SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1 (BLD 60104)

ASSIGNMENT 1

Name1.

Ng Wai Khong

2.

Tan Zhao Ming

3.

Chester Sim

4 Yeo Dor een

.5.

Yap Jia En

6.

Ngah Yea Zhe

Content

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................4

OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................................5

SITE LOCATION......................................................................................................................................6

FACTORS OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TO THE SITE....................................................8

Types of Door..........................................................................................................................................9

Glass Door............................................................................................................................................9

Suitability Of Glass Door............................................................................................................10

Function of Glass Door...............................................................................................................10

Advantages and Disadvantages of Glass Door.....................................................................11

Timber Door.......................................................................................................................................12

Fire Door.........................................................................................................................................12

Suitability of Fire Door.................................................................................................................13

Function of Fire Door...................................................................................................................13

Advantages & Disadvantages of Timber Door......................................................................14

Rolling Door.......................................................................................................................................15

Function of Rolling Door.............................................................................................................15

Suitability of Rolling Door..........................................................................................................16

Advantages of Rolling Door.......................................................................................................16

Suggested Improve Method For Fire Door.................................................................................17

Importance of Emergency Sign.................................................................................................18

Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................18

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Types of Windows................................................................................................................................19

Awning Windows..............................................................................................................................19

Function of Awning Windows....................................................................................................20

Suitability of Awning Windows.................................................................................................20

Advantages and Disadvantages of Awning Windows.........................................................21

Substitutes of Awning Windows...................................................................................................22

Advantages and Disadvantages of Awning Windows.........................................................22

Type Of Roof..........................................................................................................................................23

Function of Flat-Roof.......................................................................................................................23

Suitability of Fibre Glass Flat-Roof..........................................................................................24

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fibre Glass Flat-Roof..................................................25

Suitability of Concrete Flat-Roof...............................................................................................26

Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Flat-Roof......................................................27

Substitute for the Concrete flat-roof............................................................................................28

Advantages and Disadvantages of Low Slope Pitched roof.............................................................29

Installation of Pitched Roof........................................................................................................30

Improvement of fiber glass flat-roof............................................................................................31

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INTRODUCTION

The Construction Technology module intends us to provide understanding

of a wide range of building components with different functions. It also describes the

design process and how to build the elements. It also generates an understanding of

the role of construction and its application in the design development process and to

have a comprehensive understanding and knowledge on building parts and materials

used.

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This assignment required us to analyze a shopping center and observe the

construction technology system as taught in this module. We are required to identify the

purpose of the building, explain the existing type of construction technology system,

compare and contrast and recommend an alternative to replace the existing type. The

assignment is divided into 3 parts:

Part 1: Illustrate the type of building with plan / sketches / photo.

Part 2: Identify and explain the type of roof, type of windows and doors and type

of stairs of the building with sketches / photo / diagrams.

Part 3: Compare and contrast with One other types and recommend an

alternative to replace the existing type of roof, windows and door,

staircase.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the importance of construction technology used for a building.

To understand each functions of different construction technology applied to a

building.

To observe different construction technology applied to a building.

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SITE LOCATIONWe are required to choose our own site location- Shopping Center. The

venue we choose is Pavilion, Kuala Lumpur. It lays at the heart of the trendy Bukit

Bintang district lies the perfect reason to indulge in fashion, food and urban leisure. The

area of the location is 1.37 mil square feet retail with over 500 outlets offering the finest

fashion and home furnishing to entertainment and culinary delights.

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Pavilion, Kuala Lumpur is not only just a commercial area but also

provides a commercial-residential concept which is a trend nowadays where the

residential area is just above the shopping center. But out main focus is only just on the

shopping center itself.

Pavilion shopping center is 7 floors high above ground level and 4 floors

deep below ground level. As usual, the below ground level are called the basement

where mainly it provides parking place for the visitors who are visiting the shopping

center. The 7 floors above ground level is where all the fashions outlet and restaurant

are located. This is the directory map

we get from the shopping center

itself where give a summary of all the

plans for each floor.

