    VAO = E/2

    VAO = -E/2 VAO = 0

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    E

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    16

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    E

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    Du

    Dd

    E

    Tensiune zero la iesire: 2 cazuri posibileTensiune zero la iesire: 2 cazuri posibile

    iload>0 iload

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    17

    Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    E/2

    Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)

    Celula 3L-NPC

    Celula 3L-NPC = 2 celule de baza + 2 diode clampCelula 3L-NPC = 2 celule de baza + 2 diode clamp

    iload>0, iload0, iload0 Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    18

    1 Duty cycle

    vAO [u.r.]

    1 2

    -1 1 0

    Sd1

    Sd2

    Sr

    Implementarea comenzii PWMImplementarea comenzii PWM

    1Durata de conductie

    T1

    2Durata de conductie

    T2

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    19

    Analiza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-NPCAnaliza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-NPC

    Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 2N:

    Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 3N-NPC:

    fs=50Hz

    fp=1kHz

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    E/2

    iload

    ppmax fL

    EfL

    /EI == 842

    fs=50Hzfp=1kHz

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    20

    Structura multinivel Flying Capacitor (FC)

    + 2L

    Celula de baza

    2LCelula de baza

    +

    E

    iload + E/2

    E

    iload +

    E

    iload +

    Principiul structurii:

    9 Asocierea serie directa9 Adaugarea unei surse intermediare de tensiune9 Fractionarea tensiunii de intrare

    3LCelula cu 3 niveluri de tensiune

    (Meynard 1991)

    Prin introducerea unei surseintermediare se fixeaza tensiunea la bornele intreruptoarelor

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    21

    Combinatii posibile (Chopper de t.c.) :

    +

    E

    +

    E/2

    iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    Vs = E Vs = E/2

    Vs = E/2 Vs = 0

    9 3 niveluri de tensiune [0, E/2, E]9 2 posibilitati pentru a face E/2

    Identificarea celulelor de comutatieIdentificarea celulelor de comutatie

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    22

    Combinatii posibile (invertor cu punct median) :

    + E/2

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

    + E/2

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

    + E/2

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

    + E/2

    +

    E/2

    iload S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

    9 3 niveluri de tensiune [-E/2, 0, E/2]9 2 posibilitati pentru a face 0

    Vs = E/2 Vs = 0

    Vs = 0 Vs = -E/2

    + E/2 +

    E/2

    iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    23

    Exemple de ralisation industrielle

    Solutia Alstom:

    9 Conversia 4 niveluri9 Structura Flying Capacitor

    Locomotiva T13 care utilizeaza un convertor multinivel 3kV

    Exemple de realizare industriela

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    24

    + E + E/2 iload

    3~

    + E + E/2 iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    Realizarea cu ajutorul unei surseideale:

    Realizarea sursei intermediare

    9 Structura PREA scumpa si complexa 9 Purtatoarele sunt decalate cu 180 (caz ideal)

    Realizarea cu ajutorul unui condensatorflotant:

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    25

    S1

    Sd1 Sd2

    S2

    S2c

    E/2

    0

    Sr

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    E/2 0

    (a)

    -E/2

    VAO

    S1c

    P P O2O2 O1

    S1

    S1c

    S2S2c

    Sr

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    Sd1 Sd2

    O3

    E/2

    -E/2

    O4 NN

    0

    E/2 0

    (b) VAO

    O4

    + E/2 +

    E/2

    iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    +

    E/2

    O A

    Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2

    FdLE

    FdL/EImax == 1624

    2Niveluri de tensiune: -E/2; 0Niveluri de tensiune: 0; E/2

    Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Strategie PWM (dublarea frecventei aparente de comutatie)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    26

    Bilant asupra controlului tensiunii flotante

    9 Curentii la frecventa de comutatie participa la echilibrarea naturala9Daca sursele intermediare sunt dezechilibrate, exista armonici la frecventa de comutatie asupra tensiunii de iesirei

    Trei solutii:

    + E + E/2 iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    Rf Lf Cf

    + E + E/2 iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    Control actif

    Nu se face nimic Se adauga un filtru auxiliar Se introduce un control activ

    (-) Echilibraj natural LENT(-) Daca nu exista sarcina, nu exista echilibrare(-) Daca sarcina este puternic inductiva(masina el.) exista putine armonici la Fp, deci echilibraj Goarte Lent (+) nu necesita nimic altceva

