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Video Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiiiPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiContributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii

Section I Development, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Central Nervous System

1 Development of the Cerebrovasculature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Zaman Mirzadeh and Robert F. Spetzler

2 Microsurgical Anatomy of the Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Maria Peris-Celda, Alvaro Campero, Pablo Rubino, and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr.

3 Cranial Vascular Anatomy of the Anterior Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37João Paulo C. de Almeida, Feres Chaddad, Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., and Evandro de Oliveira

4 Cranial Vascular Anatomy of the Posterior Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Michaël Bruneau and Henri-Benjamin Pouleau

5 Cranial Venous Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Mauro A.T. Ferreira

6 Spinal Vascular Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Peter Kim Nelson and Maksim Shapiro

7 Cerebrovascular Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105Jens Bjerregaard and Richard A. Jaffe

Section II Evaluation and Treatment Considerations for Neurovascular Disease

8 Neurovascular History and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119M. Yashar S. Kalani, Luis Pérez-Orribo, Gaurav Bhardwaj, Ian C. Francis, and Joseph M. Zabramski

9 Intraoperative Evaluation of Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Sepideh Amin-Hanjani and Fady T. Charbel

10 Neuroanesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Alana M. Flexman and Pekka O. Talke

11 Neuromonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150Christian Musahl, Claudia Weissbach, and Nikolai J. Hopf

12 Cerebral Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Douglas J. Cook, Jacob Fairhall, Cristian Valdes, and Michael Tymianski

13 Principles and Techniques of Hypothermia and Cardiac Arrest for Neurovascular Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . .175Javier Lorenzo and Richard A. Jaffe

14 Invasive and Noninvasive Imaging of the Vasculature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182Joseph E. Heiserman

15 Applications of Indocyanine Green Video Angiography in Neurovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194Jacky T. Yeung, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Peter Nakaji

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Section III Ischemic Stroke and Vascular Insufficiency

16 The Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203Andrew M. Bauer and Robert J. Dempsey

17 Medical Management of Cardiogenic Cerebral Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216Yazan J. Alderazi and Sean I. Savitz

18 Diagnosis of Brain Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230Mohamed Teleb, Paul Singh, and Maarten Lansberg

19 Carotid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Nohra Chalouhi, Rohan Chitale, Pascal M. Jabbour, Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris, Aaron S. Dumont, Robert Rosenwasser, and L. Fernando Gonzalez

20 Carotid Endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252Markus Bookland and Christopher M. Loftus

21 Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Travis M. Dumont, Kenneth V. Snyder, Adnan H. Siddiqui, L. Nelson Hopkins, and Elad I. Levy

22 Medical Management of Vertebrobasilar Occlusive Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278Matthew R. Reynolds, Gyanendra Kumar, Jin-Moo Lee, and Gregory J. Zipfel

23 Surgical Treatment of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290Mohamed Samy Elhammady and Jacques J. Morcos

24 Endovascular Treatment of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320Ramsey Ashour and Mohammad Ali Aziz-Sultan

25 Medical Management of Intracranial Athero-Occlusive Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330Shakeel A. Chowdhry and Peter Nakaji

26 Medical Management and Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337W. David Freeman and Thomas G. Brott

27 Current Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351Philipp Taussky, Rabih G. Tawk, David A. Miller, and Ricardo A. Hanel

28 Pathophysiology and Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360A. David Mendelow

29 Medical and Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Sinus and Venous Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369Nohra Chalouhi, Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris, L. Fernando Gonzalez, Aaron S. Dumont, Robert Rosenwasser, and Pascal M. Jabbour

30 Spinal Cord Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377Michael J. Wang, William P. Cheshire, and James F. Howard, Jr.

