context and adaptive cartography for risk and disaster management milan koneČnÝ president (former)...
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Context and Adaptive Cartography for Risk and
Disaster Management
Milan KONEČNÝPresident (Former) ICA
Vice-President, ISDE
Chairman:
ICA WG Cartography for EW and CM
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• Masaryk University, Brno, Czech republic
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CONTENT
1)Technological aspects: Web 2.0 and Web 3.0
2) Organizational – SDIs integration tendencies
3) Societal requests: efforts to find new paradigm in Risk and Disaster Management (Digital Earth?).
4) Potentials of cartography: context and adaptive cartography
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1) Technological aspects: Web 2.0 and Web 3.0
Technological (progressive) aspects are linked with Web 2.0 and Web 3 in preparation with potentials of crowd sourcing.
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2) Organizational – SDIs integration tendencies
Continuous building of SDIs with integration tendencies on the continents (e.g. in Europe the INSPIRE and GMES), global projects and initiatives (GEO, GEOSS, Galileo, etc.).
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GMES
Services
Spacesystems
In-situsystems
Data Integration &Information Management
GMES
Services
Spacesystems
In-situsystems
Data Integration &Information Management
(INSPIRE/ESDI)
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
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Overall GMES objectivesOverall GMES objectives
EARTH OBSERVINGSYSTEMS
(space, airborne, in-situ)
PUBLICPOLICIES
(Environment &
Security)
Information
Needs(policy driven)
Space AgenciesIn-situ Observing systems
Scientific CommunityEO Value Adding Industry
National Governments and AgenciesEuropean Union Institutions
Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs) Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
to provide information services to policy-makers and other users
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Space InfrastructureIn Situ
Infrastructure
CORE SERVICES
DOWNSTREAM SERVICES
Use
rs
Security
Em
ergency A
tmosphere
Marine
Land
Ad
ded
Valu
e Ch
ainA
dd
ed V
alue C
hain
Overall architectureOverall architecture
Fa
rmin
g IC
ZM
Air q
ua
lity
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Four main types of products: Four main types of products:
For headquarters, decision-makers
and in-field operativesIn Europe and worldwide
Reference maps
Assessment maps
Thematic maps
Early warning
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Rapid mapping on demand in case of humanitarian crises, natural disasters, and man-made emergency situations within & outside Europe
ERCS 1ERCS 1stst priority priority
Reference maps available within 6 hours over crisis area
Damage assessment maps available within 24 hours & daily updated
Situation maps and forecasts of evolution of situations within the few days-weeks after crisis
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INSPIREInfrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe
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SDI Generations
From 1st to 2nd Generation
and to
Spatially-Enabled Society
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Relationship between the first and second generations of SDIs. (by Williamson Rajabifard, Binns, 2007, reprinted from Rajabifard at al.2006 with permission of the International Journal of GIS)
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At the World Summit on Earth Observation in Washington in July 2003, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) was established, with the goal of addressing the information requirement for the environment on a global scale.
This work was completed in Brussels in February 2005 by the adoption of a 10 year implementation plan of an integrated Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
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GEOSS10-Year Implementation Plan
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3) Societal requests: efforts to find new paradigm in Risk and Disaster Management (Digital Earth?)
One of the most important of them is efforts to find new paradigm in Risk and Disaster Management with final target of their reduction.
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KOBE - Hyogo Declaration:
it was recognized that a culture of disaster prevention and resilience,
and associated pre-disaster strategies, must be fostered at all levels, ranging from the individual to the international levels. Human societies have to live with the risk of hazards posed by nature.
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People-Centred Early Warning Systems
The objective : - to empower individuals and communities threatened by hazards to act in sufficient time and in an appropriate manner
so as to reduce the possibility of personal injury, loss of life, damage to property and the environment and of livelihoods.
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To be effective, early warning systems must be people-centred and must integrate four elements :1.knowledge of the risks faced; 2. technical monitoring and warning service;
3. dissemination of meaningful warnings to those at risk; and
4. public awareness and preparedness to act.
Failure in any one of these elements can mean failure of the whole early warning system.
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Sunji Murai, 2011
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Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture constructed huge breakwaters 2km long, 20m thick, 8m above sea level and 65m deep, which have been registered as the deepest breakwaters in the Guinness World Records (see Fig.4a and 4b).
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Sunji Murai, 2011
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Sunji Murai, 2011
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We should have learnt the lessons that ‘hardware’ including very high breakwaters, cannot save people but
we need to use ‘software’ including procedures for providing early warning and evacuation systems.
Sunji Murai, 2012
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Geospatial Data Needs
-Ability to assess risk and resilience,
-Pre-incident forecasts about hazard behaviour, likely damage, property vulnerability, and potential victims,
-Decision aids to support recommendations for pre positionning resources and evaluation,
-Timely, incident-specific locational information with respect to hazards, damage, victims, ….including information about people and their needs,
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-Ongoing monitoring and evolving hazards, response efforts, and resource status, and
-Insight into the interdependence and status of infratsructure components (energy, water, sanitation, road, communications,….security system, etc.) and awareness of critical infrastructure and facility vulnerability and status (refineries, chemical facilities, hazardous waste sites, bridges,…..