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FACTORS OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TO THE SITE GDP Architects which is where the design of the exterior and interior of

Pavilion originated from where it’s glamour of the shopping center prove its modern

identity among the center of Kuala Lumpur. High-end construction technology is used to

fulfilled the needs of the shopping center itself to bring up a whole new level of concerns

from different categorized of factors.

The place Bukit Bintang itself already act as an area that contains high

popularity of people in that particular area. Hence, the majority of the popularity are not

from locals but are tourist from other countries from the Europe and The States. Mainly,

the idea that pop out is can the shopping center holds that amount of people. In the

meantime, we also need to concern about the air-entraining inside the whole building

where will there be a balance of air coming in and on the other hand flowing out. This is

mainly connected to the type of windows and roofs used in that particular building.

As for the accessibility of the shopping center is also crucial to concern

for where is it the type of doors, windows and stairs are suitable for that particular floor.

Hence, will it be easier for people to access from one floor to another floor, from one

place to another place and from one occasion to the other occasions. Meanwhile, we

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also need to know where the crowd mainly will gathered at, so different size of doors

and stairs will be applied on that area itself.

Nevertheless, the sustainability and often maintenance of the building

itself is very important as well. This is important in a way that by using cheap and

unsuitable construction technology can benefits you in a short run, but to sustain a

building in a long run, we will need to use the best quality and the right construction

technology. It will help to save a lot of cost.

Types of DoorThe shopping mall which we choose is Pavilion Mall. The type of door we have found in the mall is glass doors which are located at the main entrance. Furthermore, we also find fire doors which are set up in every floor of the building and rolling door which can be found in every retail shop.

Glass DoorThere are two types of glass door available in Pavilion, automatic glass door and manual glass door. For both types of glass doors, they have a frameless design.

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Main Entrance of Pavilion Mall

Suitability Of Glass DoorBecause Pavilion is a shopping complex, it must have the ability to attract people willing to open their wallet. The appearance of the door must be dignified as door is the first thing that comes into people’s mind. A nice looking door will create desire in their mind to spend their time in the mall.

The reason why Pavilion has two types of glass doors as the main entrance is giving convenience to people. People are able to use other doors in case of the crowded situation. Besides, whenever there is a malfunction for the electrical controlled glass

door, people can use the

manual glass door as the alternative way.

In a nutshell, frameless glass door is a good choice to use in the shopping mall because

it has a various design and its appearance is aesthetic.

Function of Glass DoorThe reasons to use glass door is because it save energy of air-conditioner, work to reduce noise, dust resisting and wind resisting. Frameless glass door is used because it do a great job in insulating heat as Malaysia has a high temperature throughout the year. Meanwhile, because of its transparency, we can obtain a high rate of lighting.

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Manual Glass Door Automatic Glass Door

Glass Door in Pavilion Mall

Advantages and Disadvantages of Glass DoorAdvantages Disadvantages

Increasing Value-Having glass doors will be able to increase the value. The glass doors add richness, light, beauty and charm to the building.

Unintentional Collision-Due to its transparency, some unawared people may run into it.

Durability-Although the material to make the door is glass, glass door almost never shatter. Due to the glass used to make frameless glass door is tempered glass, it will not break when u hit the face of it.

Expense-Glass door are more expensive than the other door. Frameless glass door also costs more than those doors with frame.

Easy to care-Frameless glass door metal with the exception of the hinges which can also be glass. This makes these types of doors very simple and fast to clean.Maintenance-Unlike metal door or timber door, it will not expose to the moisture, thus are free from corrosion, rust and peel off.

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Timber DoorTimber door is the another door which we found in Pavilion. According to research, those doors work as fire door.

Fire DoorFire door is a type of door which has the ability of fire resistance. It is employed to reduce the overall risk when a fire occurs. The way how it is tampered and installed can slightly affect the risk of damages.

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Fire Escape Door in Pavilion Mall

Suitability of Fire DoorFire door is set up in Pavilion like most of the shopping centers due to safety issue. It is an important matter because any problem in setting up the fire door will lead to serious consequence. For instance, setting up fire door inappropriately will result in the higher risk of damages.

When constructing a building, fire door is an important element and must be set up according to the design of the building. A complete fire door should consist of door, frame, hardware and glazing.