31 Medical, Surgical, and Endovascular Treatment of Claudication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385Chelsea A. Dorsey and Jason T. Lee

32 Medical, Surgical, and Endovascular Treatment of Arterial Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391Benjamin D. Fox and Adam S. Arthur

33 Pituitary Apoplexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400Rami O. Almefty, Andrew S. Little, Shih Sing Liu, and William L. White

Section IV Cerebral and Spinal Cavernous Malformations

34 Cavernous Malformations: Natural History, Epidemiology, Presentation, and Treatment Options . . . . . . . .413Hasan A. Zaidi and Joseph M. Zabramski

35 Surgical Management of Supratentorial Cavernous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419Helmut Bertalanffy, Venelin Gerganov, and Vincenzo Paterno

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36 Surgery for Brainstem Cavernous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436Adib A. Abla, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler

37 Microsurgery of Intramedullary Spinal Cavernous Malformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448M. Yashar S. Kalani, Maziyar A. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler

Section V Cerebral and Spinal Aneurysms

38 Intracranial Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457Martin Lehecka, Juhana Frösen, Miikka Korja, Hanna Lehto, Riku Kivisaari, Rossana Romani, Mika Niemelä, and Juha Hernesniemi

39 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468Giuseppe Lanzino and Alejandro A. Rabinstein

40 Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Ischemic Complications Associated with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478Guarav Gupta and E. Sander Connolly

41 Medical Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484Shawn Eugene Wright

42 Endovascular Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493Nohra Chalouhi, Pascal M. Jabbour, Aaron S. Dumont, L. Fernando Gonzalez, Robert Rosenwasser, and Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris

43 Surgical Therapies for Saccular Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505Leonardo Rangel-Castilla and Robert F. Spetzler

44 Endovascular Therapies for Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Najib E. El Tecle, Salah G. Aoun, Allan Douglas Nanney III, Joseph G. Adel, and Bernard R. Bendok

45 Management Strategies for Intracavernous Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529Babu G. Welch, Christopher S. Eddleman, Awais Z. Vance, and Duke S. Samson

46 Surgical Therapies for Carotid-Ophthalmic Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538Arthur L. Day, Yoshua Esquenazi, and Buelent Yapicilar

47 Endovascular Treatment of Carotid-Ophthalmic Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547Rosa Martinez, Marta Aguilar Perez, Nikolai J. Hopf, Hansjörg Bäzner, and Hans Henkes

48 Surgical Therapies for Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556Hani Malone and Robert Solomon

49 Endovascular Therapies for Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569Jorge L. Eller, Travis M. Dumont, Grant C. Sorkin, Maxim Mokin, Kenneth V. Snyder, L. Nelson Hopkins, Adnan H. Siddiqui, and Elad I. Levy

50 Surgical Therapies for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584Salah G. Aoun, Bernard R. Bendok, Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Najib E. El Tecle, and H. Hunt Batjer

51 Endovascular Therapies for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595Douglas L. Stofko, Zakaria Hakma, and Erol Veznedaroglu

52 Surgical Therapies for Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605Clemens M. Schirmer and Carlos A. David

53 Comprehensive Management of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613Daniel W. Zumofen, Donato Pacione, Peter Kim Nelson, and Howard A. Riina

54 Surgical Therapies for Basilar Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623Ali F. Krisht

55 Endovascular Therapies for Basilar Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .635Robert W.J. Ryan, Abhineet Chowdhary, and Michael J. Alexander

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56 Surgical Therapies for Vertebral Artery and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . .647Ana Rodríguez-Hernández, Matthew B. Potts, and Michael T. Lawton

57 Microsurgical Management of Aneurysms of the Posterior Cerebral, Superior Cerebellar, and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661Jonathan J. Russin and Robert F. Spetzler

58 Endovascular Treatment of Vertebrobasilar Circulation Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679Daniel W. Zumofen, Eytan Raz, Maksim Shapiro, Tibor Becske, Peter Kim Nelson, and Howard A. Riina

59 Infectious Intracranial Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689Jonathan J. Russin, William J. Mack, and Steven L. Giannotta

60 Traumatic and Dissecting Intracranial Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .698Giuseppe Lanzino and Fredric B. Meyer