    (+) Echilibraj natural RAPID(+) Echilibraj natural si in absenta sarcinii(+) Daca sarcina este puternic inductiva, nu este o problema(-) necesita introducerea unui filtru (pefaza)

    (+) Echilibrare RAPIDA in bucla inchisa(-) Daca nu exista sarcina, nu exista echilibrare(-) Dinamica poate depinde de valoareacutrentului de iesire

    + E + E/2 iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    27

    Elemente de dimensionare

    + E + E/2 iload

    C1 C2

    S1 S2

    S1c S2c

    Rf Lf Cf

    IGBT

    Calibru in tensiune E/2 Calibru in curent Is Frecventa Fp

    CondensatorIntermediar

    Tensiune E/2

    max2 VcFdpI

    C s=

    Filtraj

    Factorul 4 ne permite sa reducem ondulatiilecurentului de 4 ori (la aceeasi inductivitate ca in cazulstructurii 2L) SAU reducerea inductivitatii de 4 ori pentruaceleasi ondulatii de curent

    Sarcina auxiliara

    Frecventa de rezonanta la Fp

    dff

    f fCL

    == 21

    102

    .LCR

    zf

    ff

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    28

    Structura 3L-ANPC (Brckner, 2001)

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    FdLE

    FdL/EImax == 1624

    2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2

    PWM 1 PWM 2 PWM 3

    FdLE

    FdL/EImax == 84

    2PWM 1PWM 2

    PWM 3

    1=3

    1

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    2

    -1 0

    2 1

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    1 3

    -1 0

    Duty cycle Duty cycle

    2

    (b) (a)

    Duty cycle 2 1

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    1 3

    -1 0

    (c)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    29

    3L-ANPC: Strategia PWM 1

    2

    1 Duty cycle

    vAO [u.r.]

    1 3

    -1 1 0 (b)

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    (a)

    Voltage levels: -E/2; 0Voltage levels: 0; E/2

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    S3c

    VAO

    0

    Sr*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    E/2 0

    (a)

    carrier H

    O+

    E/2

    P

    O+

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    E/2 0

    (b)

    S3c

    O-O-

    -E/2

    VAO

    N

    carrier L

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    30

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    -E/2

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    PWM 1: combinatii posibile

    Sr>0 Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    31

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    3L-ANPC: PWM 1

    PWM 1: Implementare PSIM

    Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-1 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    32

    Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP

    Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-1 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95

    ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==

    2cos

    31cos

    341

    2MIdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    21conTrms

    The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:

    9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==

    sincos

    4M2IdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    1conTavg

    ( ) ( )( )+==

    cos1

    22IdxxsinI2

    21I 1swTavg

    ( )( ) ( ) +==

    22sin

    21IdxxsinI2

    21I

    21swTrms

    T1

    ( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1

    3L-ANPC: PWM 1

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    33

    3L-ANPC: Strategie PWM 2

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    1=3

    1

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    2

    -1 0

    Duty cycle

    2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Sr>0Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    34

    Sr>0 Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    35

    S1

    S3c

    S2

    S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    S1

    S3c

    S2

    S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    -E/2

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    E/2

    uAO=E/2 uAO=0

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    E/2

    S1

    S3c

    S2

    S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    S1

    S3c

    S2

    S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    uAO=-E/2uAO=0

    PWM 2: Combinatii posibile

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    36

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    3L-ANPC: PWM 2

    PWM 2: Implementare PSIM

    Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-12(VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    37

    Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-2 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95

    ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==

    2cos

    31cos

    341

    2MIdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    21conTrms

    The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:

    9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==

    sincos

    4M2IdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    1conTavg

    ( ) ( )( )+==

    cos1

    22IdxxsinI2

    21I 1swTavg

    ( )( ) ( ) +==

    22sin

    21IdxxsinI2

    21I

    21swTrms

    ( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1

    3L-ANPC: MLI 2

    T1

    Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    38

    3L-ANPC: Strategie PWM 3 (Prof. D. FLORICAU, 2008)

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = 2FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = 2FdV max IGBT = E/2

    Sr>0Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    39

    Sr>0 Sr

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    40

    10*iload

    uAOE/2

    -E/2

    PWM 3: Spectru de armonici pentrutensiunea de iesire

    Spectre de la tension de sortie 2N:

    Fs=50Hz

    Fd=1kHz

    Fs=50Hz

    2Fd=1000Hz

    Spectre de la tension de sortie 3N-ANPC PWM 3:

    Fd=500Hz

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    41

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    3L-ANPC: PWM 3

    PWM 3: Implementare PSIM

    Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-3 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=500Hz)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    42

    Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-3 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=500Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95

    ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==

    2cos

    31cos

    341

    2MIdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    21conTrms

    The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:

    9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.