As smoke spread is a fatal threat to life, particularly in the early stage of the fire, fire door should be fitted with a ‘cold smoke’ seal to prevent the ingress of smoke around the door edges.

As a result, how we set up a fire door is very important because with a correct way of constructing fire door, we can reduce the damages to minimum.

Function of Fire DoorFire door is used to decrease the risk of fire in a building through prevention of the spreading of fire and smoke.  Door closers are sometimes used to ensure fire doors remain closed.

It is used as part of passive fire protection to stop fire from spreading or smoke between compartments. Moreover, it can allow easy escape from the building in case of a fire occurs.

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Fire Escape Door in Pavilion Mall

Advantages & Disadvantages of Timber Door

Advantages DisadvantagesHeat Insulator-Timber has a low heat conduct which cannot be destroyed by temperature.

Maintenance-It can be bruised and damaged and once it is, the damage is hard to be repaired.

Free of Corrosion-Unlike metal, timber door has no problem in rusting, meanwhile also will not be having problem like corrosion.

Environmental Unfriendly-It is required to cut down trees in order to process timber, thus worsen the situation of the earth.

Energy Efficient- Timber can also be energy efficient as it can be an excellent natural thermal dampener.

Defects-Timber with no proper care may subject to termites and other pests.

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Rolling DoorThere will be rolling doors (rolling shutters) in every shop of the mall. It is defined as security rolling shutter as it offers protection from theft. It is a type of window shutter or door that is made up of lots of horizontal slats that are hinged together. In some designs those slats may be replaced by bars or web systems.

Function of Rolling DoorRolling door is used when the retail shops in the shopping centre close. It is set up to reduce the risk of theft. Due to the high value of the goods in the retail shop, rolling door can greatly increase the safety from being stolen. Security roller shutters offer wall to wall protection and can be electronically fitted to make it easier and more economical to roll them up and down.

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Suitability of Rolling DoorThere are many valuable goods selling in the retail shop in Pavilion, so it is an important issue to protect the goods.

The type of rolling door in Pavilion is aluminium roller door and crystal roller door. Both types of roller door bring different advantages, but having the same pro which is protection from burglary and vandalism.Besides, they are also beautifully designed.

Advantages of Rolling DoorSafety-It is an excellent way to protect the property, it can efficiently help to protect goods from vandalism and burglary.

Expense-Roller door is quite expensive in the construction.

Resistant to Damages-Due to its nature, aluminium rolling door has high resistance to corrosion. On the other hand, it has also resist to stain, which means that the door will always look good.Lightweight-Aluminium rolling door has a lighter weight, making it easier to install.Recyclable-‘Green’ is an important issue nowadays. Aluminium roller door can be recycle and avoidable of putting it into landfill.

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Suggested Improve Method For Fire Door Pavilion shopping centre consists of many exit doors for emergency use , but they are lacking of panic hardware . Panic hardware is a door component that is designed to allow fast unencumbered exit from a door way .

Contemporary Touch bar-It is designed to reach the demand of architectural requirement today. Those machine parts will ensure a smooth and easy touch bar operation. Its rugged components also provide the durability to accept heavy usage.

Traditional Touch bar-As a traditional cross-bar style device, it has the advantage of proven durability. To achieve high tolerance, it need Heavy-duty components machined .It bring an advantage of simple installation, consistent reliability and security, minimal maintenance.

Economical Touch bar-Solid steel components provide consistency, dependable performance across an array of applications. It comes with a variety of attractive trim options and durable powder-coated finishes.

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Importance of Emergency Sign Having an emergency exit sign for your fire door is important. It can reduce the risk of

confusion and injury in case of an emergent event happens. The element to form an

emergency exit sign is a clear info for others to read easily. By the availability of sign, it

can greatly increase the safety of people.

ConclusionFor every shopping center, glass door is often used as a door. It provides the purpose

to the owner of the shopping center. The customer can look through the glass window

without going into the shop to know what does the shop sells. Glass door cannot be

replaced by other doors as it is the most suitable door for the shopping center. It

provides promotional purpose for the visitor who are walking along the pathway to see

what shop does this shopping center consists of.