61 Giant Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .710M. Yashar S. Kalani and Robert F. Spetzler

62 Incidental Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748Issam A. Awad, Mahua Dey, James Brorson, and Seon-Kyu Lee

63 Flow-Diverting Stents in the Management of Complex Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761David Fiorella

64 Aneurysms of Spinal Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772Samuel Kalb, Luis Pérez-Orribo, Mark E. Oppenlander, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler

65 Cerebral Aneurysms: To Clip or Coil? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778Brian P. Walcott and Christopher S. Ogilvy

Section VI Cerebral and Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas and Malformations

66 Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787Mohamed Samy Elhammady, Seth Hayes, and Roberto C. Heros

67 Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819Matthias Simon, Christian von der Brelie, and Johannes Schramm

68 Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833Mark J. Dannenbaum, Albert J. Schuette, Daniel B. Case, C. Michael Cawley, and Daniel L. Barrow

69 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .843R. Webster Crowley, Andrew F. Ducruet, Cameron G. McDougall, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

70 Supratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853Aki Laakso, Martin Lehecka, Ahmed Elsharkawy, and Juha Hernesniemi

71 Posterior Fossa Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866Joao Paulo C. de Almeida, Alexander L. Coon, Judy Huang, and Rafael J. Tamargo

72 Giant Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877Aki Laakso, Martin Lehecka, Ahmed Elsharkawy, and Juha Hernesniemi

73 Microsurgical Treatment of Vein of Galen Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886Daniel D. Cavalcanti, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler

74 Endovascular Treatment of Vein of Galen Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900Jason A. Ellis, Hannah Goldstein, Randall T. Higashida, and Philip M. Meyers

75 Presentation, Clinical Features, and Natural History of Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908Nikolai J. Hopf, Christian Musahl, Marta Aguilar Perez, Hansjörg Bäzner, and Hans Henkes

76 Endovascular Treatment for Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .918Jeffrey C. Mai and Brian L. Hoh

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77 Endovascular Management of Intracranial Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .928George A.C. Mendes, Paulo Puglia, Jr., Michel Eli Frudit, and José Guilherme Mendes Pereira Caldas

78 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cranial Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949Hideyuki Kano, Douglas Kondziolka, L. Dade Lunsford, and John C. Flickinger

79 Radiosurgery for Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955Maziyar A. Kalani, Syed Aftab Karim, Scott G. Soltys, and Steven D. Chang

80 Surgical Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .964Maziyar A. Kalani, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler

81 Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .984Andrew F. Ducruet, R. Webster Crowley, Cameron G. McDougall, and Felipe C. Albuquerque

Section VII Disorders of Ephaptic Transmission

82 Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .999Peter J. Jannetta

83 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Operative Results in 2,488 Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007Takanori Fukushima and Kentaro Watanabe

84 Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016Charles Teo and Brian J. Dlouhy

Section VIII Vascular Considerations in the Management of Tumors

85 Embolization of Vascular Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025Joshua W. Osbun, Michael R. Levitt, Manuel Ferreira, Jr., and Louis J. Kim

86 Microsurgical Management of Vascular Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037Fangxiang Chen, Juliet Kim, Vilaas Shetty, and Saleem I. Abdulrauf

87 Microsurgical Management of Vascular Spinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046Yury Kushel

Section IX Surgical Approaches

88 Skull Base Approaches to the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055Kaith K. Almefty and Ossama Al-Mefty

89 Surgical Approaches to the Posterior Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069Justin M. Sweeney, A. Samy Youssef, and Harry R. van Loveren

90 Applications of Endoscopy to Cerebrovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082Nancy McLaughlin, Daniel M. Prevedello, Ricardo L. Carrau, and Amin B. Kassam

91 Keyhole Cranial Approaches for Cerebrovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097Peter Nakaji

92 Surgical Exposure of the Vertebral Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau

Section X Cerebral Revascularization

93 Bypass Surgery for Aneurysms and Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127Laligam N. Sekhar, Farzana Tariq, Basavaraj Ghodke, and Louis J. Kim

