constructing and multilateralizing the regional comprehensive economic partnership: an asian...

8/13/2019 Constructing and Multilateralizing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: An Asian Perspective

1/27

DKOI Sfrlimc Udp`r ^`ri`s

Nfmstruntimc dmk Jubtibdt`rdbizimcta` _`cifmdb Nfjpr`a`msiv`@nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip7 Dm DsidmU`rsp`ntiv`

^augirf Prdtd

Mf. ;;9K`n`jo`r ?54>

Dsidm K`v`bfpj`mt Odml Imstitut`


2/27


3/27

DKOI Sfrlimc Udp`r ;;9 Prdtd

Dostrdnt

Im Jdy ?54> ta` D^@DM+8 nfumtri`s o`cdm tf m`cftidt` ta` _`cifmdb Nfjpr`a`msiv`@nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip (_N@U). [a` fog`ntiv` fh tais pdp`r is tf dmdbyz` ta` h`dsioibityfh nfmstruntimc suna d r`cifm-wik` dcr``j`mt dmk tf `xdjim` wdys tf jubtibdt`rdbiz` it.[a` pdp`r hirst r`vi`ws hr`` trdk` dcr``j`mt (H[D) k`v`bfpj`mts, dmk kisnuss`s ta`nadrdnt`ristins dmk jftiv`s fh H[Ds im @dst Dsid. It ta`m dmdbyz`s ta` nfmt`mts fh jdgfrpburibdt`rdb H[Ds im @dst Dsid, tadt is D^@DMs hiv` H[Ds `dna wita ta` U`fpb`s_`puobin fh Naimd, Gdpdm, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d, Imkid, dmk Dustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk,waina dr` nfmsik`r`k ds d ods` hfr d r`cifm-wik` H[D. Himdbby, ta` pdp`r `xdjim`s ta`h`dsioibity fh ta` _N@U oy nfmsfbikdtimc ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds dmk kisnuss`s ta`pfssiob` wdys tf jubtibdt`rdbiz` ta` _N@U.

G@B Nbdssihindtifm7 H4>, H40, F49, F?;


4/27


Nfmt`mts

4. 5OImtrfkuntifm ......................................................................................................... >

?. 4OUrfbih`rdtifm fh Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts im @dst Dsid ...................... .................... > >. ?ONadrdnt`ristins dmk Jftiv`s fh Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts im @dst Dsid 1H ............... 9

;. >ONfjpdrisfm dmk @vdbudtifm fh D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts hrfj ta`CD[[/S[F U`rsp`ntiv` ................................................................................... 44

0. ;OJfv`s tfwdrk ta` @stdobisaj`mt fh d _`cifm-wik` Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mt ..... 41

8. 0OJubtibdt`rdbizdtifm fh Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts .......................................... ......... ?5

3. 8ONfmnbukimc Nfjj`mts ........................ ....................... ......................... .............. ??

3O_`h`r`mn`s ................................................................................................................... ?>


5/27


6/27


;

stdrt`k tf imnr`ds` rdpikby. 4H? Jdmy nfumtri`s im @dst Dsid o`cdm tf hfrj H[Ds witanfumtri`s mft fmby im ta` r`cifm out dbsf futsik` ta` r`cifm.

[dob` 47 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts im Dsid (nujubdtiv` ds fh Gdmudry ?54>)

Hrdj`wfrl Dcr``j`mt [yp` fh H[D

Y`dr Urfpfs`k Pmk`rM`cftidtifm M`cftidtifm îcm`k Im @hh`nt [ftdb Oibdt`rdb Uburibdt`rdb

4919 4 5 5 4 > 0 > ?

4990 4 5 5 4? 49 >? ?1 ;

?555 > 5 8 48 >5 00 ;1 3

?550 ;> 41 ?1 ?; 08 489 4>? >3

?545 03 43 ;3 ?> 93 ?;4 415 84

?54> 05 4; 84 ?> 459 ?03 419 81H[D : hr`` trdk` dcr``j`mt.Mft`7 Dsid im tais tdob` r`h`rs tf Dsidm K`v`bfpj`mt Odml j`jo`rs.^furn`7 Dsidm _`cifmdb Imt`crdtifm N`mt`r. Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mt Kdtdods`.attp7//drin.dko.frc/htd (dnn`ss`k ? Jdrna ?54>).

Hdn`k wita imnr`dsimc nfjp`titiv` pr`ssur` hrfj ta` U_N dmk wita d crfwimcr`cifmdbisj tr`mk im @urfp` dmk fta`r pdrts fh ta` wfrbk, ta` j`jo`rs fh D^@DMo`cdm ta` DH[D prfn`ss im 499? tf jdl` D^@DM d nfjp`titiv` r`cifm hfr `xpfrts dmkdm dttrdntiv` r`cifm hfr hfrìcm kir`nt imv`stj`mt (HKI). ?H> [a` 499? dcr``j`mt prfvik`khfr ta` bio`rdbizdtifm fh tdrihh dmk mfm-tdrihh j`dsur`s umk`r nfjjfm `hh`ntiv`pr`h`r`mtidb tdrihhs. [a` tdrc`t y`dr hfr dnai`vimc tdrihh dmk mfm-tdrihh bio`rdbizdtifm wdsfricimdbby s`t hfr ?551, out wds bdt`r jfv`k hfrwdrk tf ?55?. [a` DH[D prfn`ss wdsnfjpb`t`k djfmc ta` fricimdb six DH[D j`jo`rsOrumì Kdrussdbdj, Imkfm`sid,Jdbdysid, îmcdpfr`, [adibdmk, dmk ta` Uaibippim`sim Gdmudry ?55? wa`m taìr tdrihhrdt`s fm imtrd-DH[D trdk` w`r` r`kun`k tf 50%, tafuca ta` `xnbusifm bist hrfj tdrihhr`kuntifm dmk/fr `bijimdtifm wds bfmc dmk imkivikudb nfumtry nirnujstdmn`s vdri`k. [a`

DH[D prfn`ss hurta`r prfn``k`k dmk dbb ta` tdrihhs hfr imtrd-DH[D trdk` hfr ta` fricimdbj`jo`rs w`r` r`jfv`k wita sfj` `xn`ptifms oy Gdmudry ?545. M`w DH[D j`jo`rs,Xi`t Mdj, Bdf U`fpb`s K`jfnrdtin _`puobin (Bdf UK_), Jydmjdr, dmk Ndjofkidadv` bfw`r`k tdrihh rdt`s hfr taìr imtrd-D^@DM trdk` dmk dr` `xp`nt`k tf nfjpb`t` tdrihhr`jfvdb oy ?540.

Nfjpdr`k tf tdrihh bio`rdbizdtifm, mfm-tdrihh odrri`rs, imnbukimc ofta ofrk`r odrri`rs sunads ijpfrt quftds dmk dmti-kujpimc dntifms ds w`bb ds oàimk-ta`-ofrk`r j`dsur`ssuna ds t`namindb, dkjimistrdtiv`, dmk sdh`ty r`cubdtifms, dr` jfr` kihhinubt tf k`db wita.Im frk`r tf jimijiz` trdk` nfsts drisimc hrfj ta`s` r`cubdtifms, D^@DM nfumtri`s adv`dtt`jpt`k tf ìta`r adrjfmiz` fr jutudbby r`nfcmiz` stdmkdrks dmk fta`r r`cubdtifms.

Dbtafuca sfj` prfcr`ss ads o``m jdk` im tais dr`d, suostdmtidb mfm-tdrihh odrri`rs stibbr`jdim.

D^@DM ads pursu`k ta` bio`rdbizdtifm fh trdk` im s`rvin`s umk`r ta` 4990 D^@DMHrdj`wfrl Dcr``j`mt fm ^`rvin`s (DHD^). DHD^ dijs tf cf o`yfmk nfjjitj`mts imta` C`m`rdb Dcr``j`mt fm [rdk` im ^`rvin`s (CD[^), im frk`r tf ijprfv` ta` `hhini`mnydmk nfjp`titiv`m`ss fh D^@DM s`rvin` prfvik`rs. ^`rvin`s trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm adsprfn``k`k tarfuca s`v`rdb rfumks fh m`cftidtifms, out ta`r` stibb r`jdim suostdmtidb

? Hfr kisnussifms fm H[Ds im @dst Dsid, s`` hfr `xdjpb`, Dccdrwdb dmk Prdtd (?558), Udmc`stu dmkCffptu (?55;), ^f`sdstrf (?558), ^dbby (?558), dmk Ldwdi dmk Sicmdrdgd (?544).

> Naid (?544) civ`s d k`tdib`k dnnfumt fh D^@DMs prfcrdjs hfr prfjftimc its `nfmfjin imt`crdtifmimnbukimc tafs` r`bdt`k tf trdk` im cffks dmk s`rvin`s dmk hfrìcm kir`nt imv`stj`mt.


7/27


8/27


8

Jdbdysid dmk [adibdmk adv` `mdnt`k ds jdmy ds 4? H[Ds `dna. Ndjofkid dmkJydmjdr, waina adv` ta` sjdbb`st mujo`r fh H[Ds djfmc D^@DM j`jo`rs, adv``mdnt`k six H[Ds `dna.

[dob` ?7 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts hfr `b`nt`k Dsidm Nfumtri`s (ds fh Gdmudry?54>)

Nfumtry Pmk`r M`cftidtifm Nfmnbusifm [ftdb

Urfpfs`k D O îcm`k Im @hh`nt

D^@DM

Orumì Kdrussdbdj 0 ? ? 5 1 43

Ndjofkid > 5 ? 5 8 44

Imkfm`sid 0 4 8 ? 3 ?4Bdf U`fpb`s K`jfnrdtin_`puobin > 5 ? 5 1 4>

Jdbdysid 8 4 8 4 4? ?8

Jydmjdr > 4 ? 5 8 4?

Uaibippim`s 8 5 ? 5 3 40

îmcdpfr` 0 4 45 > 41 >3

[adibdmk 8 > 0 5 4? ?8

Xi`t Mdj ; 4 0 4 3 41

@dst Dsid

U`fpb`'s _`puobin fh Naimd 8 ? 3 5 4? ?3

Afmc Lfmc, Naimd 5 5 5 4 > ;

Gdpdm 0 5 1 5 4> ?8

_`puobin fh Lfr`d 44 5 45 ? 9 >?

Jfmcfbid ? 5 4 5 5 >

[dipì,Naimd > 4 4 5 0 45

DustrdbidM`w W`dbdmk

Dustrdbid > ? 1 5 9 ??

M`w W`dbdmk ; 4 8 5 9 ?5

^futa Dsid

Odmcbdk`sa 5 ? 4 4 ? 8

Imkid 3 ; 45 5 4> >;

Udlistdm 44 ; > > 8 ?3

^ri Bdmld ? 4 5 4 ; 1 D : Hrdj`wfrl Dcr``j`mt< O : H[D< H[D : hr`` trdk` dcr``j`mt.^furn`7 Dsidm _`cifmdb Imt`crdtifm N`mt`r. Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mt Kdtdods`.attp7//drin.dko.frc/htd (dnn`ss`k ? Jdrna ?54>).