See Table 3.2
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National Academy Reports in USA
Successful Response Starts with a Map. Improving Geospatial Support for Disaster Management, NRC. 2007
Elevation data for Floodplain Mapping. The National Academy. 2007.
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Fig.3.1 Key Disaster-Related Functions by Level of Government and Phase-A
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4) Potentials of cartography: context and adaptive cartography
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Dynamic visualization in crisis management
• Main aim: improved cartographic support in time critical situations
• Adaptation of map to context in which map is used
• Support of various activities in different stages of flood management
• Cognitive and perceptual research.
Find more: geokrima.geogr.muni.cz
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ADAPTIVE CARTOGRAPHY Adaptability of Cartographic
Representation
1. User level–operational units, dispatching units and stakeholders need different scales, themes and map extent, but over the same data.
2. User background–different educational and map use bias.
3. Theme importance – different features in map content and variable significance with changing emergency situation.
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ADAPTIVE CARTOGRAPHY
Adaptability of Cartographic Representation
4. New phenomena – new features reflecting the emergency status need to be inserted into map consistently.
5. Interaction device and environment – various electronic visualization devices are used and they are also in interaction with environment which is influencing visibility and amount of information used.
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GEOINFORMATICS IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
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MOBILE AND ADAPTIVE CARTOGRAPHY
1: no adaptation: full dataset
2: adapted for G1: those in charge of human evacuation
3: adapted for G2: those looking to protect biological sites
4: adapted for G3: those looking to recover some of the spilled oil
5: adapted for G4: those in charge of repairing the leak to the oil pipeline
Key
" communities
!( oil manifolds
%, oil wells
gas pipeline
oil pipeline
roads
rivers
major towns
inland habitat<all other values>
NAME, CODE
Fresh Water Swamp, 3
Mangrove Forest, 4
Rainfed Deltaic Forest, 6
Urban Areas, 9
Water Bodies, 7
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Context-Based Cartography
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Adaptabile Geovizualization
Figure: Examples of changes in visualization according to change of context (Friedmanová, Konečný and Staněk 2006)
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The subject-matter of adaptive cartography is automatic creation of correct geodata visualization with regard to situation, purpose and the user.
Adaptive maps are still maps in the conventional sense – they are correct and well-readable medium for transfer of spatial information. The user controls map modifications indirectly via modification of context.
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The term context refers to a set of characteristics providing answers to the following questions:
Who is the map reader – information on abilities of the user to read maps, their visual preferences, level of knowledge and/or education. This information forms the user profile.
What is the purpose of the map – information on solved problems, spatial extent of the problem and information on hierarchy of map content items depending on the given problem.
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Where is the map used – information on place, time, orientation and natural conditions influencing map perception (e.g. light conditions)
What is the device displaying the map – set of information related to parameters of the display, transmission capacity and software characteristics of client application.
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• Crises processes
• Metadata and data
• Geographical support of
EM
• Security system and EM
• Quality and uncertainity
of data
Geoinformation support of emergency management
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• Methods
• Technologies CWMS
– Sissi
• Pilot projects
• Integration of sensors
and geoinformation
infrastructures
Development of Methods of Adaptive Cartograhic Visualization
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• Adaptation of map content.
• Adaptation of map symbols
according to context.
• Evaluation of cartographic
outputs according to
personal characteristics of
the user.
Cartographic Models and Cartographic infrastructure
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• Interdisciplinary
research.
• Theory of cognitive
styles.
• Concept and design of
test environment
(MuTeP).
• International
cooperation.
Cognitive Aspects of Geovisualization
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How to manage volunteer geographic information? Chaos or help?
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Volunteer geographic information VGI:
“The terms, “crowdsourcing” and “collective intelligence” draw attention to the notion that the collective contribution of a number of individuals may be more reliable than those of any one individual.
The term VGI refers specifically to geographic information and to the contrast between the actions of amateurs and those of authoritative agencies.” Goodchild (2009, p. 18)
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The term asserted that geographic information draws attention to the fact that such information is not subject to the normal checks and quality control mechanisms of those agencies,
while neo-geography emphasizes the contrast between the grass-roots phenomenon and the current state of the academic discipline of geography.
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EVENTS
NOW: Meeting and papers in ICC Dresden, August 22-26, 2013
Conference of ICA Commission Cartography for Early Warning and Crises Management, November 2013, Wuhan, China
Next:Seminar on EW and Crises Management, Novosibirsk, Russia, April 2014
•Cartography and GIS conferences in Bulgaria Albena, with EU seminars on EW and CM with participation of the cartographers from all World), June 2014
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Dank u!!!!!
RachmedTHANK YOU
Muchas GraciasO Brigada
Kammsa HamidaAligator
SHUKRANBLAGODARJA
DĚKUJI ( in Czech)
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