94 Excimer Laser-Assisted Nonocclusive Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147Albert van der Zwan, Tristan van Doormaal, Luca Regli, and Cornelis A.F. Tulleken

95 Intracranial–Extracranial Bypass Surgery for Moyamoya Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156Peter A. Gooderham and Gary K. Steinberg

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96 Intracranial–Intracranial Bypass Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172Matthew B. Potts, Ana Rodríguez-Hernández, and Michael T. Lawton

97 Surgical Cerebral Revascularization for Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180Eric S. Nussbaum

98 Posterior Circulation Bypass Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186Yasuhiro Yonekawa

99 Endovascular Cerebral Revascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203Mahan Ghiassi, Scott L. Zuckerman, Mayshan Ghiassi, and J Mocco

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215

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Chapter 3 Cranial Vascular Anatomy of the Anterior CirculationJoão Paulo C. de Almeida, Feres Chaddad, Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., and Evandro de Oliveira3.1 Circle of Willis Animation

Chapter 5 Cranial Venous Anatomy Mauro A. T. Ferreira5.1 Venous Anatomy Animation

Chapter 6 Spinal Vascular Anatomy Peter Kim Nelson and Maksim Shapiro6.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy Animation

Chapter 9 Intraoperative Evaluation of Blood FlowSepideh Amin-Hanjani and Fady T. Charbel9.1 Left MCA Aneurysm, University of Illinois at Chicago 9.2 M1 Aneurysm, University of Illinois at Chicago

Chapter 13 Principles and Techniques of Hypothermia and Cardiac Arrest for Neurovascular AnomaliesJavier Lorenzo and Richard A. Jaffe13.1 Aneurysm Clipping Animation using Hypothermia

Chapter 14 Invasive and Noninvasive Imaging of the Vasculature Joseph E. Heiserman14.1 3D Angiography

Chapter 15 Applications of Indocyanine Green Video Angiography in Neurovascular SurgeryJacky T. Yeung, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Peter Nakaji15.1 MCA Aneurysm ICG15.2 Posterior Fossa AVM ICG15.3 STA-to-MCA Bypass ICG15.4 Conus AVM ICG

Chapter 17 Medical Management of Cardiogenic Cerebral EmbolismYazan J. Alderazi and Sean I. Savitz17.1 Embolic Stroke Animation

Chapter 20 Carotid Endarterectomy Markus Bookland and Christopher M. Loftus 20.1 Carotid Endarterectomy20.2 Carotid Endarterectomy

Chapter 21 Endovascular Treatment of Carotid StenosisTravis M. Dumont, Kenneth V. Snyder, Adnan H. Siddiqui, L. Nelson Hopkins, and Elad I. Levy 21.1 Carotid Stenting, University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

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Chapter 23 Surgical Treatment of Vertebrobasilar InsufficiencyMohamed Samy Elhammady and Jacques J. Morcos23.1 VA-to-CCA Transposition23.2 VA-to-CCA Transposition

Chapter 35 Surgical Management of Supratentorial Cavernous MalformationsHelmut Bertalanffy, Venelin Gerganov, and Vincenzo Paterno35.1 Frontal Cavernous Malformation35.2 Orbitozygomatic Cavernous Malformation35.3 Parieto-Occipital Internal Capsular Cavernous Malformation

Chapter 36 Surgery for Brainstem Cavernous MalformationsAdib A. Abla, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler36.1 Interhemispheric Cavernous Malformation36.2 Midline Cavernous Malformation36.3 Retrosigmoid Pontine Cavernous Malformation36.4 Retrosigmoid Cavernous Malformation 36.5 Supracerebellar Infratentorial Cavernous Malformation

Chapter 37 Microsurgery of Intramedullary Spinal Cavernous MalformationsM. Yashar S. Kalani, Maziyar A. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler37.1 Suboccipital C1 Cavernous Malformation 37.2 C3 to C4 Cavernous Malformation37.3 Giant Cavernous Malformation37.4 T12 to L1 Cavernous Malformation