Nfjpdr`k tf ta` D^@DM nfumtri`s im ^futa`dst Dsid, ta` `nfmfji`s im Mfrta`dst Dsidimnbukimc ta` U_N, Gdpdm, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d, dmk [dipì,Naimd adk mft o``m dntivìm `stdobisaimc H[Ds umtib ta` `mk fh ta` 4995s. [a` U_N, Gdpdm, dmk ta` _`puobin fhLfr`d adv` simn` o`nfj` v`ry dntiv` im `stdobisaimc H[Ds. Djfmc ta`j Gdpdm adsta` bdrc`st mujo`r fh H[Ds dt 4>, waib` ta` U_N ads `mdnt`k 4? H[Ds. [a` _`puobinfh Lfr`d, waina ads `mdnt`k H[Ds wita bdrc` trdkimc pdrtm`rs imnbukimc ta` @urfp`dmPmifm (@P) dmk ta` Pmit`k ^tdt`s (P^), ads mim` H[Ds. [dipì,Naimd is v`ry l``m fmadvimc H[Ds wita jdmy nfumtri`s out pfbitindb prfob`js wita ta` U_N adv` pr`nbuk`kta`j hrfj dnai`vimc tais fog`ntiv`. Afw`v`r, ta` situdtifm is bil`by tf nadmc` ds[dipì,Naimd `mdnt`k dm H[D wita ta` U_N im ?545. Im dkkitifm tf ta` U_N,


9/27


3

[dipì,Naimd ads `mdnt`k hfur H[Ds wita sjdbb nfumtri`s im N`mtrdb Dj`rind imnbukimcMindrdcud dmk @b ^dbvdkfr.

Imkid ads `mdnt`k 4> H[Ds, imnbukimc ta` ^futa Dsidm Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mt (^DH[D),wafs` j`jo`rsaip imnbuk`s Odmcbdk`sa, Oautdm, Imkid, Jdbkiv`s, M`pdb, Udlistdm,dmk ^ri Bdmld. It is nurr`mtby m`cftidtimc d mujo`r fh H[Ds imnbukimc wita OIJ^[@N

(Ody fh O`mcdb Imitidtiv` hfr Jubti-^`ntfrdb [`namindb dmk @nfmfjin Nffp`rdtifm) 0H8

dmkta` @P.

Ds d r`subt fh ta` imnr`dsimc mujo`r fh H[Ds im Dsid, ta` sadr` fh trdk` tadt is nfv`r`koy H[Ds im fv`rdbb trdk` (H[D nfv`rdc` rdtif) ads imnr`ds`k hfr Dsidm nfumtri`s.

Djfmc ta` Dsidm nfumtri`s, D^@DM r`cist`rs ta` aica`st H[D nfv`rdc` rdtifdjfumtimc tf 85.5% im ?544 (G@[_F ?54?). [a` H[D nfv`rdc` rdtifs hfr ta` U_N(48.?%), Gdpdm (41.8%), dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d (>;.5%) dr` sicmihindmtby bfw`rnfjpdr`k tf tafs` hfr D^@DM. 8H3 [a`s` vdbu`s imkindt` tadt ta`r` is rffj hfr hurta`rH[D `xpdmsifm hfr Dsidm nfumtri`s, `sp`nidbby hfr tafs` im Mfrta`dst Dsid. [a` H[Dnfv`rdc` rdtif hfr D^@DM+8 nfumtri`s wfubk o`nfj` ;;.1% ih dm H[D nfv`rimc ta`

D^@DM+8 nfumtri`s is `stdobisa k. 3H1

Pmbil` @urfp` fr ta` P^, ofta fh waina adv` `stdobisa`k r`cifm-wik` H[Ds, @dst Dsid

sf hdr ads `stdobisa`k d mujo`r fh oibdt`rdb dmk jimibdt`rdb H[Ds dmk mft d r`cifm-wik`H[D. _`nfcmizimc ta` `nfmfjin o`m`hits fh r`cifm-wik` H[Ds suna ds d bdrc` umihi`kjdrl`t, s`v`rdb ik`ds adv` o``m hbfdt`k hfr `stdobisaimc r`cifm-wik` H[Ds. Afw`v`r,ku` tf kihh`r`mn`s im fpimifm djfmc @dst Dsidm `nfmfji`s dofut r`cifm-wik` H[Ds, ittffl d mujo`r fh y`drs o`hfr` r`dnaimc d k`nisifm im ?54? tf `stdobisa dm H[Dnfv`rimc D^@DM j`jo`r nfumtri`s, ta` U_N, Gdpdm, _`puobin fh Lfr`d, Imkid,

Dustrdbid dmk M`w W`dbdmk, fr ta` D^@DM+8 nfumtri`s, umk`r ta` hrdj`wfrl fh ta`_`cifmdb Nfjprà`msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip (_N@U).

_`cifmdb `nfmfjin nffp`rdtifm im @dst Dsid o`cdm tf imt`msihy im frk`r tf k`db wita ta`nurr`mny nrisis im 4993, ds ta` hirst b`dk`rs sujjit j``timc fh D^@DM+> (ta` U_N,Gdpdm, dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d) wds a`bk tf kisnuss ta` s`rifus situdtifm dmk wdystf fv`rnfj` ta` prfob`js. Dt ta` b`dk`rs sujjit j``timc im 4991 ta` b`dk`rs k`nik`k

tf s`t up ta` @dst Dsid Xisifm Crfup, dt d prfpfsdb fh ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`ds Ur`sik`mtLij Kd`-Gumc, tf stuky d bfmc-t`rj visifm hfr `nfmfjin nffp`rdtifm. [a` crfuppr`s`mt`k ta` b`dk`rs wita r`nfjj`mkdtifms imnbukimc ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh dm @dst

Dsid hr`` trdk` dr`d (@DH[D), nfmsistimc fh ta` D^@DM+> nfumtri`s. Dm `xp`rt crfuptadt wds s`t up dt ta` r`nfjj`mkdtifm fh ta` D^@DM+> `nfmfjin jimist`rs, pr`s`mt`kr`nfjj`mkdtifms tf ta` `nfmfjin jimist`rs im ?558 tf stdrt ta` prfn`ss im ?553tfwdrk ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh dm @dst Dsid H[D. [a` r`nfjj`mkdtifms oy ta` `xp`rtcrfup w`r` mft dkfpt`k dmk ta` `xp`rt crfup wds dsl`k tf nfmkunt hurta`r stuky. [a``xp`rt crfup umk`rtffl pads` twf fh ta` prfg`nt dmk r`nfjj`mk`k tf stdrt ta` prfn`sstfwdrk ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh dm @DH[D im ?559. _`spfmkimc tf tafs` r`nfjj`mkdtifms,ta` b`dk`rs frk`r`k ta` cfv`rmj`mt fhhinidbs tf s`t up hfur wfrlimc crfups (rub`s fhfricim (_FFs), tdrihh mfj`mnbdtur`, nustfjs prfn`kur`, dmk `nfmfjin nffp`rdtifm) dsst`ps tfwdrk dnai`vimc dm @DH[D (@DH[D ?559).

Dt ta` ?558 D^@DM+8 `nfmfjin jimist`rs j``timc, Gdpdm prfpfs`k ta`Nfjprà`msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip im @dst Dsid (N@U@D), waina is dm dcr``j`mtimnbukimc dm H[D nfv`rimc D^@DM+8. D^@DM+8 j`jo`rs dr` dbsf ta` j`jo`rs fh ta`

8 OIJ^[@N j`jo`rs dr` Odmcbdk`sa, Oautdm, Imkid, Jydmjdr, M`pdb, ^ri Bdmld, dmk [adibdmk.

3 Hfr nfjpdrisfm, ta` H[D nfv`rdc` rdtifs dr` >1% hfr ta` P^ dmk 3;.1% hfr ta` @P.

1 Nfjput`k hrfj ta` wfrbk trdk` jdtrix pr`s`mt`k im G@[_F (?54?).


10/27


1

@dst Dsidm ûjjit tadt o`cdm im ?550. It ads o``m drcu`k tadt oàimk ta` N@U@D ik`dbi`s Gdpdms strdt`cy fh tdlimc d b`dk`rsaip rfb` im s`ttimc up d r`cifmdb imstitutifm im@dst Dsid, ds it wds wa`m ta` U_N tffl ta` imitidtiv` im ta` @DH[D kisnussifms. Dsijibdr nfurs` fh `v`mts tf tafs` hfr @DH[D `vfbv`k hfr N@U@D. Ds wds ta` nds` hfr@DH[D, cfv`rmj`mt fhhinidbs w`r` `mcdc`k im ta` kisnussifms umk`r ta` hfur wfrlimccrfups.

Dht`r ta` @DH[D dmk N@U@D wfrlimc crfups nfjpb`t`k r`pfrts fm ta` hfur issu`dr`ds, ta` U_N dmk Gdpdm gfimtby prfpfs`k tf s`t up tar`` wfrlimc crfups (trdk` imcffks dmk s`rvin`s dmk imv`stj`mt) im Ducust ?544. Oàimk tais surprisimc gfimt dntifmoy ta` U_N dmk Gdpdm, waf nfjp`t`k tf tdl` b`dk`rsaip im ta` `stdobisaj`mt fhr`cifm-wik` H[Ds umk`r @DH[D dmk N@U@D, wds taìr imt`r`st im sp``kimc up ta`prfn`ss fh r`cifmdb `nfmfjin imt`crdtifm im @dst Dsid. [ais jftivdtifm wds pdrtinubdrbystrfmc hfr ta` U_N, ds it fos`rv`k ta` imnr`dsimc imhbu`mn` fh ta` P^ im ta` hfrjdtifm fhd r`cifmdb `nfmfjin hrdj`wfrl im ta` DsidUdnihin r`cifm umk`r ta` [rdms-UdnihinUdrtm`rsaip Dcr``j`mt. Hdn`k wita ta` tar`dt fh bfsimc D^@DM n`mtrdbity, fr ta`kriv`rs s`dt, im @dst Dsidm r`cifmdb imt`crdtifm, D^@DM prfpfs`k ta` _`cifmdbNfjprà`msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip (_N@U) imvfbvimc D^@DM dmk its H[D pdrtm`rsim Mfv`jo`r ?544. [f hfbbfw up ta` jfv` fm ta` _N@U, D^@DM dmmfumn`k ta`cuikimc primnipb`s hfr ta` m`cftidtifm fh ta` _N@U tadt imnbuk` S[F nfmsist`mny,trdmspdr`mny, dmk fp`m dnn`ssifm tf D^@DMs H[D pdrtm`rs dmk fta`rs. D^@DM+8b`dk`rs dcr``k tf bdumna ta` m`cftidtifm fh _N@U im Mfv`jo`r ?54? tf o`cim im ?54>(D^@DM ?54?).

[a` U_N, Gdpdm, dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d (NGL) o`cdm d gfimt stuky fm taìr H[Dimvfbvimc cfv`rmj`mt fhhinidbs, dndk`jins, dmk ousim`ss p`rsfms im ?545. D h`dsioibitystuky fh d tripdrtit` H[D oy ta` privdt` s`ntfr imvfbvimc cfv`rmj`mt-r`bdt`k r`s`drnaimstitut`s o`cdm im ?55>. [a` stuky nfmtimu`k oy nadmcimc ta` hfnus fh r`s`drna tfpinsfv`r tij`. [a` gfimt stuky nfjpb`t`k ta` kisnussifms im K`n`jo`r ?544 dmk r`b`ds`kits r`pfrt im Jdrna ?54?. _`spfmkimc tf ta` r`nfjj`mkdtifm fh ta` gfimt stuky tadtprfpfs`k tf o`cim ta` m`cftidtifms, `nfmfjin jimist`rs fh ta` tar`` nfumtri`s dcr``k tfbdumna m`cftidtifms im ?54>.

îmn` ta`s` tar`` Mfrta`dst Dsidm nfumtri`s dnnfumt hfr d kfjimdmt sadr` fh crfsskfj`stin prfkunt (CKU) im @dst Dsid, ta` sunn`sshub `stdobisaj`mt fh ta` _N@Unrunidbby k`p`mks fm ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh d NGL H[D. Im dkkitifm tf `nfmfjin issu`ssuna ds imnr`ds`k nfjp`titifm, mfm-`nfmfjin issu`s imnbukimc aistfrindb dmk sfnidbprfob`js adv` jdk` it kihhinubt tf kisnuss tripdrtit` nffp`rdtifm suna ds d NGL H[D.

