contraceptive physiology

PPTAD: REP PHYSIO : CONTRART 1

CONTRACEPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

ByDr.M.Anthony David MDProfessor of Physiology


HUMAN REPRODUCTION

APPLICATIONS

CONTRACEPTIONASSISTED

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY


CONTRACEPTION The prevention of conception is

called as contraception. Contraception is useful to prevent

population explosion. It is also called as Birth Control

methods or Family Planning Methods. This can be done at the female, male

or coital stages.


ABORTION Abortion is the abrupt and

unsuccessful ending or termination of pregnancy.

It can be spontaneous or induced. Induced Abortion is the medical

termination of pregnancy. In Abortion, a formed embryo or

fetus is killed due to health problems of the mother.


CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: A CLASSIFICATION

TERMINAL OR PERMANENT METHODS:There is a permanent stopping of

conception.Used by couples who have finished

their family. TEMPORARY SPACING METHODS:

Used for spacing or giving a gap between children

Used to postpone children’s arrival while the couple gets adjusted.


TERMINAL METHODSI. VASECTOMY:

MALE STERILISATION:A SIMPLE OUT PATIENT PROCEDURE.THE ‘VAS DEFERENS’ IS ISOLATED

AND CUT.THE TWO ENDS ARE LIGATED.LATEST METHOD: NSV: NON

SCALPEL VASECTOMY.LEAST DONE IN INDIA DUE TO

PREJUDICE & SUPERSTITIONS.


VASECTOMY


II. TUBECTOMY:FEMALE STERILIZATION:PART OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE IS

REMOVED.THE TWO ENDS ARE TIGHTLY

LIGATED.CAN BE DONE AS:

POST PARTUM STERILIZATION INTERVAL STERILIZATION LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION

TERMINAL METHODS


TUBECTOMY: TYPES


INTERVAL STERILIZATION


SPACING BARRIER METHODS:

A) PHYSICAL BARRIER: CONDOMS DIAPHRAGM VAGINAL SPONGE FEMALE CONDOM.

B) CHEMICAL BARRIER:SPERMICIDAL

FOAMS CREAMS SUPPOSITORIES

METHODS


CONDOMS SPERMICIDES


DIAPHRAGM + SPERMICIDE


IUCDs INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE

DEVICES (IUCD): FUNCTION BY PREVENTING

IMPLANTATION.I GENERATION:

NON MEDICATED: LIPPE’S LOOPII GENERATION: MEDICATED BIOACTIVE

COPPER TIII GENERATION: HORMONE RELEASING

PROGESTASERT


LIPPE’S LOOP Cu T & PROGESTASERT


HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES ALSO CALLED ORAL PILLS OR ORAL

CONTRACEPTIVES. ARE USUALLY HORMONES OR

COMBINATIONS TAKEN BY MOUTH. THEY CAUSE THE TEMPORARY

CESSATION OF THE OVARIAN CYCLES.


ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

COMBINED PILLS:HAVE BOTH ESTROGEN &

PROGESTERONE. POP : PROGESTRONE ONLY PILL. MORNING AFTER PILL. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION. DEPOT FORMULATIONS

INJECTABLES: DEPOT PROVERA,‘DMPA’, ‘NET EN’


OTHER METHODS ABSTINENCE: THE BEST

PART OF THE A B C TO PREVENT HIV/AIDS.

COITUS INTERRUPTUS:HISTORICALLY THE OLDEST IN

HUMANS.THE SEMEN WAS SPILLED ON THE

GROUND. THE MALE PILL:

GOSSYPOL : COTTON SEED OILKILLS SPERMATIDS.VERY TOXIC AND SO NOT USED.


NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

SAFE PERIOD METHOD:DURING THE FERTILE PERIOD, COITUS

IS AVOIDED.THE REST OF THE CYCLE IS ‘SAFE’

OVULATION TESTS:BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE CHARTSCERVICAL MUCUS : BILLINGS METHODSYMPTOTHERMIC: ‘SELF

RECOGNITION’


SAFE PERIOD METHOD


ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES.