Meanwhile, the material for fire door cannot be replaced either. Timber is the most

appropriate material for the door due to major reasons, in the aspect of law, only timber

are qualified to use as escape door. On the other hand, timber is a material with the

ability of heat insulator. The only thing we can change is the type of timber used, since it

has different fire rate. Before setting up the fire door, the first step to do is site survey,

because different places require different fire rate for the fire door.

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Types of WindowsWindow is basically an opening on a wall, door and roof that allows light to penetrate through, even air and sound can penetrate through if it is not sealed. Windows are held in place by frames and windows maybe opened to allow ventilation.

Awning Windows Awning windows are often place above, below or side by side of other window to add architectural interest, light and ventilation to a room. They are hinged on top and open outwards. It can be place high on the wall and easily operate with a turn of the handle. They are a great choice to pair with non-operate with a turn of the handle.

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Awning Windows at the most left side at the rows of glass

Awning Windows at both sides end at the row of glass

Function of Awning WindowsAs mentioned above, the main purpose of installing awning windows is to allow light to penetrate through hence act as a ventilation for a room. Yet it is convenient in such a way that mostly it is placed at high walls area.

Suitability of Awning WindowsAll Aluminum framed awning windows can lasted for years and decades, yet it is very easy to modify and change as in colors and broken aluminum frames. Majority of the shopping center is kept in a form of air conditioning and awning windows can help to save energy cost where light can easily penetrate through the windows itself.

In addition, ventilation is the main priority for a building where it fits the characteristics of awning windows where it is suitable to place at high spots and the air can escape. Meanwhile, air recycling is provided to balance the temperature, air and light intensity inside the building.

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Awning Windows placed on high walls and near to the roof.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Awning Windows

Advantages DisadvantagesBetter Ventilation-It creates a better ventilation because of their suitability to be placed higher on walls than other styles of windows.-More ventilation and more light.

Dangerous-Cannot be used in high-traffic exterior areas because they are too easy to run into.-Patio, porch, terrace or sidewalk

Multi Function-When open, allowing cool air in and keeping water out.-When closed, they are airtight, cutting down on heating and cooling bills.

Easily Dirty-Tend to easily ‘catch’ dirt.-Often cleaning is required to preserved the quality of the windows.

Design-Provide a modern ‘look’ for the interior and exterior.

Difficult Access-Difficult to escape through during emergency like fire accidents.-Difficult to break into.

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Substitutes of Awning WindowsDue to a degree of the opening of awning windows, they will reach a certain limit where it cannot be reach fully 90 degree where it is inconvenient when maintenance work is required where it will take a long time for repairing and labor limits to do a bigger and smarter act. I would like to substitute to sliding windows.

Sliding windows or horizontal slider windows are very popular and can be constructed into a wide variety of sizes. Sliding windows have one sliding sash that moves horizontally. Locks automatically when window is close.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Awning WindowsAdvantages Disadvantages

Variation of Types-Has 2 different variations:Single slider and double slider.

Inefficient-Downside of the slider window is that it is not as energy efficient as its crank operated counterpart.

More Convenient-Sliders are best for opening that are wider.-Easy cleaning and completing stuffs.Ventilation-Provides the most unobstructed view while allowing for maximum ventilation.

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Example of Sliding Windows.

Type Of RoofThe Building’s roof is mainly used to defense against the weather, protecting it from rain and sun. The roof helps to insulate the building from extremes of heat and cold and to control the accompanying problems. Basically, the type of roof applied on the building is flat-roof typed of roof hence it is categorized into fibre glass flat roof and concrete flat roof.

Function of Flat-RoofWhy Flat-Roof? Flat-Roof are mostly used in hot and humid country where the characteristics suits our country. It allows the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof, but on the other hand, it also is cheap and easy to build where timber is not readily available. While, it also act as a modern design for building nowadays as well.

Suitability of Fibre Glass Flat-Roof

The Fibre Glass Flat-Roof is suitable to applied on Pavilion, Kuala Lumpur is because the period of our country exposed under the sun starts from 8 in the morning until 5 to 6 in the evening. In a way to provide a long-term sustainability of a building, this fibre glass flat-roof is very essential that

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Round Glass Flat Roof taken from the foyer of the Pavilion.