Dbtafuca mfm-`nfmfjin r`bdtifms imvfbvimc Gdpdm fm ta` fm` admk, dmk ta` U_N dmkta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d fm ta` fta`r admk ijprfv`k, r`subtimc im pfsitiv` kisnussifms fmta` hfrjdtifm fh d NGL H[D, ta` situdtifm nadmc`k krdjdtindbby dmk m`cdtiv`by dht`r ta`t`rritfridb kisput` o`tw``m ta` U_N dmk Gdpdm fv`r ta` ^`mldlu fr Kidfyu isbdmks im^`pt`jo`r ?54?. Pmk`r ta`s` umstdob` pfbitindb r`bdtifms ta` prfsp`nts fh ta`m`cftidtifms dr` mft nb`dr.

Fm` H[D tadt ads dttrdnt`k dtt`mtifm r`n`mtby is ta` [rdms-Udnihin Udrtm`rsaip

Dcr``j`mt ([UU). Orumì Kdrussdbdj, Naib`, M`w W`dbdmk, dmk îmcdpfr` fricimdbby`stdobisa`k ta` [UU im ?558 umk`r ta` mdj` fh Udnihin ; (U;). [a` [UU stdrt`k tf krdwdtt`mtifm wa`m ta` P^ dbfmc wita Dustrdbid, U`ru, dmk Xi`t Mdj gfim`k m`cftidtifms imJdrna ?545 fm ta` `xpdmk`k [UU. îmn` ta`m, Jdbdysid, Ndmdkd, dmk J`xinf adv`dbsf gfim`k ta` m`cftidtifms. [a` [UU, D^@DM+>, dmk D^@DM+8 H[Ds (D^@DM+> dmk

D^@DM+8 H[Ds dr` nfmsik`r`k tf adv` o``m j`rc`k imtf ta` _N@U) w`r` r`nfcmiz`koy DU@N b`dk`rs im taìr sujjit im ?545, ds pdtawdys tfwdrk d hr`` trdk` dr`d fh ta`

DsidUdnihin (H[DDU) r`cifm, nfv`rimc ?4 DU@N j`jo`r `nfmfji`s. It wds ta` P^tadt prfpfs`k dm H[DDU im ?558. Oàimk ta` P^ prfpfsdb fh dm H[DDU is d nfmn`rm


11/27


9

tadt ta` P^ wfubk o` `xnbuk`k hrfj @dst Dsid r`subtimc im d k`nbim` im its `nfmfjindntiviti`s im @dst Dsid. It safubk o` mft`k tadt kihh`r`mn`s im ta` j`jo`rs fh ta` _N@Udmk DU@N civ` ris` tf ijpfrtdmt ijpbindtifms fh ta` crfups. [dipì,Naimd dmk _ussid,ijpfrtdmt `nfmfjin pbdy`rs, dr` imnbuk`k im dm H[DDU, waib` Imkid, d j`jo`r fh_N@U, is `xnbuk`k. O`sik`s, Ndjofkid, Bdf UK_ dmk Jydmjdr dr` D^@DM j`jo`rsdmk taus imnbuk`k im _N@U, out ta`y dr` mft imnbuk`k im DU@N. O`ndus` fh tais, DU@Ndmk jfr` sicmihindmtby ta` [UU dr` r`cdrk`k ds hrdj`wfrls tadt jdy w`dl`m D^@DMnfa`siv`m`ss. Dmfta`r ijpfrtdmt nadrdnt`ristin fh ta` [UU is its aica bio`rdbizdtifmr`quir`j`mt im tadt prdntindbby dbb ta` tdrihhs fm imtrd-H[D j`jo`rs trdk` dr` tf o`r`jfv`k witaim t`m y`drs. Hurta`rjfr`, ta` [UU ads nfjprà`msiv` nfv`rdcìmnbukimc mft fmby trdk` (cffks dmk s`rvin`s) dmk imv`stj`mt bio`rdbizdtifm dmkhdnibitdtifm, out dbsf nfjp`titifm pfbiny, imt`bb`ntudb prfp`rty ricats, cfv`rmj`mtprfnur`j`mt, bdofr, dmk mvirfmj`mt.

It is ijpfrtdmt tf pfimt fut tadt ta` P^ kf`s mft s``j imt`r`st`k im prfjftimc r`cifmdbtrdk` imt`crdtifm wita D^@DM nfumtri`s ds d crfup. Pmbil` ta` U_N, Gdpdm, ta`_`puobin fh Lfr`d, Dustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk, dmk Imkid, waina `mdnt`k H[Ds wita D^@DM,dmk ta` @P, waina is m`cftidtimc dm H[D wita D^@DM, ta` P^ ads mft kisnuss`k ta`pfssioibity fh d P^D^@DM H[D. Imst`dk, ta` P^ ads `mdnt`k oibdt`rdb H[Ds witaîmcdpfr` dmk o`cum kisnussifms wita s`b`nt`k D^@DM nfumtri`s witaim ta` hrdj`wfrlfh ta` [UU. [ais r`hb`nts ta` P^ vi`w tadt ta` P^ is imt`r`st`k im d aica-b`v`b H[D witanfjprà`msiv` nfv`rdc`. Im ta` `y`s fh ta` P^, sfj` D^@DM nfumtri`s dr` mft r`dkytf pdrtinipdt` im suna d aica-b`v`b H[D. It safubk o` mft`k tadt ta` [UU ads adksicmihindmt ijpdnts fm ta` hfrjdtifm fh r`cifmdb `nfmfjin imt`crdtifm hrdj`wfrls sunads ta` _N@U dmk NGLH[D. [a` prfn`ss fh ta`s` hrdj`wfrls ads o``m sp`k up oy ta`prfcr`ss fh ta` [UU m`cftidtifms. Imk``k, ta`r` is ta` P^ dmk ta` U_N rivdbry im`stdobisaimc d r`cifmdb `nfmfjin imt`crdtifm hrdj`wfrl. [a` P^ is `dc`r tf s`t up daica-b`v`b dmk nfjprà`msiv`, fr ?4st n`mtury typ`, H[D, waib` ta` U_N, oìmc umdob`tf gfim d aica-b`v`b dmk nfjprà`msiv` [UU, wfubk bil` tf `stdobisa d hrdj`wfrl ods`kfm nfjjumdb spirit wita dm `jpadsis fm nffp`rdtifm.

>. ?ONAD_DN[@_I^[IN^ DMK JF[IX@^ FH H_@@ [_DK@DC_@@J@M[^ IM @D^[ DÎD 1H9

Fm` mftdob` nadrdnt`ristin fh H[Ds im @dst Dsid is taìr nfjprà`msiv` nfv`rdc`. Dssuna, sfj` fh ta` H[Ds `stdobisa`k im @dst Dsid dr` mdj`k ds `nfmfjin pdrtm`rsaipdcr``j`mts (hfr `xdjpb`, ta` Gdpdmîmcdpfr` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip Dcr``j`mt) frnbfs`r `nfmfjin pdrtm`rsaip drrdmc`j`mts (hfr `xdjpb`, ta` U_NAfmc Lfmc, NaimdNbfs`r @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip Drrdmc`j`mt), dmk fta`rs. [a`s` m`w typ`s fh H[Dstypindbby imnbuk` hdnibitdtifm fh hfrìcm trdk`, bio`rdbizdtifm dmk hdnibitdtifm fh HKI, dmk`nfmfjin dmk t`namindb nffp`rdtifm, im dkkitifm tf trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm, waina isimnbuk`k im trdkitifmdb H[Ds. It is wfrta mftimc tadt ta` nfmt`mts fh ta`s` m`w typ`s fhH[Ds dr` sijibdr tf tafs` fh ta` DsidUdnihin @nfmfjin Nffp`rdtifm (DU@N) hfruj,

wafs` tar`` pibbdrs dr` trdk` dmk imv`stj`mt bio`rdbizdtifm, ousim`ss hdnibitdtifm, dmk`nfmfjin dmk t`namindb nffp`rdtifm.

[a` `nfmfjin dmk t`namindb nffp`rdtifm pibbdr is civ`m sp`nidb dtt`mtifm im ta` H[Ds`stdobisa`k im Dsid o`ndus` mdrrfwimc ta` k`v`bfpj`mt cdp o`tw``m ta` aica-imnfj`dmk bfw-imnfj` nfumtri`s is ijpfrtdmt hfr dnai`vimc `nfmfjin prfsp`rity dmk sfnidbdmk pfbitindb stdoibity im ta` r`cifm. Fm` fh ta` prfcrdjs im jdmy H[Ds im Dsid is ta`

9 [ais s`ntifm krdws fm Prdtd (?545o).


12/27


45

prfjftifm fh sjdbb dmk j`kiuj-siz`k `mt`rpris`s (^J@s), waina wfubk nfmtriout` tfta` nfmstruntifm fh d nfjp`titiv` dmk r`sibi`mt `nfmfjin struntur` dmk dbsf tf taìjprfv`j`mt fh biv`biaffk fh p`fpb`. [a`s` fog`ntiv`s jdy o` dnai`v`k o`ndus` ^J@sadv` ijpfrtdmt pfsitifms im jdmy `nfmfji`s im t`rjs fh prfkuntifm dmk `jpbfyj`mt. Itis ijpfrtdmt tf mft` tadt ta` U_N dmk Gdpdm (waf dr` `dc`r tf pbdy d b`dk`rsaip rfb` imr`cifmdb imt`crdtifm) adv` us`k `nfmfjin dssistdmn` tf cdim suppfrt hfr H[Ds hrfjH[D pdrtm`rs. Advimc mft`k d nfjjfm nadrdnt`ristin fh nfjprà`msiv`m`ss fh H[Ds im

Dsid, sp`nihin nfmt`mt kihh`rs djfmc ta` H[Ds, r`hb`ntimc kihh`r`mt jftiv`s fh ta`nfumtri`s nfmn`rm`k. Gdpdm `jpadsiz`s ta` ijpfrtdmn` fh bio`rdbizdtifm dmk hdnibitdtifmfh imv`stj`mt dmk s`rvin`s trdk`, ds suna j`dsur`s wfubk prfvik` d hr``, trdmspdr`mt,dmk stdob` ousim`ss `mvirfmj`mt hfr Gdpdm`s` hirjs tadt adv` imv`st`k a`dviby imprfkuntifm m`twfrls im Dsid. Im pdrtinubdr, Gdpdm is imt`r`st`k im s`ttimc up d w`bb-humntifmimc imt`bb`ntudb prfp`rty ricats prft`ntifm syst`j. Oy nfmtrdst, k`v`bfpimcnfumtri`s suna ds D^@DM j`jo`rs dmk ta` U_N adv` d b`ss strfmc imt`r`st im ta`s`j`dsur`s. Imk``k, D^@DM dmk ta` U_N adv` dkfpt`k d crdkudb dmk s`qu`mtidbdpprfdna oy k`dbimc wita trdk` im cffks dmk s`rvin`s dmk imv`stj`mt s`pdrdt`by witakihh`r`mt tijimc, ds bio`rdbizdtifm im trdk` im cffks is hfbbfw`k oy bio`rdbizdtifm ims`rvin`s trdk` dmk imv`stj`mt. Imkid is imt`r`st`k im ta` bio`rdbizdtifm fh s`rvin`s trdk`

suna ds I[ sfhtwdr`, b`cdb, himdmnidb, dmk j`kindb s`rvin`s, waib` it is b`ss l``m fmfp`mimc up cffks trdk`.