Chapter 40 Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Ischemic Complications Associated with Subarachnoid HemorrhageGuarav Gupta and E. Sander Connolly40.1 Vasospasm Animation

Chapter 41 Medical Management of Subarachnoid HemorrhageShawn Eugene Wright 41.1 Neurogenic Stunned Myocardium Animation

Chapter 43 Surgical Therapies for Saccular Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid ArteryLeonardo Rangel-Castilla and Robert F. Spetzler43.1 Modified Orbitozygomatic Choroidal Aneurysm43.2 Modified Orbitozygomatic Choroidal Aneurysm43.3 Modified Orbitozygomatic ICA Aneurysm43.4 Modified Orbitozygomatic ICA and PCoA Aneurysms43.5 Orbitozygomatic ICA Blister Aneurysm

Chapter 45 Management Strategies for Intracavernous AneurysmsBabu G. Welch, Christopher S. Eddleman, Awais Z. Vance, and Duke S. Samson45.1 Cavernous ICA Aneurysm with ICA-to-MCA Bypass45.2 Cavernous ICA Aneurysm with ICA-to-MCA Bypass

Chapter 46 Surgical Therapies for Carotid-Ophthalmic AneurysmsArthur L. Day, Yoshua Esquenazi, and Buelent Yapicilar 46.1 Orbitozygomatic Ophthalmic Aneurysm46.2 Orbitozygomatic Bilateral Para Ophthalmic Aneurysm

Chapter 47 Endovascular Treatment of Carotid-Ophthalmic AneurysmsRosa Martinez, Marta Aguilar Perez, Nikolai J. Hopf, Hansjörg Bäzner, and Hans Henkes47.1 Endovascular Ophthalmic Aneurysm

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Chapter 48 Surgical Therapies for Middle Cerebral Artery AneurysmsHani Malone and Robert Solomon48.1 MCA Aneurysm, Columbia University48.2 Mini-Pterional MCA Aneurysm 48.3 Large Thrombosed MCA Aneurysm 48.4 Modified Orbitozygomatic MCA Fusiform Aneurysm48.5 Orbitozygomatic Bilateral MCA Aneurysms48.6 Lenticulostriate Artery Aneurysm

Chapter 50 Surgical Therapies for Anterior Communicating Artery AneurysmsSalah G. Aoun, Bernard R. Bendok, Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Najib E. El Tecle, and H. Hunt Batjer 50.1 Previously Coiled ACoA Aneurysm, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center50.2 Mini-Orbitozygomatic Ruptured ACoA Aneurysm50.3 Multilobulated ACoA Aneurysm at A1–A2 Junction

Chapter 52 Surgical Therapies for Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery AneurysmsClemens M. Schirmer and Carlos A. David52.1 Interhemispheric Pericallosal Artery Aneurysm52.2 Interhemispheric Pericallosal Artery Aneurysm at A2–A3 Junction52.3 Interhemispheric A3-to-A3 Bypass for A2 Fusiform Aneurysm

Chapter 54 Surgical Therapies for Basilar Artery AneurysmsAli F. Krisht54.1 Orbitozygomatic Basilar Apex Aneurysm54.2 ICA, Basilar Apex, and SCA Aneurysms54.3 Retrosigmoid Complex Blister Midbasilar Artery Aneurysm

Chapter 56 Surgical Therapies for Vertebral Artery and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery AneurysmsAna Rodríguez-Hernández, Matthew B. Potts, and Michael T. Lawton 56.1 Far-Lateral C1 Laminectomy Vertebral Artery Aneurysm 56.2 Vertebral Artery Aneurysm Clipped and Wrapped56.3 Cervical VA-to–Facial Branch ECA Bypass56.4 Far-Lateral PICA Aneurysm56.5 Far-Lateral PICA-to-VA Bypass