    S1

    S3c

    S2 S1c

    S3

    S2c

    + -

    + -

    E

    A O iload

    R

    L

    ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==

    sincos

    4M2IdxxfxsinI2

    21I 1T

    1conTavg

    ( ) ( )( )+==

    cos1

    22IdxxsinI2

    21I 1swTavg

    ( )( ) ( ) +==

    22sin

    21IdxxsinI2

    21I

    21swTrms

    ( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1

    3L-ANPC: PWM 3

    T1

    Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    43

    Celula de comutatie 5L-SMC (Gateau, 2001)

    VDC

    iload

    A O

    + -

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload 3L-FC(1991)

    3L-SC(1980)

    iload A O

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    +

    5L-Stacked Multilevel Converter(Gateau, 2001)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    44

    Celula de comutatie 5L-ANPC (Barbosa, 2005)Celula de comutatie 5L-ANPC (Barbosa, 2005)

    + -

    VDC

    iload

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload A O

    +

    ANPC-3L(2001)

    FC-3L(1992)

    5L-Barbosa Topology (2005) (5L-ANPC)

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    Fig. 13

    Fig. 14

    Fig. 15

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    45

    Strategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPCStrategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPC

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    S3c

    S4

    S4c

    R

    L

    S1

    S1c

    S2S2c

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/4 0

    (a)

    carrier 1 carrier 2

    P1 P1

    VDC/2

    0

    VAO

    S3, 4S3c, 4c

    P1O+ O+

    VDC/4

    S1

    carrier 1 carrier 2

    S2

    S2c

    S3, 4

    VDC/2

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/4

    0(b)

    S3c, 4c

    VDC/4

    VAO

    S1c

    VDC/4

    P2P2 P1P1 P1

    Higher levels: 0, +VDC/4, +VDC/2Higher levels: 0, +VDC/4, +VDC/2

    Fig. 16

    Fig. 17

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    46

    Strategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPCStrategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPC

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    S3c

    S4

    S4c

    R

    L

    S1

    carrier 3 carrier 4

    S2

    S2c

    S3, 4

    -VDC/2

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/4 0

    (c)

    S3c, 4c

    -VDC/4

    VAO

    S1c

    -VDC/4

    O- O-N1 N1 N1

    S1

    S1c

    S2S2c

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/4

    0

    (d)

    carrier 3 carrier 4

    N1 N1

    -VDC/2

    0

    VAO

    S3, 4S3c, 4c

    N1N2

    -VDC/4 N2

    -VDC/4 Lower levels: 0, -VDC/4, -VDC/2Lower levels: 0, -VDC/4, -VDC/2

    Fig. 18

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    47

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    S3c

    S4

    S4c

    R

    L

    Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPC

    VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    48

    Celula de comutatie 3L-SNPC (Floricau, 2007)

    Este alcatuita din 6 intreruptoare (3 celule de comutatie: S1-S1c , S2-S2csi S3-S3c) si doua diode clamp (Du, Dd) ;

    Fiecare intreruptor este capabil sa suporte o tensiune egala cu VDC/2.

    iload

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    A O

    S1

    S1c S3

    S3c S2c

    S2 Du

    Dd

    2 1

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    10.5

    3

    -1 0

    Duty cycle

    (a) PWM1 (b) PWM2

    2 1

    Duty cycle

    1

    1 3

    vAO [u.r.] -1 0

    Celulele de comutatie sunt comandatecu rapoartele de conductie 1, 2 si 3:

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

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    Strategia PWM-1 pentru 3L-SNPC

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3 S3c

    VAO

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/2 0

    (a)

    carrier H

    O+

    VDC/2

    P

    O+

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/2 0

    (b)