B`t us turm tf ta` kisnussifms fm ta` jftiv`s fh @dst Dsidm nfumtri`s oàimk taìr H[Dstrdt`ci`s. Xdrifus nfjjfm jftiv`s, k`spit` ta` kihh`r`mn`s im taìr ijpfrtdmn` djfmcta` nfumtri`s, ndm o` ik`mtihi`k. Hirst, rdpik `xpdmsifm fh H[Ds im fta`r pdrts fh ta`wfrbk ads jdk` Dsidm `nfmfji`s r`dbiz` ta` ijpfrtdmn` fh `stdobisaimc H[Ds tfjdimtdim dmk `xpdmk taìr `xpfrt fppfrtumiti`s. 9H45 H[Ds wita tais limk fh jdrl`t-s``limcfog`ntiv` dr` bdrc`by fh d k`h`msiv` mdtur`. Dm `xdjpb` is Gdpdms H[D wita J`xinf.Gdpdm`s` hirjs w`r` im d kisdkvdmtdc`fus pfsitifm vis--vis P^ hirjs dmk @P hirjs imta` J`xindm jdrl`t o`ndus` ta` P^ dmk ta` @P adk H[Ds, umk`r waina taìr hirjs adkkuty-hr`` dnn`ss tf J`xinf. Im frk`r tf fv`rnfj` tais kisdkvdmtdc`, Gdpdm`s` hirjsput pr`ssur` fm taìr cfv`rmj`mt tf m`cftidt` dm H[D wita J`xinf. It safubk o` mft`ktadt d stdb`jdt` fh ta` Kfad K`v`bfpj`mt Dc`mkd m`cftidtifms umk`r ta` duspin`s fhta` S[F turm`k ta` dtt`mtifm fh ta` S[F j`jo`rs wita dm imt`r`st im trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm tf H[Ds. [a` jdrl`t-s``limc jftiv` ads pbdy`k d rfb` im H[Ds o`tw``mdmk djfmc Dsidm `nfmfji`s, ds trdk` odrri`rs dr` stibb suostdmtidb hfr jdmy s`ntfrs im

Dsidm `nfmfji`s.

^`nfmk, nfumtri`s imt`r`st`k im prfjftimc strunturdb kfj`stin r`hfrj tf dnai`v``nfmfjin crfwta us` H[Ds ds `xt`rmdb pr`ssur` fm ta` fppfsitifm tf strunturdb r`hfrj,im frk`r tf ijpb`j`mt kfj`stin strunturdb r`hfrj. [a` jftiv` fh prfjftimc kfj`stinr`hfrj wds ijpfrtdmt hfr ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d im pursuimc dm H[D wita ta` P^. Oìmcsdmkwina`k o`tw``m ta` U_N, d rdpikby crfwimc `nfmfjin cidmt, dmk Gdpdm, d aicabynfjp`titiv` `nfmfjin cidmt, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d m``k`k tf ndrry fut strunturdbr`hfrjs tf jdimtdim dmk ijprfv` nfjp`titiv`m`ss.

[airk, rivdbry djfmc Dsidm `nfmfji`s fv`r cdimimc d b`dk`rsaip rfb` im ta` r`cifm adsdntivdt`k taìr H[D strdt`ci`s. Ofta ta` U_N dmk Gdpdm, waina dr` nfjp`timc tfo`nfj` d b`dk`r im ta` r`cifm, dr` l``m fm usimc H[Ds tf str`mcta`m taìrr`bdtifmsaips wita D^@DM, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d, dmk fta`r nfumtri`s. Im Mfv`jo`r?55?, Gdpdm prfpfs`k dm `nfmfjin pdrtm`rsaip hrdj`wfrl tf D^@DM fm` kdy dht`rta` U_N dcr``k tf stdrt H[D m`cftidtifms wita D^@DM. It safubk dbsf o` mft`k tadt

D^@DM, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d dmk fta`r nfumtri`s nfmsik`r H[Ds ds d j`dms tf

45 ^`` Prdtd (?545d) hfr ta` kisnussifms fm tais pfimt.


13/27


44

jdimtdim dmk imnr`ds` taìr imhbu`mn` im Dsid. D^@DM ads o``m ricfrfusby pursuimcH[Ds wita jdgfr nfumtri`s im frk`r hfr ta`j tf tdl` d kriv`rs s`dt im r`cifmdbimt`crdtifm im Dsid, waib` ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d is jfvimc da`dk fh fta`r nfumtri`s sunads Gdpdm dmk ta` U_N tf tdl` d b`dk im ta` H[D rdn`.

Hfurta, nfumtri`s wita dntiv` futwdrk hfrìcm kir`nt imv`stj`mt wfubk bil` tf us` H[Ds

tf ijprfv` ta` ousim`ss `mvirfmj`mt im HKI r`nipi`mt nfumtri`s, sf tadt jubtimdtifmdbnfrpfrdtifms (JMNs) ndm p`rhfrj `hhini`mtby. [ais jftiv` is sfucat oy imnbukimc HKIbio`rdbizdtifm dmk hdnibitdtifm im H[Ds. Ds pfimt`k fut `drbi`r, tais is fm` fh ta` jfstijpfrtdmt jftiv`s hfr Gdpdm ds jdmy Gdpdm`s` JMNs adv` imv`st`k im @dst Dsid. [aisjftiv` is bil`by tf o` jfr` ijpfrtdmt hfr fta`r Dsidm nfumtri`s im ta` hutur`, ds ta`mujo`r fh nfumtri`s im @dst Dsid wita dntiv` futwdrk HKI is bil`by tf ris`.

^f hdr, tais pdp`r ads kisnuss`k ta` jftiv`s oàimk oibdt`rdb dmk pburibdt`rdb H[Ds. [a`kisnussifm mfw turms tf ta` jftiv`s oàimk r`cifm-wik` H[Ds suna ds @DH[D dmkN@U@D. Jdmy nfumtri`s im ta` r`cifm r`dbiz` ta` ijpfrtdmn` fh `stdobisaimc d bdrc`r`cifm-wik`, umihi`k jdrl`t tf prfjft` `nfmfjin crfwta dmk r`kun` k`v`bfpj`mt cdpsds hirjs ndm `xp`nt o`m`hits hrfj `xpbfitimc sndb` `nfmfji`s. O`sik`s, `nfmfjin dmkt`namindb nffp`rdtifm jdy o` prfvik`k `hhini`mtby umk`r fm` r`cifm-wik` hrdj`wfrl oynfmsfbikdtimc s`pdrdt` prfcrdjs prfvik`k oy imkivikudb nfumtri`s.

[a` nris`s nfmtriout`k tf ta` kisnussifms fm ta` prfjftifm fh r`cifm-wik` H[Ds. [a`himdmnidb nrisis im @dst Dsid im ta` bdt` 4995s imnr`ds`k ta` dwdr`m`ss djfmc @dst

Dsidm nfumtri`s fh ta` m``k hfr r`cifmdb nffp`rdtifm suna ds d r`cifm-wik` H[D tfdvfik dmfta`r nrisis dmk tf prfjft` r`cifmdb `nfmfjin crfwta. [a` ijj`kidt` nfmn`rmdofut himdmnidb prfob`js r`subt`k im r`cifmdb nffp`rdtifm im himdmnidb dr`ds. ^p`nihindbbyim ?555, D^@DM+> nfumtri`s s`t up oibdt`rdb nurr`mny swdp drrdmc`j`mts tf k`db witata` safrtdc` im hfrìcm `xnadmc` umk`r ta` mdj` fh ta` Naidmc Jdi Imitidtiv` (NJI).[ais wds `xpdmk`k tf o`nfj` d jubtibdt`rdb nurr`mny swdp drrdmc`j`mt im ?559 umk`rta` Jubtibdt`rdbiz`k NJI. Hurta`rjfr`, D^@DM+> nfumtri`s dr` k`v`bfpimc ta` DsidmOfmk Jdrl`t tf `stdobisa `hhini`mt dmk biquik ofmk jdrl`ts im @dst Dsid, wita d vi`w tfo`tt`r utibiz` @dst Dsidm sdvimcs hfr @dst Dsidm imv`stj`mts. It is dbsf `xp`nt`k tfnfmtriout` tf ta` jiticdtifm fh nurr`mny dmk jdturity jisjdtna`s im himdmnimc, wainawds fm` fh ta` hdntfrs tadt b`k tf ta` Dsidm himdmnidb nrisis.[a` ?551?559 cbfodb himdmnidb nrisis dbsf imnr`ds`k imt`r`st djfmc ta` @dst Dsidmnfumtri`s tf `stdobisa d r`cifm-wik` H[D. Pmbil` ta` nds` fh ta` Dsidm himdmnidb nrisishfr waina himdmnidb bimls wita ta` P^ dmk @urfp` w`r` d prfob`j, it wds @dst Dsidsk`p`mk`mn` fm ta` P^ dmk @urfp` hfr its `xpfrts tadt ndus`k d sadrp k`nbim` im @dst

Dsids `nfmfjin dntiviti`s. [a` k`nbim` im ijpfrt k`jdmk ndus`k d k`nbim` im @dst Dsids `xpfrts tf ta` P^ dmk @P, tricc`rimc d kfwmwdrk spirdb. Im frk`r tf dvfik sunam`cdtiv` ijpdnts ndus`k oy hdntfrs futsik` ta` r`cifm, @dst Dsidm nfumtri`s stdrt`k tfdrcu` hfr ta` m``k tf imnr`ds` imtrd-r`cifmdb k`p`mk`mn` oy `stdobisaimc d r`cifm-wik`H[D.

;.>O

NFJUD_I^FM DMK @XDBPD[IFM FH D^@DM+4H_@@ [_DK@ DC_@@J@M[^ H_FJ [A@ CD[[/S[FU@_Û@N[IX@

[ais s`ntifm `vdbudt`s ta` qudbity fh D^@DM+4 H[Ds hrfj ta` pfimt fh vi`w fh ta`CD[[/S[F rub`s fm r`cifmdb trdk` dcr``j`mts. ^p`nihindbby, ta` pdp`r `xdjim`s ta`jr`cdrkimc trdmspdr`mny dmk ta` b`v`b fh bio`rdbizdtifm im t`rjs fh trdk` im cffks dmk


14/27


4?

s`rvin`s. Im dkkitifm, D^@DM+4 H[Ds nfmn`rmimc ta`ir rub`s fh fricim (_FFs) im trdk` imcffks dmk ta` nfmt`mts fh dcr``j`mts fm imv`stj`mt dr` nfjpdr`k.

Dm ijpfrtdmt `b`j`mt hfr prfvikimc d pr`kintdob` dmk stdob` trdkimc `mvirfmj`mt is tfjdl` trdk` rub`s ds nb`dr dmk puobin (trdmspdr`mt) ds pfssiob`. Sitafut trdmspdr`mny,trdk` rub`s ndmmft o` ijpb`j`mt`k fr `mhfrn`k dpprfpridt`by, kisnfurdcimc hirjs

trdkimc dntiviti`s, ta`r`oy pr`v`mtimc `nfmfji`s hrfj jdxijizimc ta` o`m`hits hrfjtrdkimc fppfrtumiti`s. Sita tais im jimk, ta` Nfjjitt`` fm _`cifmdb [rdk` Dcr``j`mtsimtrfkun`k d m`w trdmspdr`mny j`nadmisj fm _[Ds im K`n`jo`r ?558 (S[F ?558).Pmk`r ta` m`w trdmspdr`mny j`nadmisj ta` j`jo`rs fh d m`wby `stdobisa`k _[D dr``xp`nt`k tf mftihy ta` S[F ds `drby ds pfssiob`, im c`m`rdb mf bdt`r tadm ta` j`jo`rsrdtihindtifm fh ta` _[D. [f `madmn` trdmspdr`mny, ta` pdrti`s tf dm _[D sadbb jdl`kdtd dvdibdob` tf ta` S[F s`nr`tdridt ds sffm ds pfssiob`, out mfrjdbby witaim d p`rifkfh 45 w``ls (fr ?5 w``ls im ta` nds` fh _[Ds imvfbvimc fmby k`v`bfpimc nfumtri`s)dht`r ta` kdt` fh mftihindtifm fh ta` dcr``j`mt.

Hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds dr` `vdbudt`k fm ta` odsis fh ta` trdmspdr`mny j`nadmisj`xpbdim`k dofv`, sp`nihindbby, ta` mftihindtifm kdt` dmk ta` suojissifm fh ta` kdtd.[dob` > prfvik`s ta` imhfrjdtifm nfmn`rmimc ta`s` twf issu`s. Ds hfr ta` mftihindtifm, dbbta` H[Ds kik mft j``t ta` r`quir`j`mt, ds ta` mftihindtifm wds nfmkunt`k dht`r ta`kdt` fh `mtry imtf hfrn`. [a` safrt`st bdc wds ; jfmtas (D^@DMDMW H[D), waib` ta`bfmc`st bdc wds 4> jfmtas (D^@DMLfr`d H[D im s`rvin`s). Nfmn`rmimc ta`suojissifm fh ta` kdtd, fmby ta` D^@DMU_N H[D im cffks ads suojitt`k ta` kdtd imta` hfrj fh hdntudb dostrdnt. [a`s` fos`rvdtifms imkindt` ta` m``k hfr ijprfvimctrdmspdr`mny im ta` mftihindtifm fh H[Ds im @dst Dsid.

[dob` >7 [rdmspdr`mny im D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts

Hr`` [rdk`Dcr``j`mt

Kdt` fhMftihindtifm

Kdt` fh @mtryimtf Hfrn`

@mk fhIjpb`j`mtdtifm

U`rifk

HdntudbDostrdnt

D^@DMU_N (C) ?4 ^`p ?550 4 Gdm ?550 ?5?5 y`s

(^) ?8 Gum ?551 4 Gub ?553 mf

D^@DMLfr`d (C) 40 Gum ?545 4 Gdm ?545 ?5?; mf(^) 40 Gum ?545 4 Jdy ?559 mf

D^@DMGdpdm ?> Mfv ?559 4 K`n ?551 ?5?8 mf

D^@DMImkid 49 Duc ?545 4 Gdm ?545 mft sp`nihi`k mf

D^@DMDMW 1 Dpr ?545 4 Gdm ?545 ?5?0 mf

DMW : Dustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk< D^@DM : Dssfnidtifm fh ^futa`dst Dsidm Mdtifms< H[D : hr``trdk` dcr``j`mt< C : cffks< U_N : U`fpb`s _`puobin fh Naimd< ^ : s`rvin`s. ^furn`7 Sfrbk [rdk` Frcdmizdtifm. _`cifmdb [rdk` Drrdmc`j`mts Kdtdods`.attp7//rtdis.wtf.frc/PI/UuobinJdimtdim_[DAfj`.dspx

B`t us turm tf ta` b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm hfr D^@DM+4 H[Ds. Dnnfrkimc tf CD[[ Drtinb` QQIX7 1, d hr`` trdk` dr`d sadbb o` umk`rstffk tf j`dm d crfup fh twf fr jfr`nustfjs t`rritfri`s, im waina ta` kuti`s dmk fta`r r`strintiv` r`cubdtifms fh nfjj`rn`dr` `bijimdt`k fm suostdmtidbby dbb ta` trdk` o`tw``m ta` nfmstitu`mt t`rritfri`s imprfkunts fricimdtimc im suna t`rritfri`s (S[F 499;). Dbtafuca ta`r` is mft y`t dmydcr``j`mt fm ta` k`himitifm fh suostdmtidbby dbb ta` trdk` djfmc ta` CD[[/S[Fj`jo`rs, it is ijpfrtdmt tf `vdbudt` ta` qudbity fh H[Ds im t`rjs fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm.[dob` ; safws trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`, k`him`k ds ta` prfpfrtifm fh tdrihh bim`s (mujo`rfh prfkunts) suog`nt tf tdrihh `bijimdtifm im tftdb mujo`r fh tdrihh bim`s hfr hiv` D^@DM+4H[Ds. [a` bdst rfw fh ta` tdob` safws ta` dv`rdc` trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`s hfr ta` hiv`

D^@DM+4 H[Ds. [a` D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D (DDMWH[D) ads ta` aica`st


15/27


4>

trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` dt 90.3%, waib` ta` D^@DMImkid H[D (DIH[D) ads ta` bfw`strdt` dt 39.8%. Imk``k, ta` trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` hfr DIH[D is `xn`ptifmdbby bfwnfjpdr`k tf tafs` hfr fta`r D^@DM+4 H[Ds, wafs` rdt`s dr` cr`dt`r tadm 95%.

[dob` ;7 [drihh Nfmn`ssifms im D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts(%)

Nfumtry DDMWH[D DNH[D DIH[D DGN@U DLH[D Dv`rdc`

OrumìKdrussdbdj 99.? 91.> 10.> 93.3 99.? 90.9

Ndjofkid 19.4 19.9 11.; 10.3 93.4 95

Imkfm`sid 9>.3 9?.> ;1.3 94.? 94.? 1>.;Bdf U`fpb`sK`jfnrdtin _`p. 94.9 93.8 15.4 18.9 95 19.>

Jdbdysid 93.; 9>.; 39.1 9;.4 90.0 9?

Jydmjdr 11.4 9;.0 38.8 10.? 9?.? 13.>

Uaibippim`s 90.4 9> 15.9 93.; 99 9>.4

îmcdpfr` 455 455 455 455 455 455

[adibdmk 91.9 9>.0 31.4 98.1 90.8 9?.8

Xi`t Mdj 9;.1 MD 39.0 9;.; 19.; 19.0

Dustrdbid 455

U`fpb`s _`puobinfh Naimd 9;.4

Imkfm`sid 31.1

Gdpdm 94.9

_`puobin fh Lfr`d 95.0

M`w W`dbdmk 455

Dv`rdc` 90.3 9;.3 39.8 9?.1 9;.0 DDMWH[D : D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D< DNH[D : D^@DMU_N H[D< DIH[D : D^@DMImkid H[D< DGN@U : D^@DMGdpdm Nfjprà msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip< DLH[D : D^@DMLfr`d H[D< H[D :hr`` trdk` dcr``j`mt. Mft`s7 A^?553 v`rsifm, A^ 8-kicit ods`. Kdtd hfr Xi`tmdj hfr ta` D^@DMU_N H[D dr` jissimc.Kdtd hfr Jydmjdr hfr ta` D^@DMU_N H[D dr` jissimc hfr A^54A^51. Hicur`s imkindt` ta`prfpfrtifm fh tdrihh `bijimdtifm im t`rjs fh tdrihh bim`s.^furn`7 Lumf (hfrtanfjimc).

[a`r` dr` wik` vdridtifms im trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`s djfmc ta` nfumtri`s im D^@DM+4H[Ds. Djfmc ta` D^@DM nfumtri`s, im t`rjs fh dv`rdc` trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`s,safwm im ta` hdr ricat nfbujm, îmcdpfr` ads ta` aica`st trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh455%, imkindtimc nfjpb`t` tdrihh `bijimdtifm im dbb hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. Imkfm`sid adsta` bfw`st trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh 1>.;%, r`hb`ntimc d prft`ntiv` pfbiny stdmn` fh ta`

Imkfm`sidm cfv`rmj`mt. [a` r`jdimimc D^@DM nfumtri`s jdy o` drrdmc`k imk`sn`mkimc frk`r im t`rjs fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`s ds hfbbfws7 Orumì Kdrussdbdj(90.9%), Uaibippim`s (9>.4%), [adibdmk (9?.8%), Jdbdysid (9?.5%), Ndjofkid (95.5%),Xi`t Mdj (19.0%), Bdf UK_ (19.>%), dmk Jydmjdr (13.>%). Djfmc D^@DMs H[Dpdrtm`rs, Dustrdbid dmk M`w W`dbdmk adv` ta` aica`st trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh 455%,ds ta`y `bijimdt` tdrihhs fm dbb taìr ijpfrts hrfj D^@DM nfumtri`s, waib` Imkid ads ta`bfw`st trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh 31.1%. Djfmc ta` U_N, Gdpdm, dmk ta` _`puobin fhLfr`d, ta` U_N ads ta` aica`st trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh 9;.4%, hfbbfw`k oy Gdpdm(94.9%) dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d (95.0%).


16/27


4;

It is imt`r`stimc tf mft` tadt jdmy D^@DM nfumtri`s adv` quit` kihh`r`mt trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm nfjjitj`mts k`p`mkimc fm taìr H[D pdrtm`rs. Fm` mftin`dob` pdtt`rm isv`ry bfw trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`s nfjjitt`k im ta` DIH[D. Im pdrtinubdr, Imkfm`sidr`cist`rs d v`ry bfw trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` fh ;1.3% im ta` DIH[D. [a` bfw trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` dkfpt`k oy D^@DM nfumtri`s im ta` DIH[D is bdrc`by dttrioutdob` tftwf hdntfrs. Fm` is strfmc nfjp`titifm im d bdrc` mujo`r fh prfkunts o`tw``m Imkid dmkjdmy D^@DM nfumtri`s. Fm` suna `xdjpb` is dppdr`b prfkunts, waina dr` jdgfr`xpfrt it`js fh Imkid dmk jdmy D^@DM nfumtri`s. [a` fta`r hdntfr is ta` bfw trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm rdt` nfjjitt`k oy Imkid. [a` b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm is m`cftidt`koibdt`rdbby im D^@DM+4 H[Ds. Ds suna, r`niprfnity o`nfj`s dm ijpfrtdmt `b`j`mt imk`t`rjimimc ta` b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm. O`ndus` Imkids b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifmis sicmihindmtby bfw`r nfjpdr`k tf fta`r D^@DMs H[D pdrtm`rs, jdmy D^@DMnfumtri`s nfjjitj`mts im trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm turm bfw im taìr dcr``j`mts wita Imkid.

Dmfta`r nfmkitifm tadt CD[[ Drtinb` QQIX ijpfs`s fm _[Ds is ta` b`mcta fh tij` hfr taìjpb`j`mtdtifm fh ta` dcr``j`mt. Dnnfrkimc tf CD[[ Drtinb` QQIX7 0, dm imt`rijdcr``j`mt m`n`ssdry hfr ta` hfrjdtifm fh d hr``-trdk` dr`d sadbb imnbuk` d pbdm dmksna`kub` hfr ta` hfrjdtifm fh suna d nustfjs umifm fr fh suna d hr``-trdk` dr`d witaimd r`dsfmdob` b`mcta fh tij` (S[F 499;). Pmk`rstdmkimc fm ta` imt`rpr`tdtifm fh CD[[

Drtinb` QQIX im 499; imkindt`s tadt ta` r`dsfmdob` b`mcta fh tij` safubk `xn``k 45y`drs fmby im `xn`ptifmdb nds`s. Im nds`s wa`r` j`jo`rs o`bi`v` tadt 45 y`drs wfubko` imsuhhini`mt ta`y sadbb prfvik` d hubb `xpbdmdtifm tf ta` Nfumnib hfr [rdk` im Cffks fhta` m``k hfr d bfmc`r p`rifk.

[dob` 0 safws ta` sna`kub` fh tdrihh `bijimdtifm hfr ta` hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. Hfr ta` D^@DM H[D pdrtm`rs, tdrihh `bijimdtifm is sna`kub`k tf tdl` pbdn` witaim t`m y`drs hrfjta` y`dr fh rdtihindtifm. Afw`v`r, tais is mft ta` nds` hfr D^@DM nfumtri`s. Ndjofkid,Bdf UK_, Jydmjdr, dmk Xi`t Mdj (NBJX), fr ta` m`w D^@DM j`jo`rs, dr` civ`m`xtrd tij` hfr ta` ijpb`j`mtdtifm fh ta` dcr``j`mt. [a` jdxijuj dkkitifmdb tij` fh 1y`drs, im tftdb 41 y`drs, is civ`m hfr ta` nfjpb`tifm fh tdrihh `bijimdtifm dmk/fr r`kuntifmumk`r ta` D^@DMGdpdm N@U. [a` fricimdb DH[D j`jo`rs (D^@DM8 nfumtri`s), dr`dbsf civ`m dkkitifmdb tij` im ta` nds`s fh ta` D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D,

D^@DMU_N H[D, dmk D^@DMGdpdm N@U. [a` himkimcs dofut ta` b`mcta fh ta`p`rifk hfr ta` nfjpb`tifm fh D^@DM+4 H[Ds r`v`db tadt ta`y dr` mft nfmsist`mt wita ta`CD[[/S[F rub`s.