Chapter 57 Microsurgical Management of Aneurysms of the Posterior Cerebral, Superior Cerebellar, and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries Jonathan J. Russin and Robert F. Spetzler 57.1 Orbitozygomatic PCA Aneurysm at P1-P2 Junction57.2 Lateral Supracerebellar Infratentorial PCA Aneurysm57.3 Presigmoid Supracerebellar Infratentorial PCA Aneurysm57.4 Modified Orbitozygomatic SCA Aneurysm 57.5 Retrosigmoid AICA Aneurysm

Chapter 59 Infectious Intracranial AneurysmsJonathan J. Russin, William J. Mack, and Steven L. Giannotta59.1 Mycotic Midbasilar Artery Aneurysm Secondary to Coccidioides immitis

Chapter 61 Giant AneurysmsM. Yashar S. Kalani and Robert F. Spetzler61.1 Mini-Pterional Giant MCA Aneurysm61.2 Orbitozygomatic Giant ACoA Aneurysm 61.3 Far-Lateral Giant PICA Aneurysm 61.4 Modified Orbitozygomatic Previously Coiled ACoA Aneurysm61.5 Previously Coiled Giant Basilar Apex Aneurysm61.6 Anterior Temporal Lobectomy for Clipping and Removal of Giant Thrombosed Coiled Aneurysm

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Chapter 62 Incidental AneurysmsIssam A. Awad, Mahua Dey, James Brorson, and Seon-Kyu Lee62.1 Multilobulated MCA Aneurysm, University of Chicago62.2 ICA Aneurysm Near Perforators, University of Chicago

Chapter 64 Aneurysms of Spinal ArteriesSamuel Kalb, Luis Pérez-Orribo, Mark E. Oppenlander, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler64.1 Spinal Artery Aneurysm64.2 Artery of Adamkiewicz Aneurysm

Chapter 69 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous MalformationsR. Webster Crowley, Andrew F. Ducruet, Cameron G. McDougall, and Felipe C. Albuquerque69.1 Embolization of Frontal Arteriovenous Malformation

Chapter 70 Supratentorial Arteriovenous MalformationsAki Laakso, Martin Lehecka, Ahmed Elsharkawy, and Juha Hernesniemi 70.1 Ruptured Parietal Arteriovenous Malformation, Helsinki University Central Hospital70.2 Frontal Arteriovenous Malformation70.3 Supratentorial Arteriovenous Malformation70.4 Venous Aneurysm Associated with Arteriovenous Malformation70.5 Left Frontal Arteriovenous Malformation

Chapter 71 Posterior Fossa Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Joao Paulo C. de Almeida, Alexander L. Coon, Judy Huang, and Rafael J. Tamargo71.1 Posterior Fossa Vermian Arteriovenous Malformation 71.2 Retrosigmoid Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformation

Chapter 72 Giant Arteriovenous MalformationsAki Laakso, Martin Lehecka, Ahmed Elsharkawy, and Juha Hernesniemi72.1 Giant Arteriovenous Malformation, Helsinki University Central Hospital72.2 Grade IV Arteriovenous Malformation

Chapter 76 Endovascular Treatment for Carotid-Cavernous Sinus FistulasJeffrey C. Mai and Brian L. Hoh76.1 Bicoronal Arteriovenous Fistula 76.2 Ethmoidal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula76.3 Ethmoidal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Chapter 80 Surgical Management of Spinal Vascular MalformationsMaziyar A. Kalani, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Robert F. Spetzler 80.1 C3 to C6 Arteriovenous Malformation80.2 C7 to T3 Arteriovenous Malformation 80.3 T10 to T11 Arteriovenous Fistula80.4 Arteriovenous Malformation of the Conus Medullaris

Chapter 81 Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous MalformationsAndrew F. Ducruet, R. Webster Crowley, Cameron G. McDougall, and Felipe C. Albuquerque81.1 Spinal Angiogram of Arteriovenous Fistula at T4