Rectangular shape Flat Roof taken aside from the Pavilion

Rectangular shape Flat Roof taken inside of the outside from the Pavilion

the reflective and refractive factor of the light towards the glass is very effective. Half of the sunlight can reflect through the glass flat-roof towards the building built an even more eco-bright environment rather than using large amount to generate the electricity just for the lightings effects in the building itself. The sunlight will penetrate through the glass flat-roof and increases the light intensity in the building.

In addition, fibre glass is a material where doesn’t reflect heat yet it has high absorption of heat. Through this statement and few observation, we can felt that when the glass flat-roof is exposed to the sun, it will help the whole internal building to stay at a warmer state which means in a balance room temperature state that visitors doesn’t feel uncomfortable when leisure in the building. The hot temperature blends together with the cold temperature in the building itself to reach thermal equilibrium and provides a comfortable space for people to stay in.

Fibre glass flat-roof is more invulnerable against rain where glass doesn’t absorb water or any liquid (non-porous). Based on this advantage, fibre glass is majorly used as the main material for the roof of the building.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fibre Glass Flat-RoofADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Site Plan and Top View of Pavilion.

Water-Proof-Laminated Glass can prevent water absorption and have a smoother surface to let the water to flow easily to the gutter.

Fragile-Easily cracked due to improper care or heavy loads is placed on top of it.-If the one of the fibre glass is damaged, full change is needed.

Eco-Friendly-Increase the light intensity of the building and the brighter the internal building the lesser the amount to generate electricity.-Reduce cost of electric bills.

Temperature-For lower level, the temperature is balance but the more higher the level, the higher the temperature it gets and can visitors will feel uncomfortable when they get to higher levels.

Easily Installed-Come in panels and easily installed with the assist of crane.-Reduce the time of installation and minimum labor is needed to install.

Expenses-Higher installation fees due to the use of crane and expensive fibre glass material roofing.

Longer Lifespan-Last 3-4 times than normal traditional covered roof.-Resist dirt, moss and other organic matter far better.-Seldom need to repair the flat roof again.

Maintenance-To improve the quality and cleanliness of the fibre glass, constant maintenance is needed to preserve the sustainability of the fibre glass where increases the cost as well.

Suitability of Concrete Flat-Roof

Concrete Flat-Roof is used as a stabilizer for the foundation of the roof and help to handle and overcome the weight of the Fibre Glass. Our country is also categorized as a warmer climates where is hot and humid all the time, the flat roof which is simply built of masonry or concrete is good a keeping out the heat of the sun and cheap and easy to build.

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Fibre Glass Roof brings a sense of classic blended with a mini sense of modern into the building which are built and design nowadays.

In addition, it provides shades to the internal building during the day and able to hide the object which is placed on the roof to increase the aesthetic of the roof view. It is also act as a heat insulator where the heat cannot penetrate through the concrete easily. In the point of view from the inside, it can be painted or decorated nicely to increase the likeability from the inside.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Flat-Roof

Advantages DisadvantagesLess Wind Damage-Stand up well when exposed to heavy winds.-Not easily damage at the edges of shingles.

Sealant needed-Concrete is porous to water and does not repel water.-Additional cost is needed where you need to place the protection on top of the concrete to prevent damages.

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Concrete Flat-Roof from the inside

Side of the Concrete Flat-Roof from the inside

Easy Cleaning-Cleaning a roof of stains, mold and algae, pressure washing is often the fastest and most effective method.

Not Color-Fast-Concrete roof will fade over time due to exposure to the sun.

Lifespan-Last longer with constant maintenance and cleaning.

Collected Debris and Dirt-Debris will typically slide off a slope roof.-Often cleaning is needed.-Easily will caused water-pooling when raining for a few days.

Substitute for the Concrete flat-roofFirst of all, I would like to suggest the

substitution of concrete flat-roof so that the roof of the shopping mall become more useful and durable. The changes of the roof is from concrete flat-roof to asphalt low-slope pitched roof. I would provide some advantages of the asphalt low slope pitched roof.

