conversor aula
TRANSCRIPT
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Danfoss do Brasil - Service
CURSO DE
CONVERSOR DE FREQUÊNCIA
DANFOSS DO BRASIL
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CORRENTE ALTERNADA
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Nomes comumente encontrados que designam os Inversores
AFD adjustable frequency drive
VFD variable frequency drive
ASD adjustable speed drive
VSD variable speed drive
DRIVE
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Teoria & Partes de um AFD
• 4 Partes Compõem um AFD
• Retificador• Circuito Intermediário• Inversor• Controle & Regulação
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Retificador
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Retificador
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Retificador
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SCR
Retificador
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Princípio Da Partida Suave Princípio Da Partida Suave (Soft Starter)(Soft Starter)
Voltagem
Voltagem
Tempo
Tempo
controle do ângulo da Fase
Tensão Inicial
Tempo de Rampa
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Partida EsPartida Estrtrêlaêla--TriânguloTriângulo Versus Soft-start Versus Soft-start
M
M Y
I Y
I
M L
I s-s
M s-
s
M L
I Start 6 x InI Start 6 x In
I nI n
I nI n
I Start 4 x InI Start 4 x In
EsEstrtrêlaêla--TriânguloTriângulo
Soft-start
Torque/CurrentTorque/Current
Torque/CorrenteTorque/Corrente
VelocidadeVelocidade
VelocidadeVelocidade
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Retificador
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Circuito Intermediário - DC Link
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CORRENTE ALTERNADA
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CORRENTE ALTERNADA
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ω=2πf
f(t)= Vmax. sen ωt
veff²= 1 . ∫ f(t) ² dt T ti
tf
veff²=2π∫ V²max. sen²ωt0
2π1 .
2π
veff²=2π∫. sen²ωt0
1 . V²max
sen²a= 1- cos 2a2
veff²=2π1 . V²max 1 t
2
2π
0
veff²=2π1 . V²max 2π
2
veff²= V²max
2
veff =√ V²max
2
veff= Vmax
√2
rmsdt
dt
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Circuito Intermediário - DC Link
veff= Vmax
√2
} Vmax
220Vac 311,12 Vdc380Vac 537,40 Vdc
veff . Vmax= √2
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Redução das Correntes Harmônicas Pela Adição das Bobinas DC
“Choke=Bobina=reator=indutor”
Norma IEEE-519(THVD= Distorção Harmônica Total de Tensão)
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Danfoss do Brasil - ServiceO que são harmônicas?
Harmônica é a componente de uma onda periódica cuja frequência é um múltiplo inteiro da frequência fundamental (no caso da energia elétrica no Brasil, de 60 Hz)
Nesta figura, vemos duas curvas: uma onda senoidal normal, representando uma corrente de energia "limpa", e outra onda menor, representando uma harmônica.Esta segunda onda menor representa a harmônica de quinta ordem, o que significa que sua frequência é de 5 x 60 Hz, ou 300 Hz.
Somatória das duas curvas; ilustrando bem a distorção harmônica na curva de tensão
f =1T
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CIRCUITO INVERSOR
Alarme 30 Fase U ausente
Alarme 31 Fase V ausente
Alarme 32 Fase W ausente
Alarme 16 curto-circuito entre os enrolamentos do motor ou entre os terminais u,v,w.
Alarme 14 fuga ao terra ou curto-circuito entre as fases do motor e o terra ou fuga para a massa.Alarme 12 Excesso
de corrente no motorAlarme 13 Excesso de corrente no conversor
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PWM - Pulse Width Modulation (Modulação em Largura de Pulso)
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Operação do Conversor
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Controle e Regulação
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Torque Constante(Esteira / Correia transportadora)
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Torque Variável (Bomba & Ventiladores)
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Freio Dinâmico ou Reostático
VLT6000 não tem
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O Freio é necessário?
• 3 opções– Standard - no brake ST– Standard with Brake SB– Extended with Brake EB
VLT6000 não tem
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Extended com freio
• Loadsharing= compartilhar a carga• Conexão do DC bus entre os VLT’s• Resistores de freio podem dividir a carga• Entrada de 24Vcc para alimentar o controle
VLT6000 não tem
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Filtro RFI(interferência em rádio frequência)
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Filtro LC
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Resposta da Tensão e da Corrente sem Filtro, e com a
inclusão do
Filtro LC
Filtro LC
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Refrências
De Velocidades
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Danfoss do Brasil - ServiceSistema em Malha Fechada
Controlador
1-10bar
Sinal de Controle
1-10bar
Bomba com o VLT
Controlador Processo campoSet point
Transmissor
Erro
Feed back-
+
Atu
ad
or
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U V W
60
4 – 20 mA
PI
0 – 100 MCA
VLT
FeedBackSetpoint(=~4,2Bar)
Par 211=42% Para VLT6000
0 – 10 Bar
55
38 até 42 MCA
3,8 até 4,2 bar
60Hz----42 Mca
xxHz----38 Mca38 MCA -- 9,12 mA 42 MCA-- 10,08 mA
Loop Fechado
Ajuste do P.I.D.
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MOTOR ASSÍNCRONOEstator
Rotor
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PLAQUETA
DO
MOTOR
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Tensão Alternada Trifásica
Campo Girante
Pm = n.Pe
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f
U
T
RPM
60Hz P = U x I
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Torque do motor acima da velocidade síncrona
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L1 T1
L2 T2
L3 T3
Esquema Básico de Potência dos Soft Starters
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Esquema Elétrico de um SoftStarter
L1
L2
L3
T1
T2
T3
Módulo deIdentidade
Placa de Controle
Módulo Snubber/
Sobretensão
CTs •SCRs
PT
Ventilador
Sete Componentes Principais
• Placa de Controle• SCRs• Módulo de Identidade• Módulo Snubber/Sobretensão• Ventilador(es)• Transformador de Potência• Transformador de Corrente
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Princípio Da Partida SuavePrincípio Da Partida Suave
Voltagem
Voltagem
Tempo
Tempo
controle do ângulo da Fase
Tensão Inicial
Tempo de Rampa
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Esquema Geral de um Soft Starter
L1
L2
L3
T1
T2
T3
Módulo deIdentidade
•Módulo de Controle Principal
Módulo Snubber/
Sobretensão
CTs SCRs
PT
Fan
Áreas mais expostas a danos;
• SCRs
• Módulo de Controle Principal
• Transformadores de Potência