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Neoliberalism

What is neoliberalism?Neoliberalism is both an approach to government and defining political movement within our contemporary society. Neoliberalism can be seen in two approaches,- It is represented by the belief that governments do not attempt to create economic growth.- It does not provide social welfare and essentially shifts their focus elsewhere leaving their citizens overshadowed. This is where private companies , individuals and unhindered markets establish their main focus and priorities in generating economic growth and social welfare.

Why is neoliberalism growing?

There a number of reasons to why neoliberalism is growing, these include:- The focus and importance in promoting free trade, as evident in the Australian and the United States’ free trade agreement in which has saved both governments millions since the launch of the agreement in 2005.- Growing implementation of deregulation as governments are removing laws and polices- As governments privatize their assets they are generating fast profits, some examples include the Australian governments selling of City Rail and the Commonwealth bank.

These examples essentially lead to a reduction in government control over the economy, thus maximising private control and initiative. In terms of what is happening globally neoliberalism has led to the introduction of powerful financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

*Neoliberalism

What effects is neoliberalism having on society?The effects neoliberalism has on society are becoming increasingly more evident today, as the rich continue to become wealthier and the poor become poorer. An example of the effects of neoliberalism- in Chile 1973, as the CIA was for planning to depower the power of the elected Allende government. It’s effects had a greater impact on other countries, with Mexico being hit the worst, as wages dropped around 40 to 50% and further effects were shown as the cost of living soared up to 80%. - In the US today, neoliberalism is significantly affecting the United States as it is destroying welfare programs and is more so affecting immigrant workers and further setting deferrals for social programs

NEOLIBERALISM

Four key elements of neoliberalismDavid Harvey has implemented four key elements in which aim at breaking down the notion of neoliberalism. - Privatization involves the government selling off owned assets to private organisations, this leads to the transfer of ownership and control of public owned assets and leads to significant short term profits. - Financialisation is when financial markets, institutions and elites have more of an influence on economic policies and outcomes, the strong financial wave of 1980 is an example.- The management and manipulation of crises, carries further into the speculative and often dishonest coponents in which may portray much of neoliberal financial manipulation- State redistributions, bring its transition into a neoliberal set of institutions, it then becomes a prime agent of redistributive polices, reversing the flow from upper to lower classes.

Neoliberalism

What is Neoliberalism like today?Overall, countries in which choose to implement and follow this neoliberalism theory are those countries in which majority of the lower class population suffer from wage cuts, labour rights and freedom of speech, evidently resulting in the upper class continuing to make more money and grow, while the poor/ lower class remain the same and even decline financially.

Citizenship and inequality: Gender and Sexuality

What sort of disadvantages have women faced?Over time women have been subjected to a vast amount of disadvantages, mainly in the work place these include:- Women participation in the workforce use to be frowned upon- Prior to 1972 in Australia women suffered pay disadvantages.- were unable to vote- were not able to be positioned it high power job positions.- Discriminated against and potentially faced job losses due to pregnancy's

How have women rights changed?Women’s rights have significantly transitioned over the years which has lead to increased rights advantages. These increased advantages are evident in countries such as Australia. Such benefits include:- Women in Australia are now entitled to the same rights men have, as women can now work and earn a sustainable income for themselves. - Women have significantly proven themselves to be more than capable to work just as hard as men, women are also now highly educated therefore now also are able to perform better at school, better at university and even work before and after pregnancy. - Governments have also set up maternity leave in which are enforced for women so that they can still receive a sustainable income from home so they can care for their children.