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In other countries, concrete flat roof act as a part of their living area.

Some of the countries used the space sufficiently by installing solar panels where the flat roof can support the solar panel.

Asphalt shingles are an effective roof covering material for sloped roofs. They can successfully use on “low sloped” roofs as well as steeper pitches. Basically, low sloped roof is the roof less than 4:12 (4” of vertical rise for every 12” of horizontal run, or 18.5°)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Low Slope Pitched roof

Advantages Disadvantages

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Example of asphalt low slope pitched roof

Improved Heating and Cooling-A steeply sloped roof creates extra space in the structure where below the roofs fills with air, changing how heating and cooling system works. A low slope roof limits this extra air and makes a structure easier to keep comfortable throughout the seasons.

Limited Materials-Standing water soaks between these materials.

Maintenance Requirements-Walking around the roof is easier and the risk of falling and tripping is avoidable.-Easy work leads to low cost is required for maintaining the roof.

Foundations- Pitched roofs also place a greater burden on the foundations of the building and this may have implications for the depth of the footings.

Installation Cost-required less material to build, lowering the overall installation cost.-Structure is easier to build because supports are installed from the sides of the building without workers have to lift up large trusses

Fixed Usage for a Building-cannot be used for buildings with too many multiple levels or complex plans.

Installation of Pitched Roof1. Air and vapor barrier

Fit PAROC extra insulation from the upper side of the roof. Start heating only after the air and vapor barrier has been installed. This prevents water vapor from being

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unnecessarily transported through the structure and possibly condensing against the outer roof. Carefully fit the liner so as to avoid leakages. Overlap the vapor barrier seams by about 200 mm and fasten them to fully seal the structure. If the floor structure is made from a sealed, full-coverage concrete plate, the air and vapor barrier is not needed.

2. Properly ventilate the atticThe outer roof and attic area need proper ventilation so that warm, moist air that finds its way into the attic can be led away. Otherwise there will be a risk of moisture and rot damage. Ventilate all along the eaves, where there should be an air gap that is at least 50 mm high.

3. InsulationLay the insulation slabs in two or more layers, without gaps or cracks with adjacent components. Lead the ventilation air up over the insulation using a wind diverter. This means that the insulation does not lie directly against the outer roof. Moist air that condenses against the outer roof is led away. The distance from the insulation to the upper edge of the wind diverter must be at least 100 mm. As a rule, no wind protection is needed on the upper layer of insulation slabs since the movement of air is so small that it does not affect the functioning of the insulation.

4. Insulating roofs with PAROC BLT blowing woolFor roof insulation, loose blown wool is an alternative method. The material is applied using a blowing unit that can be used at heights of up to 40 m. (Note: Blowing wool installation should be carried out by specially trained contractors only. Contact your nearest Paroc office for further information.)

5. Insulating pitched roofs with PAROC extra slabsThe roof covering is water-repellent and relatively vapor tight. The roof should be well ventilated in order to avoid high levels of moisture accumulation. For ventilation, use air gaps at the eaves as well as at the ridging and valves in the gable ends.

6. Air and vapor barrierFit the air/vapor barrier with great care! You want optimum air tightness so that moist air does not come through and condense against the outer roof.

7. InsulationWhen insulating sloping roofs, the dimensions of the roof framework often determine the insulation thickness. Increase the thickness with secondary studs. Fit the insulation in one or more layers with staggered joins. There must be openings in the eaves and the

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ridge to promote good air circulation. In a sloping roof, the air gap should be at least 50 mm.

Improvement of fiber glass flat-roofI would suggest some improvement of glass flat-roof. Firstly, we can tint the glass. When afternoon the sun will shine in the building, because it is normal glass, so the building will be very hot, so we can tint the glass to decrease the temperature of the building.

Secondly, we can put some curtain at the glass. We can ask come professional to put the curtain at the glass roof. It can help to shelter the sun and also can improve the aesthetic feeling.

Lastly, we can strengthen the glass roof so that human can walk on the glass. In this solution we can increase the popularity of tourist. Tourist can walk on the roof and look through the glass, they will feel the irritation.

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