converssion factors(chapter 22)

8/13/2019 Converssion Factors(Chapter 22)

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Chapter 22 - Conversion Factors• Units of measurement from one system to another• Viscosity - equivalents of absolute viscosity• General liquid density nomograph• Chart gives specific gravity/temperature relationship for petroleum oils• Weight density and specific gravity of various liquids• Metric conversions - metric to English English to metric• !emperature conversion - centigrade to "ahrenheit "ahrenheit to centigrade• Viscosity - equivalents of #inematic viscosity• Viscosity - equivalents of #inematic and $aybolt Universal Viscosity• Viscosity - equivalents of #inematic and $aybolt "urol Viscosity at %&&'"• Viscosity - general conversions• (ressure conversion chart• ) simple method to detemine square root• $* data• Energy conversion chart• "lo+ conversion chart• Conversions involving different types of fuel• Weight of +ater per cubic ft, at various temperatures• Engineering consultants• Mensuration units• Minutes to decimal hours conversion table• o+ to compare costs of gas and alternative fuels• !ypical characteristics of fuel oils

Units of Measurement From One System to Another

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Viscosity - Equivalents of Absolute Viscosity



General Liquid ensity !omo"ra#h



$hart Gives S#ecific Gravity%&em#erature 'elationshi# for (etroleumOils



)ei"ht ensity and S#ecific Gravity of Various Liquids



&em#erature $onversion - $enti"rade to Fahrenheit or Fahrenheit to$enti"rade



Viscosity - Equivalents of +inematic Viscosity



Viscosity - Equivalents of +inematic and Saybolt Universal Viscosity

Viscosity - Equivalents of +inematic and Saybolt Furol Viscosity at, .F



Viscosity - General $onversions

(ressure $onversion $hart



!his line chart provides an easy method for converting units of pressure, .ra+ a line perpendicular to the scale lines through a #no+n value of flo+ and read the equivalent value onany of the other scales, "or values off the scale #no+n values can be read in multiples of % or% ,

Example. 0no+n value - %& psi is equivalent to1

&23 ft of +ater % 4& ounces per in,&

%2 5 lb/ft&

6 6 in, of +ater &5& in, of mercury7 %3 mm of mercury

A Sim#le Method to etermine Square 'oot

Problem. .etermine the square root of the number 7 &3



Solution.

%, Guess the square root to an even number, "or the e8ample use the 3 since 93 :& equals7 5 ,

&, .ivide the number used into the number of +hich the square is desired and carry thequotient to only t+o figures, !hus

7 &3 / 3 ; 23

6, )verage this quotient +ith the divisor

3 < 23 ; %=3 and %3= / & ; 24

5, .ivide this figure into the number and carry quotient to four or five figures if desired,

7 &3 / 24 ; 24,=

=, )verage this quotient +ith >6 for the square root

24 < 24,= ; %=3,= and %=3,= / & ; 24,&=

7, !o chec# ans+er multiply ans+er by itself,

24,&= 8 24,&= ; 7,&3 ,=

S/ ata



Ener"y $onversion $hart

!his nomograph provides an easy method for determining the fuel requirements for various typesof fuel, $ince the ?tu content per unit volume of natural gas and crude oil vary other a limited but



significant range of values nomographs for the energy value of several gases and oils are includedrather than using an average value,

Example. 6 cubic ft of a gas +ith % % ?tu per cubic ft yields 66 ?tu, Conversion of 66?tu to the other units of energy is obtained by dra+ing a straight line connecting the values 66on t+o end ?tu scales, Using the right-hand nomograph an oil +ith %% ?tu per gallon 9about

5,7 million ?tu per barrel: +ill produce 66 ?tu from ,6 gallon 9about , 2& barrel:,