Im H[Ds ta` rub`s fh fricim (_FFs) pbdy d v`ry ijpfrtdmt rfb` im `msurimc tadtpr`h`r`mtidb tr`dtj`mt is dnnfrk`k tf H[D j`jo`rs oy dvfikimc trdk` k`hb`ntifm. 45H 44 [a`r` dr` hfur jdgfr _FFs tadt adv` o``m dkfpt`k oy ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds7 wafbbyfotdim`k fr prfkun`k (SF), r`cifmdb vdbu` nfmt`mt (_XN), nadmc` im tdrihh nbdssihindtifm(N[N) dmk sp`nihin prfn`ss rub` (Û_). D c`m`rdb rub` is dppbi`k tf dbb prfkunts `xn`pttafs` prfkunts tadt dr` suog`nt tf prfkunt sp`nihin rub`s (U^_s).

44 [a` kisnussifms fm _FFs krdw fm J`kdbbd (?544).


17/27


40

[dob` 07 [drihh @bijimdtifm na`kub` hfr D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts

D^@DM8 NBJX Nfumtri`s H[D Udrtm`rs

H[D Y`dr fh@mdntj`mt

@bijimdtifm(Mfrjdb [rdnl

fr ^B)

Fta`r_`kuntifm

(^B fr A^B)

@bijimdtifm(Mfrjdb

[rdnl fr ^B)

Fta`r_`kuntifm

(^B fr A^B)

@bijimdtifm(Mfrjdb [rdnl

fr ^B)

Fta`r_`kuntifm

(^B fr A^B)

DDMWH[D ?545 ?5?5?5?0 ?5?5?5?0 ?5?5?5?; ?5?0 ?5?5 -

DNH[D ?550 ?54? *4 ?541 ?541 *4 ?541 ?54? *4 ?541

DIH[D *? ?545 ?543-?5?5 *> ?543?5?5 ?5?? *> ?5?? ?543 *> (?5?5 *; ) ?5?5

DGN@U ?551 ?541 ?541?5?; ?5?>?5?8 ?5?8 ?541 ?541

DLH[D ?545 ?54? *0 (?543 *8) ?548 ?541?5?5 *0 ?5?4?5?; ?545 ?548

DDMWH[D : D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D< DNH[D : D^@DMU_N H[D< DIH[D : D^@DMImkid H[D< DGN@U : D^@DMGdpdm Nfjprà msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip< DLH[D : D^@DMLfr`d H[D< D^@DM8 : Orumì, Imkfm`sid, Jdbdysid, Uaibippim`s, îmcdpfr`, [adibdmk4 K`n`jo`r fh ta` pr`vifus y`dr. Hfr `xdjpb`,?54; j`dms >4 K`n`jo`r ?54>< *; [f ta` Uaibippim`s< *> Imnbukimc Mfrjdb [rdnl ?< *; [ f taÙaibippim`s< *0 Imnbukimc Mfrjdb [rdnl ?. Mfrjdb [rdnl 4 hfr D^@DM0 ads nfjpb`t`k im ?545< *8[adibdmk.^furn`7 Jfkihi`k [dob` ? fh Hulumdcd dmk Isfmf (?54>).

[dob` 8 safws ta` _FFs dkfpt`k im ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. [a` hicur` imkindt`s ta`mujo`r fh prfkunts suog`nt tf ta` _FF typ` safwm fm ta` b`ht nfbujm. [a` tdob`r`v`dbs d wik` vdri`ty im ta` dppbindtifm fh ta` typ`s fh _FFs djfmc D^@DM+4 H[Dsds w`bb ds witaim D^@DM+4 H[Ds. @xn`pt hfr ta` D^@DMU_N H[D dmk ta` D^@DMImkid H[D, ta` odsin rub` is d nf-`qudb rub`7 _XN(;5) fr d nadmc` im tdrihh a`dkimc(N[A). [a` nf-`qudb rub` is b`ss r`strintiv` nfjpdr`k tf ta` simcb` rub`, o`ndus` itciv`s ta` hirj nafin`s im ta` dppbindtifm fh _FFs. _XN(;5) r`quir`s d jimijuj ;5%

r`cifmdb vdbu` nfmt`mt. N[A is `quivdb`mt tf N[N dt ta` A^ ;-kicit b`v`b. N[Â is`quivdb`mt tf N[N dt ta` A^ 8-kicit b`v`b, jdlimc it b`ss r`strintiv` tadm N[N. Hfr ta`

D^@DMU_N H[D, ta` c`m`rdb rub` is _XN(;5). Im ta` nds` fh ta` D^@DMImkid H[D,ta` c`m`rdb rub` is _XN(>0) dmk N[Â (d nadmc` im tdrihh suo-a`dkimc). Im fta`r wfrks,r`cifmdb nfmt`mt r`quir`j`mt dt >0% is b`ss r`strintiv` nfjpdr`k tf fta`r D^@DM+4H[Ds, out it ads dm dkkitifmdb r`quir`j`mt fh d nadmc` im tdrihh nbdssihindtifm, dboìt dt daica`r 8-kicit b`v`b, jdlimc ta` D^@DMImkid H[D ta` jfst r`strintiv`.


18/27


19/27


43

n`bbs (; jfk`s dmk ? dsp`ntsjdrl`t dnn`ss \JDZ dmk mdtifmdb tr`dtj`mt \M[Z), dshfbbfws7 dssicm ta` vdbu` 4 wa`m ta` s`ntfr dt issu` is hubby bio`rdbiz`k< 5.0 wa`mbijit`k (out ofumk)< 5 wa`m umofumk (cfv`rmj`mt ads mft nfjjitt`k tf bio`rdbiz`)oy s`ntfr, oy jfk`, dmk oy dsp`nt (jdrl`t dnn`ss dmk mdtifmdb tr`dtj`mt), dmk tdl`ta` sijpb` dv`rdc` hfr dccr`cdtifm< ta`m ndbnubdt` ta` dv`rdc` vdbu` hfr ta` nfumtry.[a` aica`r ta` snfr`, ta` jfr` bio`rdb dr` ta` nfumtrys s`rvin`s trdk` nfjjitj`mts tfits H[D pdrtm`rs.

Isaikf (hfrtanfjimc) nfjput`k ta` Af`ljdm Imk`x hfr ta` D^@DMDustrdbid/M`wW`dbdmk, D^@DMU_N, D^@DMLfr`d H[Ds. ([dob` 3). [ftdb j`dms ta` snfròds`k fm ta` sijpb` dv`rdc` fh ta` Af`ljdm Imk`x k`riv`k hrfj 400 suo-s`ntfrs.S[F Ubus is ta` kihh`r`mn` o`tw``m nfjjitj`mts umk`r H[Ds dmk tafs` umk`r ta`CD[^, j`dmimc dkkitifmdb nfjjitj`mt tf ta` S[F nfjjitj`mt. Ds is safwm, jfstnfumtri`s adv` nfjjitj`mt b`v`bs fh b`ss tadm 5.0, j`dmimc tadt ta` umofumk (mfnfjjitj`mt) is kfjimdmt fv`rdbb. [ais fos`rvdtifm jdy imkindt` tadt ta` b`v`b fhnfjjitj`mts umk`r D^@DM+4 H[Ds kf`s mft j``t ta` r`quir`j`mt umk`r ta` CD[^

Drtinb` X tadt stipubdt`s tadt ta` dcr``j`mt ads suostdmtidb s`ntfrdb nfv`rdc` dmkprfvik`s hfr ta` dos`mn` fr `bijimdtifm fh suostdmtidbby dbb kisnrijimdtifm (S[F CD[^wòsit`).

[dob` 37 S[F Ubus im D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts (im t`rjs fh ta` Af`ljdmImk`x)

DDMWH[D DNH[D DLH[D Dv`rdc`

Nfumtry [ftdb S[F+ [ftdb S[F+ [ftdb S[F+ [ftdb S[F+

Orumì Kdrussdbdj 5.41 5.40 5.50 5.5? 5.51 5.58 5.45 5.51

Ndjofkid 5.04 5.4; 5.>1 5.54 5.>1 5.54 5.;? 5.50

Imkfm`sid 5.?9 5.?? 5.59 5.5> 5.41 5.44 5.49 5.4?

Bdf UK_ 5.?; MD 5.5? MD 5.53 MD 5.44 MD

Jdbdysid 5.>4 5.?4 5.44 5.54 5.?5 5.45 5.?4 5.44

Jydmjdr 5.?8 5.?> 5.5; 5.54 5.58 5.5> 5.4? 5.59

Uaibippim`s 5.?8 5.43 5.44 5.5? 5.43 5.51 5.41 5.59îmcdpfr` 5.;; 5.>> 5.>5 5.49 5.>> 5.?? 5.>8 5.?0

[adibdmk 5.>8 5.4? 5.?0 5.5? MD MD MD MD

Xi`t Mdj 5.;8 5.49 5.>; 5.53 5.>? 5.50 5.>3 5.45

D^@DM Dv`rdc` 5.>> 5.?5 5.43 5.5; 5.?5 5.51 5.?> 5.44

Dustrdbid 5.0? 5.41

U`fpb`s _`puobin fh Naimd 5.?1 5.5;

_`puobin fh Lfr`d 5.>4 5.59

M`w W`dbdmk 5.04 5.?8 DDMWH[D : D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D< DNH[D : D^@DMU_N H[D< DLH[D :

D^@DMLfr`d H[D< S[F : Sfrbk [rdk` Frcdmizdtifm. ^furn`7 Isaikf (hfrtanfjimc).

Djfmc ta` D^@DM H[D pdrtm`rs, Dustrdbid dmk M`w W`dbdmk nfjjitt`k jfst, ds taìrr`sp`ntiv` snfr`s dr` 5.0? dmk 5.04, r`sp`ntiv`by. It safubk o` mft`k tadt ofta Dustrdbiddmk M`w W`dbdmk jdk` suostdmtidbby bdrc` dkkitifmdb nfjjitj`mts im taìr H[D wita

D^@DM o`yfmk taìr CD[^ nfjjitj`mts. [a` _`puobin fh Lfr`ds dmk ta` U_Nsnfjjitj`mts dr` sicmihindmtby bfw`r nfjpdr`k tf tafs` oy Dustrdbid dmk M`w W`dbdmk,ds taìr r`sp`ntiv` Af`ljdm snfr`s dr` 5.>4 dmk 5.?1. Nfjpdr`k tf ta` nfjjitj`mts


20/27


41

oy Dustrdbid dmk M`w W`dbdmk, ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d dmk ta` U_N adv` juna sjdbb`rdkkitifmdb nfjjitj`mts umk`r taìr D^@DM+4 H[Ds.