Citizenship and inequality: Gender and Sexuality

What turns of events influenced these changes?- There had been a lot of protesting undertaken by women, where it gave women the chance to have their say and complaints. Through constant protesting, decisions such as the Arbitration Commission decision of 1972 gave women equal pay rights as men. - During wars, as men went and fought in the battles, their jobs were left open and needed filling, this resulted in women learning how to fulfil the duties and responsibilities men would normally carry, thus evidently allowed society to see the strong capability women had. - Women have also situated within our parliament, on the 16th of December 1903 the first Australian women stood for federal parliament elections with seats in the senate and house of representatives. - Recently, events including Julia Gillard becoming Australia’s first female prime minister have continued to show new beginnings for the rights of women

Citizenship and inequality: Gender and Sexuality

CITIZENSHIP AND INEQUALITY: GENDER AND SEXUALITY

Is this change evident throughout the world?However, even though there has been an improvement into the rights of women, in some countries, in particular in the Middle Eastern women still do not have the same rights as men and essentially there is still a need for significant improvements. There should be more of a shift of focus in which should be aimed at revoking the misogynist outlook that Middle Eastern men have on women.

Citizenship and inequality: Gender and Sexuality

Are these inequities changing?Muslim women in Malaysia have organised an organisation called the Sisters of Islam, in which gathered hundreds of Muslim women together, with a main objective of improving the rights for Islamic women, as they believed it was time for equality. The women came from 47 different countries and named the project ‘Musawah’, which is the Arabic word for equal. These wise women spent the duration of the project in search of answers within the Quran itself, which aimed at altering the Misogynistic interpretations Muslim had on women. Throughout our contemporary society many people assume that Muslim women are forced to wear the ‘Hijab’ or more commonly said as ‘the scarf’ when in fact Muslim women wear it to fulfil their commitments to their religion and by covering their hair it shows their purity and devotion to their good ‘Allah’.

What is migration?Migration essentially involves individuals leaving their native born country and either temporarily or permanently moving countries to begin a new life. Within the last decade migration has significantly increased and countries have even made migration ties with certain countries, which will then allow migration to become more acceptable.

Citizenship and inequality: Migration

Why do people migrate?There are a number of reasons to why people may be influenced to migrate, such as there may be more working opportunities, fear of their safety, example their home land may be at risk of war or they could even be faced with a natural disaster or even following the footsteps of loved ones and friends who have already migrated elsewhere.

CITIZENSHIP AND INEQUALITY: MIGRATION

What sort of inequality perceptions does society have on migration?People seem to not approve of others migrating into their country, 87% of those born and living in the United Kingdom were not accepting of migration, the study is able to show the fear people have of jobs becoming taken up as a result of migrationMany people believe that individuals who migrate into other countries are not adapting themselves to the traditions and lifestyles the new country have to offer and these immigrants are continuing to carry their national identity with them, which people believe is placing the national identity of those born in the country at risk. Many are against migration as they believe that these new comers are prepared to work for significantly less and believe employers will employ them due to cheaper wage cost

Citizenship and inequality: MigrationWhat sort of effects can migration have?- Immigration is having an effect on British society, in particular in their economic and social movement. In our contemporary society there seems to be a significant worry that migration is causing job availabilities to decrease. - Current unemployment rates in the US and UK are already high and any further increases will steam fears that migrants will reduce wages and limit the employment opportunities of the native labor force.

- Even though there has not been an exclusive study demonstrating that migration effects wages, two prominent studies found minor effects, in one study an estimating 1% increase in the share of migrants in the UK working age population leads to a 0.6% decline in the wages of the 5% lowest paid workers. - These studies have alarmed people as they believe that more people are expected to migrate, which could potentially affect their short and long term earnings. - Temporary migrants can have more of an effect on wages, as temporary workers are paid about 12% lower than permanent immigrants. - Undocumented migrants in the long term can possibly have the biggest influences of wages. In the United States there are a significant amount of undocumented Mexican workers, who take up low paid untrained jobs, such as gardening, housekeeping and farm work.

Citizenship and inequality: Migration

How does migration effect the individual?Those who migrate can often be subjected to racism and other forms of discrimination, they may cause a language barrier which sees them attaining labour intensive jobs and other jobs that others don’t want to do. As these migrants are faced with newer living conditions and environments, there has been a study in which looked at the disease rates of immigrants in their own country and environment compared to the disease rating in their desired migrant destination. A study undertaken in japan concluded in evidence that stated japan had a lower breast cancer rate than the US Studies show that breast cancer rates for Japanese women increased following migration this evidence was used to suggest the importance of working conditions.

THE END

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Mario Predus