    S3c

    O-O-

    -VDC/2

    VAO

    N

    carrier L

    Voltage levels: -VDC/2; 0Voltage levels: 0; VDC/2

    N state

    iload>0

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    A

    O

    iload0 iload0

    + -

    + -

    A O

    S1

    S1c S3

    S3c S2c

    S2 Du

    Dd

    O+ state

    iload

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    50

    Strategia PWM-2 pentru 3L-SNPC

    S1

    S1c

    S2 S2c

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/2 0

    (a)

    carrier 1 carrier 2

    O2+ O1+ O1+

    VDC/2

    -VDC/2

    VAO

    P P

    S3

    S3c

    O1- state

    iload>0 + -

    + -

    VDC

    A

    O

    iload0

    iload0

    + -

    + -

    A O

    S1

    S1c S3

    S3c S2c

    S2 Du

    Dd

    O1+ state

    iload

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    51

    Rezultate experimentale pentru 3L-SNPC

    3L-SNPC Structure

    FPGA Card

    RL LoadR=16.7L=6mH

    iload

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    A O

    S1

    S1c S3

    S3c S2c

    S2 Du

    Dd R

    L

    100V/div, 5A/div, 4ms/div

    3L-SNPC

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    52

    Celula de comutatie 3L-ASNPC (Floricau, 2009)Celula de comutatie 3L-ASNPC (Floricau, 2009)

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload A O

    +

    3L-ANPC(2001)

    3L-SC(1980)

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    3L-Active SNPC (Floricau, 2009)

    iload A O

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    Fig. 25

    Fig. 26

    Fig. 27

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    53

    Strategia PWM pentru 3L-ASNPCStrategia PWM pentru 3L-ASNPC

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S2c S3

    S4c S3c

    S2 S1c

    S4

    (a)

    1

    Duty cycle

    vAO [u.r.] 1

    1=2 3=4

    (b) -1 0

    0.5

    R

    L

    Fig. 28

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3c = S4 = S4c = 0

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/2 0

    (a)

    carrier 2 carrier 1

    O2+ O1+ O1+

    VDC/2

    -VDC/2

    VAO

    P P

    S3

    Fig. 29

    S1 = S1c = S2 = 0

    carrier 2 carrier 1

    S3

    S3c

    S4

    VDC/2

    0

    V*

    0 Tsw/2 Tsw

    VDC/2 0

    (b)

    S4c

    O1-

    N N

    O2-O1-

    -VDC/2

    VAO

    S2p

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    54

    + -

    + -

    iload

    A O

    VDC

    S1

    S1c

    S2

    S2c

    S3

    S3c

    S4

    S4c

    R

    L

    Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPC

    VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9

    Fig. 30

    Fig. 31

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    55

    Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 3L-ASNPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 3L-ASNPC

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S2c S3

    S4c S3c

    S2 S1c

    S4 R

    L

    Fig. 32VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    56

    Rezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3LRezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3L

    Fig. 34

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S2c S3

    S4c S3c

    S2 S1c

    S4 R

    L

    VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    57

    Rezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3LRezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3L

    + -

    + -

    VDC

    iload

    A O

    S1

    S2c S3

    S4c S3c

    S2 S1c

    S4 R

    L

    Fig. 35VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    58

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ] PC1 PC2

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    PC1 PC2

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ] P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c

    Fig. 42.a

    Fig. 42.b

    Fig. 43.a

    Fig. 43.b

    Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.05)Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.05)

    5L-ANPC: M=0.05, Fsw=10000 Hz 3L-ASNPC: M=0.05, Fsw=20000 Hz

    BSM 300 GB 60 DCL (600) BSM 300 GB 120 DCL (1200)

    I(load) RMS =200A

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    59

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    PC1 PC2

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    PC1 PC2

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    D

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1

    Power Factor

    L

    o

    s

    s

    d

    i

    s

    t

    r

    i

    b

    u

    t

    i

    o

    n

    [

    W

    ]

    P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c

    5L-ANPC: M=0.95, Fsw=10000 Hz 3L-ASNPC: M=0.95, Fsw=20000 Hz

    Fig. 44.a

    Fig. 44.b

    Fig. 45.a

    Fig. 45.b

    BSM 300 GB 60 DCL (600) BSM 300 GB 120 DCL (1200)

    I(load) RMS =200A

    Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.95)Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.95)

  • Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti

    60

    Studiu comparativStudiu comparativ

    Fig. 46 5L-ANPC: Fsw=500 Hz Fig. 47 3L-ASNPC: Fsw=1000 Hz

    VDC=800V, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9