THESE ARE TECHNIQUES WHICH HELP INFERTILE COUPLES TO CONCEIVE & BEAR CHILDREN.

THEY ARE OFFERED TO THEM AT FERTILITY CENTERS.


INFERTILITY What is fertility? The capacity to conceive and bear

children is called fertility. Infertility: A couple is said to be

infertile if pregnancy does not result after 1 year of normal sexual activity without contraceptives.

25% of couples experience infertility at some point in their reproductive lives.


WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFERTILITY?

The male partner in 40% cases. Artificial insemination is resorted

to in such cases. A combination of factors can be

the reason for infertility.


ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

SPERMS ARE INJECTED INTO THE CERVIX DIRECTLY.

DONE IN CASES OF MALE INFERTILITY OR FEMALE TRACT HOSTILITY.


ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY: A CLASSIFICATION

I. PROCESSES INVOLVING DIRECT RETRIEVAL OF OOCYTES FROM THE OVARIES.

II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL AND INJECTION


I. TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL

1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUBE BABY

2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER

3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER

4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &

SPERM TRANSFER


1.IVF-ET: THE TEST TUBE BABY!

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER.

TEST TUBE BABY IS A MISNOMER

FERTILIZATION DONE IN A PETRIDISH.

AFTER THE EMBRYO DEVELOPS, IT IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE BODY OF THE UTERUS.



1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION & EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUB BABY




SPERM TRANSFER


2. GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)

BOTH THE GAMETES, THE MATURE SPERMATOZOON AND THE OVUM ARE PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.

THERE THEY FERTILIZE AND CAUSE CONCEPTION.

DONE IN CASES OF:LOW MOTILITY FOR SPERMSINCREASED CERVICAL MUCUS

HOSTILITY


GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)







SPERM TRANSFER


3. ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT)

THE FERTILIZATION IS DONE OUTSIDE, INVITRO.

THE SINGLE CELLED ZYGOTE IS PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.

IT THEN DEVELOPS INTO AN EMBRYO AND MOVES INTO THE BODY OF THE UTERUS.







SPERM TRANSFER


4. TUBAL EMBRYO TRANSFER (TET)

TUBAL EMBRYO TRANSFER. THE ZYGOTE IS ALLOWED TO

GROW AND BECOME AN EMBRYO IN VITRO.

THEN AT THAT STAGE IT IS PUT INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE.







SPERM TRANSFER


5. PERITONEAL OOCYTE & SPERM TRANSFER (POST)

BOTH THE GAMETES ARE PUT INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY.

THEY ARE EXPECTED TO FERTILIZE IN THE PERITONEUM.

LATER THE ZYGOTE OR EMBRYO IS TO MOVE INTO THE TUBE AND THE UTERUS.


II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL & INJECTION

DONE IN CASES SUCH AS:AZOOSPERMIALOW SPERM COUNTSHYPO & EPISPADIAS.

TECHNIQUES HELP THE SPERM TO REACH THE OVUM BETTER


II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM RETRIEVAL & INJECTION

1. ICSI: INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION.

2. TESE: TESTICULAR SPERM EXTRACTION.

3. MESA: MICROSURGICAL EPIDIDYMAL SPERM ASPIRATION.


1. INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION


2. TESTICULAR SPERM EXTRACTION (TESE)

The sperms are extracted or teased from the testes.

Done in cases where there is a block in the ductular system.

The extracted sperms are used for fertilization.


3. MESA MICROSURGICAL EPIDIDYMAL SPERM

ASPIRATION. DELICATE MICROSCOPIC SURGERY IS

DONE. SPERMS ARE ASPIRATED FROM THE

EPIDIDYMIS. THEY ARE THEN USED FOR

FERTILIZATION.


Contraception is the prevention of conception.

There two main types:Permanent or Terminal methods:

Vasectomy or Male sterilization. Tubectomy or Female sterilization.

Temporary or Spacing methods: Barriers IUCDs Other methods.

REVIEW WEIVER

contraceptive physiology

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