Flo0 $onversion $hart

!his line chart provides an easy method for converting units of volume flo+, $imply dra+ a line perpendicular to the scale lines through a #no+n value of flo+ and read the equivalent value on

any of the other scales,



$onversions /nvolvin" ifferent &y#es of Fuel

Natural Gas

!he calorific value of natural gas varies according to its composition and virtually no t+o fields produce gas of identical quality@ the composition of gas from any one field can vary over its producing life, !hus there is no such thing as a AstandardA natural gas nor a correspondingAstandardA calorific value, o+ever +hen referring to natural gas in hypothetical cases it iscommon to indicate an AaverageA gross calorific value of % ?tu/ft 6 9the equivalent of +hich ista#en for purposes here to be 45 #cal/Bm 6 gross@ see note on !able 6:, )lthough in the U,$,most natural gas transmitted is at or slightly above this heat natural gas transmitted is at or slightlyabove this heat value this does not generally apply in other countries, )s an important e8ampleGroningen 9Betherlands: gas because of a high nitrogen content has a gross calorific value nogreater than 343 ?tu/ft 6 measured at 7 '" 6 in g dry 92 43 #cal/m 6

s or 3 5& #cal/Bm6:,

When precise values are required reference should be made to the proprietors of the gas fieldconcerned or to published data,

Manufactured Gases

!hese are derived from primary energy sources by processes involving chemical reaction e,g,gases produced from coal and naphta also propane butane etc, Gas as pipe to consumers cancomprise both manufactured gases and natural gas used for enrichment, Calorific values of thecomponent gases can thus vary +idely depending on origin but the resulting blend of +hat is#no+n as to+n gas has a fairly constant heating value +hich depending on locality is usually



about half that of natural gas, E8act figures can only come from the distribution companyconcerned,

Solid Fuels

!he calorific value of solid fuels varies +idely bet+een countries grades qualities and even from

seam to seam, *t is particularly important therefore to use local data +herever possible,Measurements in ?tu/lb or #cal/#g +ill normally include moisture and ash content as received,

B,?, ?tu/lb 8 ,===7 ; #cal/#g

#cal/#g 8 %,3 ; ?tu/lb

Where actual values are not #no+n an average gross calorific value of %& 5 ?tu/lb 97 34#cal/#g is consider reasonable for hard coal grades of good quality, !his also serves as the basis ofa common unit Acoal equivalent A to +hich the many grades of solid fuel and other forms ofenergy may be reduced for the purposes of aggregation, $tandard fuel for the purposes of

European Economic Community statistics is considered to have a heat value of 2 #cal/#g,



Standard #eference Fuels

!o convert different types and grades of fuel to a common basis for the purposes of presentation orcomparison it is the practice to e8press them in terms of some standard unit of a defined calorificvalue for e8ample1

?arrel of Dil Equivalent 9b,o,e,: +ith a heat content of =,3 8 %7

?tu gross

!ons of Dil Equivalent 9t,o,e,: simply a hypothetical Aton of oilA +ith an average heating value of56 8 % 7 ?tu gross,

Dil equivalents may if required also be e8pressed in terms of standard fuel oil equivalent +ith acalorific value of 5%,5 8 % 7 ?tu per ton gross i,e, %3 = ?tu/lb 8 & &5 ,

Metric !onne Coal Equivalent 9t,c,e,: +ith a heat content of &2,662 8 % 7 ?tu gross i,e, %& 5?tu/lb 8 & & 5,7&,

!he heat values of these different units and conversions bet+een them are given in !able 6together +ith natural gas equivalents,



)ei"ht of )ater #er $ubic Feet at Various &em#eratures



En"ineerin" $onstants



Mensuration Units



Minutes to ecimal 1ours $onversion &able



1o0 to $om#are $osts of Gas and Alternate Fuels

Gro+ing shortage of natural gas prompts consideration of practical replacements including coalheavy fuel oil middle distillates and (G



Conversion from natural gas to other fuels has progress from possibility for many others in monthsand years ahead,

"uels considered practical replacements for gas include coal heavy fuel oils middle distillates9such as #erosine-type turbo fuel and burner fuel oils: and liquefied petroleum gas 9 (G:,

!o compare relative costs of fuels the quoted prices normally are converted to the price permillion ?ritish therm units 9?tu:, !he V being the higher 9gross: heating value of the fuel thefollo+ing equations may be used,



&y#ical $haracteristaics of Fuel Oils

converssion factors(chapter 22)

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