[urmimc tf ta` D^@DM nfumtri`s, dm imt`r`stimc pdtt`rm `j`rc`s im tadt taìr dkkitifmdbnfjjitj`mts dr` aica hfr DDMWH[D waib` ta`y dr` bfw hfr DLH[D dmk DNH[D. [a`s`pdtt`rms r`hb`nt ta` r`niprfndb dpprfdna dkfpt`k im H[D m`cftidtifms. [a`r` `xist wik`

vdridtifms im ta` b`v`b fh nfjjitj`mt djfmc ta` D^@DM nfumtri`s. Ndjofkid ads taàica`st b`v`b fh nfjjitj`mt dt 5.;? (dv`rdc`), waib` Orumì Kdrussdbdj ads ta` bfw`stb`v`b fh nfjjitj`mt dt 5.45. Imk``k, fm` ndm nbdssihy ta` D^@DM nfumtri`s imtf tar``crfups im t`rjs fh ta` b`v`b fh nfjjitj`mt. [a` aica crfup nfmsists fh Ndjofkid, Xi`tMdj, dmk îmcdpfr`. [a` jikkb` crfup imnbuk`s Jdbdysid, Imkfm`sid, dmk taÙaibippim`s. [a` bfw crfup imnbuk`s Jydmjdr, Bdf UK_, dmk Orumì Kdrussdbdj.[adibdmk, wafs` imhfrjdtifm hfr DLH[D is mft r`dkiby dvdibdob` dmk taus mft r`pfrt`k,s``js tf o` pbdn`k o`tw``m aica dmk jikkb` crfups ods`k fm its snfr` hfr DDMWH[Ddmk DNH[D.

0. ;OJFX@^ [FSD_K [A@ @^[DOBIÂJ@M[ FH D_@CIFM-SIK@ H_@@ [_DK@ DC_@@J@M[

Dsid ads s``m d rdpik imnr`ds` im ta` mujo`r fh H[Ds simn` ta` o`cimmimc fh ta` ?4stn`mtury. Jdmy fh ta`s` H[Ds dr` oibdt`rdb fr pburibdt`rdb dmk umbil` ta` situdtifms imMfrta Dj`rind fr @urfp`, d r`cifm-wik` H[D ads mft o``m `stdobisa`k y`t im Dsid._`nfcmizimc ta` o`m`hits fh d r`cifm-wik` H[D wita d bdrc`r jdrl`t, Dsidm nfumtri`sadv` o``m `xdjimimc wdys tf `stdobisa d r`cifm-wik` H[D ds wds kisnuss`k im s`ntifm?. [wf r`cifm-wik` H[D imitidtiv`s, @DH[D dmk N@U@D w`r` kisnuss`k. [a`s` twfimitidtiv`s adv` o``m j`rc`k tf hfrj ta` _N@U. Dnnfrkimc tf ta` N@U@D Uads` II_`pfrt, waina nfmkunt`k d sijubdtifm `x`rnis` usimc d nfjputdob` c`m`rdb `quibioriuj(NC@) jfk`b, ta` ijpdnt fh N@U@D (D^@DM+8 H[D wita ta` sdj` j`jo`rsaip ds_N@U) fm `nfmfjin crfwta wds hfumk tf o` suostdmtidb dmk bdrc`r nfjpdr`k tf

D^@DM+> H[D. Ih ta` hubb `hh`nt fh bio`rdbizdtifm im nfjoimdtifm wita nffp`rdtifm dmkhdnibitdtifm is tdl`m imtf dnnfumt umk`r ta` hrdj`wfrl fh ta` N@U@D, ta` fv`rdbb ijpdntfm CKU wibb o` suostdmtidb, rdmcimc hrfj 5.8;% hfr Gdpdm tf kfuob`-kicit hicur`s hfrJdbdysid, Orumì Kdrussdbdj, Xi`t Mdj dmk [adibdmk (N@U@D ?559). Ldwdi dmkSicmdrdgd (?559) dbsf hfumk sijibdr ijpdnts usimc d NC@ jfk`b. Im bicat fh ta` o`m`hithrfj ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh d r`cifm-wik` H[D umk`r ta` D^@DM+8 hrdj`wfrl, taiss`ntifm `xdjim`s ta` pfssioibity fh nfmsfbikdtimc hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds oy imv`sticdtimcta` sijibdriti`s dmk kihh`r`mn`s djfmc ta`s` hiv` H[Ds.

B`t us o`cim wita ta` dcr``j`mts fm trdk` im cffks. Lumf (hfrtanfjimc) dmdbyz`k D^@DM nfumtri`s nfjjitj`mts im tdrihh `bijimdtifm im hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. A`nbdssihi`k ta` prfkunts im t`rjs fh A^ 8-kicit nbdssihindtifm imtf tar`` ndt`cfri`s,`bijimdt`k tf dbb, k`p`mks fm H[D, dmk prft`nt`k tf dbb, ods`k fm taìr trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm stdtus im hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. [afs` prfkunts tadt dr` suog`nt tf tdrihh`bijimdtifm im dbb D^@DM+4 H[Ds dr` nbdssihi`k umk`r `bijimdt`k tf dbb, waib` tafs`prfkunts tadt dr` `xnbuk`k hrfj tdrihh `bijimdtifm im dbb D^@DM+4 H[Ds dr` nbdssihi`kumk`r prft`nt`k tf dbb. [afs` prfkunts tadt kf mft hdbb umk`r ìta`r `bijimdt`k tf dbbfr prft`nt`k tf dbb dr` nbdssihi`k umk`r k`p`mks fm H[D. Im fta`r wfrks, tafs`prfkunts tadt dr` suog`nt tf tdrihh `bijimdtifm im sfj` H[Ds dmk dr` `xnbuk`k hrfj tdrihh`bijimdtifm im fta`r H[Ds dr` nbdssihi`k umk`r k`p`mks fm H[D.

[a` r`subts fh tais `x`rnis` ([dob` 1) imkindt` wik` vdridtifms im ta` bio`rdbizdtifm stdtusdjfmc D^@DM nfumtri`s. Fm dv`rdc` 3>.>% fh ta` prfkunts hdbb umk`r ta` `bijimdt`kdbb ndt`cfry, waib` 5.9% fh ta` prfkunts dr` nbdssihi`k umk`r ta` prft`nt`k tf dbb


21/27


49

ndt`cfry. [a` r`jdimimc ?0.1% fh ta` prfkunts hdbb umk`r ta` k`p`mks fm H[Dndt`cfry. Dbtafuca ta` dv`rdc` rdt` fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm is quit` bfw dt 3>.>%, it is`mnfurdcimc tf fos`rv` tadt fm dv`rdc` 99.4% fh ta` prfkunts adv` o``m bio`rdbiz`kumk`r dt b`dst fm` D^@DM+4 H[D. Ih D^@DM nfumtri`s ndm bio`rdbiz` ta` prfkunts tadtdr` dt b`dst bio`rdbiz`k dt b`dst tf fm` H[D pdrtm`r tf fta`r H[D pdrtm`rs, ta`y ndmdnai`v` 99.4% bio`rdbizdtifm rdt`.

[dob` 17 Kistrioutifm fh [drihh Bim`s oy Bio`rdbizdtifm tdtus

Nfumtry % fh @bijimdt`ktf Dbb Urfkunts% fh K`p`mks fmH[D Urfkunts

% fh Urft`nt`ktf Dbb Urfkunts

Orumì Kdrussdbdj 1;.4 40.9 5.5

Ndjofkid 8;.> >0.> 5.;

Imkfm`sid ;8.5 0?.1 4.?

Bdf UK_ 81.5 >4.8 5.;

Jdbdysid 38.5 ??.9 4.4

Jydmjdr 88.8 >4.1 4.8

Uaibippim`s 3;.8 ?;.; 4.5

îmcdpfr` 455.5 5.5 5.5[adibdmk 30.8 ?;.> 5.4

Xi`t Mdj 31.4 49.4 ?.1

Dv`rdc` 3>.> ?0.1 5.9^furn`7 Lumf (hfrtanfjimc).

D nbfs`r bffl dt ta` bio`rdbizdtifm stdtus hfr imkivikudb D^@DM nfumtri`s r`v`dbskihhinubti`s im `stdobisaimc d r`cifm-wik` H[D, waina dr` jdsl`k im ta` dv`rdc` vdbu`s`xdjim`k dofv`. ^p`nihindbby, it is fmby îmcdpfr` tadt kf`s mft adv` dmy prfob`js imdnai`vimc d aica b`v`b r`cifm-wik` H[D. Fta`r D^@DM j`jo`r nfumtri`s hdn` kihhinubtyim bio`rdbizimc d mujo`r fh s`ntfrs. Imk``k, ta` sadr`s fh `bijimdt`k tf dbb im dbbprfkunts dr` bfw hfr jdmy nfumtri`s, Imkfm`sid (;8.5%), Ndjofkid (8;.>%), Jydmjdr(88.8%), dmk Bdf UK_ (81.5%), imkindtimc ta` pfssiob` pr`s`mn` fh `mfrjfus

fostdnb`s im tdrihh `bijimdtifm. Im frk`r tf prfjft` trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm im ta` _N@U, ta`j`jo`rs jdy tdl` d s`qu`mtidb dpprfdna oy s`ttimc dm `xpbinit sna`kub` im d sijibdrhdsaifm ds wds kfm` umk`r ta` DH[D.

^`ntifm 0 safw`k tadt hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds adv` dkfpt`k kihh`r`mt rub`s fh fricim(_FFs), jdlimc it kihhinubt tf `stdobisa d r`cifm-wik` H[D ods`k fm fm` umihi`k _FF oyprfkunt. J`kdbbd (?544) nfjpdr`k _FFs dkfpt`k oy hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds dt 8-kicit A^bim`s. [dob` 9 safws ta` mujo`r fh A^ bim`s tadt adv` nfjjfm _FFs. Dnnfrkimc tfJ`kdbbds nfjputdtifm, dbb hiv` H[Ds adv` dt b`dst fm` nfjjfm _FF im 8;% fh dbb A^bim`s. Jfr`fv`r, 95% fh ta` tij`, tar`` fr jfr` H[Ds sadr` d nfjjfm _FF. [a`s`himkimcs s``j tf imkindt` tadt adrjfmizdtifm fh _FFs jdy mft o` d hdr-h`tna`k ik`ddjfmc hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds.


22/27


?5

[dob` 97 Nfjjfmdbity fh _FFs dnrfss 0 D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts

Hr`qu`mny kistrioutifm

fh A^ bim`s (8-kicit A^?55?)

K`cr`` fh nfjjfmdbity Mujo`r %

Dt b`dst fm` nfjjfm _FF im dbb 0 H[Ds >>41 8;.5

im fmby ; H[Ds 388 4;.1

im fmby > H[Ds 1?0 40.9

im fmby ? H[Ds ?00 ;.9

Mf nfjjfm _FFs ?> 5.;

D^@DM : Dssfnidtifm fh ^futa`dst Dsidm Mdtifms< H[D : hr`` trdk` dcr``j`mt< _FF : rub`s fhfricim.^furn`7 J`kdbbd (?544).

[urmimc tf trdk` im s`rvin`s, dcr``j`mts dr` imnbuk`k im ta` D^@DMDustrdbid/M`wW`dbdmk H[D, ta` D^@DMU_N H[D, dmk ta` D^@DMLfr`d H[D. 44H4? Isaikf (?544)imv`sticdt`k ta` bio`rdbizdtifm b`v`bs fh ta` nfjjitj`mts oy s`ntfrs umk`r ta`s` tar``

D^@DM+4 H[Ds dmk ta` D^@DM Hrdj`wfrl Dcr``j`mt im ^`rvin`s (DHD^). A` hfumksijibdriti`s im ta` b`v`b fh bio`rdbizdtifm nfjjitj`mts djfmc ta`j, ds nfrr`bdtifmnf`hhini`mts, waina dr` nfjput`k usimc nfumtry-dv`rdc` bio`rdbizdtifm b`v`bs oy s`ntfr,o`tw``m ta` pdir fh H[Ds dr` cr`dt`r tadm 5.840 ([dob` 45). Imk``k, ta` nfrr`bdtifmnf`hhini`mt o`tw``m ta` D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmk H[D dmk ta` D^@DMLfr`dH[D is ds aica ds 5.135. [a`s` himkimcs imkindt` tadt ta` s`ntfrdb pdtt`rms fhbio`rdbizdtifm dmk/fr prft`ntifm hfr trdk` im s`rvin`s umk`r ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds dr`sijibdr dmk taus nfmsfbikdtimc ta`s` H[Ds imtf fm` H[D jdy o` pfssiob`. Afw`v`r, it isijpfrtdmt tf mft` tadt nfmsfbikdtifm fh H[Ds kf`s mft m`n`ssdriby j`dm bio`rdbizdtifm fhtrdk` im s`rvin`s.