Chapter 82 Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal NeuralgiaPeter J. Jannetta82.1 Retrosigmoid Decompression of Glossopharyngeal Nerve82.2 Retrosigmoid Decompression of Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Chapter 83 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Operative Results in 2,488 Cases Takanori Fukushima and Kentaro Watanabe83.1 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia, Carolina Neuroscience Institute83.2 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia

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Chapter 84 Surgical Management of Hemifacial SpasmCharles Teo and Brian J. Dlouhy 84.1 Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasms84.2 Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasms84.3 Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasms

Chapter 86 Microsurgical Management of Vascular TumorsFangxiang Chen, Juliet Kim, Vilaas Shetty, and Saleem I. Abdulrauf86.1 Carotid Body Tumor

Chapter 87 Microsurgical Management of Vascular Spinal TumorsYury Kushel87.1 T1 to T2 Intramedullary Hemangioblastoma, Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute87.2 Large Cervical Ependymoma87.3 C3 to T1 Ependymoma 87.4 L1 to L2 Intradural Extramedullary Tumor of the Filum Terminale

Chapter 88 Skull Base Approaches to the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossa Kaith K. Almefty and Ossama Al-Mefty88.1 Orbitozygomatic Approach Animation88.2 Mini-Orbitozygomatic Approach Animation88.3 Pterional Approach Animation88.4 Middle Fossa Approach Animation88.5 Interhemispheric Approach Animation

Chapter 89 Surgical Approaches to the Posterior FossaJustin M. Sweeney, A. Samy Youssef, and Harry R. van Loveren89.1 Far-Lateral Approach Animation89.2 Retrosigmoid Approach Animation89.3 Kawase Approach Animation89.4 Retrolabyrinthine Approach Animation

Chapter 91 Keyhole Cranial Approaches for Cerebrovascular SurgeryPeter Nakaji 91.1 Brainstem Cavernous Malformation91.2 Brainstem Cavernous Malformation91.3 Brainstem Cavernous Malformation91.4 Brainstem Cavernous Malformation91.5 Intracerebellar Lesion

Chapter 92 Surgical Exposure of the Vertebral Artery Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau92.1 Vertebral Artery V3 Segment Exposure During Juxtacondylar Approach for Tumor, Hôpital Erasme92.2 Far-Lateral Vertebral Artery Decompression 92.3 Vertebral Artery Decompression

Chapter 93 Bypass Surgery for Aneurysms and TumorsLaligam N. Sekhar, Farzana Tariq, Basavaraj Ghodke, and Louis J. Kim 93.1 Bonnet Bypass Left STA Bifurcation to Right MCA93.2 Bonnet Bypass Left STA Bifurcation to Right MCA93.3 Bonnet Bypass Left STA Bifurcation to Right MCA

Chapter 94 Excimer Laser-Assisted Nonocclusive Anastomosis Albert van der Zwan, Tristan van Doormaal, Luca Regli, and Cornelis A.F. Tulleken94.1 ELANA Bypass, University Medical Center Utrecht

Chapter 95 Intracranial–Extracranial Bypass Surgery for Moyamoya DiseasePeter A. Gooderham and Gary K. Steinberg 95.1 STA-to-MCA Bypass for Moyamoya Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine95.2 STA-to-MCA Bypass for Moyamoya Disease95.3 MCA Indirect Bypass for Moyamoya Disease

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Chapter 96 Intracranial–Intracranial Bypass SurgeryMatthew B. Potts, Ana Rodríguez-Hernández, and Michael T. Lawton96.1 Pterional Anterior Temporal Artery–to-MCA Bypass96.2 Modified Orbitozygomatic Anterior Temporal Artery–to-MCA Bypass 96.3 Far-Lateral PICA-to-PICA Bypass

Chapter 98 Posterior Circulation Bypass SurgeryYasuhiro Yonekawa98.1 Orbitozygomatic STA-to-SCA Bypass98.2 Far-Lateral PICA-to-Occipital Artery Bypass

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