[dob` 457 Nfrr`bdtifm Nf`hhini`mts fh `rvin` [rdk` Bio`rdbizdtifm Nfjjitj`mtsdjfmc D^@DM+4 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts

H[D DHD^ DDMWH[D DNH[D DLH[D

DHD^ 4

DDMWH[D 5.341 4

DNH[D 5.840 5.1?8 4

DLH[D 5.35; 5.13 5.1> 4

DHD^7 D^@DM Hrdj`wfrl Dcr``j`mt fm ^`rvin`s< DDMWDH[D7 D^@DMDustrdbid/M`w W`dbdmkH[D< DNH[D7 : D^@DMU_N H[D< DLH[D : D^@DMLfr`d H[D< U_N : U`fpb`s _`puobin fhNaimd.^furn`7 Isaikf (?544.)

8.0O

JPB[IBD[@_DBIWD[IFM FH H_@@ [_DK@DC_@@J@M[^

Dnnfrkimc tf Odbkwim dmk Bfw (?559), jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm fh r`cifmdbisj fr r`cifm-wik`H[Ds is prfjft`k tarfuca ta` mfm-kisnrijimdtfry `xt`msifm fh pr`h`r`mtidb trdkimc

4? Dm dcr``j`mt fm trdk` im s`rvin`s is imnbuk`k im d nadpt`r im Gdpdms oibdt`rdb H[Ds wita Orum`i

Kdrussdbdj, Imkfm`sid, Jdbdysid, ta` Uaibippim`s, ^imcdpfr`, [adibdmk, dmk Xi`t Mdj.


23/27


?4

drrdmc`j`mts tf mfm-H[D j`jo`rs. [a`y drcu` tadt suna `xt`msifms ndm fnnur im twfwdysìta`r tarfuca ta` imnbusifm fh m`w j`jo`rs im `xistimc dcr``j`mts fr oyr`pbdnimc `xistimc dcr``j`mts wita m`w fm`s tadt `xt`mk tf m`w j`jo`rs. Fm` jdydkk tadt ubtijdt` jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm dt ta` cbfodb b`v`b jdy o` dnai`v`k wa`m suna`xt`msifm is dppbi`k tf dbb ta` nfumtri`s/`nfmfji`s im ta` wfrbk. Sita ta`s`fos`rvdtifms im jimk, b`t j` kisnuss ta` pfssiob` wdys tf jubtibdt`rdbiz` @dst Dsidmr`cifmdbisj im ta` hfrj fh _N@U.

Im frk`r tf `xt`mk ta` _N@U tf m`w j`jo`rs, ta` _N@U m``ks tf adv` dm `xpbinit rub`fm dnn`ssifm. [a` c`m`rdb primnipb`s stdt` tadt ta` _N@U sadbb adv` dm fp`mdnn`ssifm nbdus` tf `mdob` pdrtinipdtifm fh dmy fh ta` D^@DM H[D pdrtm`rs safubk ta`ymft o` r`dky tf pdrtinipdt` dt ta` futs`t ds w`bb ds dmy fta`r `xt`rmdb `nfmfjinpdrtm`rs (D^@DM ?54?). [ais is nfmkitifmdb fp`m dnn`ssifm im tadt fmby D^@DMs H[Dpdrtm`rs jdy o` nfmsik`r`k hfr dnn`ssifm. Dbtafuca suna tr`dtj`mt is m`n`ssdry hfr

D^@DM tf jdimtdim its n`mtrdbity im r`cifmdbisj im @dst Dsid, ta` _N@U m``ks tf advùmnfmkitifmdb fp`m dnn`ssifm hfr its jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm. Nfmsik`rimc umnfmkitifmdb fp`mdnn`ssifm, ta` [UU prfvik`s us`hub b`ssfms ds it is fp`m tf dnn`ssifm fm t`rjs tf o`dcr``k djfmc ta` pdrti`s, oy dmy DU@N `nfmfjy fr fta`r stdt` ([UU ?550).

Hfnusimc fm trdk` im cffks, waina is d jdim nfjpfm`mt fh ta` _N@U, ta` _N@U m``kstf `stdobisa d v`ry aica b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm hfr its jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm dmk tfnfmtriout` tf ta` prfjftifm fh jubtibdt`rdbisj. [a` fppfsitifm dcdimst bio`rdbizimc trdk`wita mfm-_N@U j`jo`rs, fr jubtibdt`rdbizimc _N@U, is sjdbb dmk w`dl, wa`m d aicab`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm is dbr`dky dnai`v`k im _N@U. [wf dkkitifmdb nfjj`mts drìm frk`r a`r`. It is ijpfrtdmt tf adv` dm `hhini`mt prfkun`r nfumtry ds d j`jo`r, imfrk`r tf jimijiz` ta` m`cdtiv` ijpdnts hrfj jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm. Ih _N@U j`jo`rs drìm`hhini`mt prfkun`rs, ta`m ta` ijpdnts fh `xt`mkimc trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm tf mfm-j`jo`rswfubk imnur suostdmtidb nfsts. Dmfta`r pfimt is ta` ijpfrtdmn` fh orfdk`mimcj`jo`rsaip o`hfr` dnai`vimc jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm nfjpb`t`by, ds bdrc`r j`jo`rsaipimnr`ds`s ta` prfodoibity fh advimc `hhini`mt prfkun`rs ds j`jo`rs.

_ub`s fh fricim (_FFs) pbdy d nrunidb rfb` im H[Ds suna ds ta` _N@U< _FFs `msur`ta` o`m`hits fh hr`` trdk` tf H[D j`jo`rs. Afw`v`r, _FFs jdy umm`n`ssdribynfmstrdim trdk` hbfws o`ndus` fh ta` spdca`tti fr mffkb` ofwb `hh`nt r`subtimc hrfj ta`dkfptifm fh kihh`r`mt _FFs oy kihh`r`mt H[Ds. 4?H 4> Im frk`r tf dvfik ta` spdca`tti frmffkb` ofwb `hh`nt, fm` nfjjfm _FF safubk o` k`him`k hfr d sp`nihin prfkunt dmkdppbi`k tf dmy H[D. ûna _FFs adv` tf o` nr`dt`k dt ta` S[F. It is ijpfrtdmt tf`stdobisa b`ss r`strintiv` _FFs im frk`r tf dvfik nfmstrdimimc trdk` hbfws. Ih ta``stdobisaj`mt fh suna nfjjfm _FFs is mft pfssiob`, ta`m d nf-`qudb syst`j, umk`rwaina nafin`s fh _FFs dr` civ`m hfr ta` H[D us`rs, safubk o` dkfpt`k. Hfr d r`cifm-wik` H[D suna ds _N@U, b`mi`mt rub`s fm hubb fr tftdb nujubdtifm safubk o` dkfpt`k.

[a` kisnussifm sf hdr ads hfnus`k fm trdk` im cffks. D sijibdr dpprfdna jdy o`dppbi`k tf trdk` im s`rvin`s, waina is suog`nt tf `xistimc rub`s umk`r ta` CD[^, im frk`rtf dnai`v` jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm fh ta` s`rvin`s nadpt`r im ta` _N@U.

^f hdr, kisnussifms adv` o``m nfmhim`k tf ta` _N@U fr d r`cifm-wik` H[D im @dst Dsid.H[D k`v`bfpj`mts im fta`r pdrts fh ta` wfrbk m``k tf o` nfmsik`r`k im frk`r tf dnai`v`jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm fh r`cifmdbisj suna ds ta` _N@U. Im pdrtinubdr, ta` [UU dcr``j`mttadt ads o``m im m`cftidtifm umk`r ta` DU@N hrdj`wfrl is dm ijpfrtdmt H[D tfnfmsik`r, ds j`jo`rsaip fv`rbdps tf sfj` `xt`mt.

4> ^`` Cdsifr`l, Duci`r, dmk Bdi-[fmc (?559) dmk @st`vdk`frkdb, Adrris, dmk ûfjim`m (?559) fm

k`tdib`k kisnussifms fm ta` issu`s fh _FFs.


24/27


??

Dbtafuca ta` nfmt`mts fh ta` _N@U dmk ta` [UU wibb mft o` himdbiz`k umtib m`cftidtifmsdr` nfmnbuk`k, kisnussifms imkindt` tadt ta`s` twf hrdj`wfrls dr` bil`by tf o` quit`kihh`r`mt. Nfjpdr`k tf ta` _N@U, ta` [UU is jfr` nfjprà`msiv` im ta` nfv`rdc` fhissu`s dmk ads d aica`r b`v`b im t`rjs fh trdk` dmk HKI bio`rdbizdtifm. 4>H4; Fm` fh taìjpfrtdmt h`dtur`s fh ta` _N@U is tf prfvik` k`v`bfpimc j`jo`rs wita `nfmfjinnffp`rdtifm, waib` ta` [UU pbdn`s b`ss ijpfrtdmn` fm `nfmfjin nffp`rdtifm. O`ndus`fh ta`s` kihh`r`mn`s, ta` _N@U dmk ta` [UU safubk nfjpb`j`mt `dna fta`r rdta`r tadmsuostitut` fm` dmfta`r. Imk``k, ta`s` twf hrdj`wfrls jdy o` nfmsik`r`k ds twfkihh`r`mt stdc`s. K`v`bfpimc nfumtri`s tadt ndmmft j``t aica r`quir`j`mts hfr ta` [UUj`jo`rsaip jdy dnai`v` `nfmfjin k`v`bfpj`mt umk`r ta` _N@U, dmk ta`m jdy bdt`r

gfim ta` [UU wa`m ta`y ndm pdss ta` j`jo`rsaip r`quir`j`mts.

Dbtafuca ta` nfmt`mts fh ta` _N@U dmk ta` [UU dr` bil`by tf o` quit` kihh`r`mt, it isijpfrtdmt tf nffrkimdt` ta` twf, `sp`nidbby tf prfjft` jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm. Nffrkimdtifmjdy o` `hh`ntiv`by nfmkunt`k ih d nfjjfm cuikimc primnipb` is dkfpt`k. Hfr sunacuikimc primnipb`s, DU@Ns o`st prdntin` hfr _[Ds dmk H[Ds, tadt imnbuk`nfjprà`msiv` dsp`nts imnbukimc trdk` im cffks dmk s`rvin`s, _FFs, nffp`rdtifm, dmkfp`m dnn`ssifm, safubk o` dkfpt`k (DU@N ?55;).

3. 8ONFMNBPKIMC NFJJ@M[^

[ais pdp`r dmdbyz`k k`v`bfpj`mts nfmn`rmimc H[Ds im @dst Dsid dmk pfimt`k fut dr`n`mt jfv` tfwdrk ta` `stdobisaj`mt fh d r`cifm-wik` H[D umk`r ta` _N@U pfssiobyoy nfmsfbikdtimc ta` `xistimc hiv` D^@DM+4 H[Ds. Dm `xdjimdtifm fh ta` nfmt`mts fhdcr``j`mts im trdk` im cffks dmk s`rvin`s r`v`db`k wik` vdridtifm im ta` b`v`b fh trdk`bio`rdbizdtifm dmk ta` k`himitifms fh _FFs. Civ`m ta`s` stdrtimc pfimts, d crdkudbdpprfdna fh s`qu`mtidb trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm wita dm `xpbinit bio`rdbizdtifm sna`kub` jdyo` r`dbistin. [f sunn`sshubby nfjpb`t` trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm, jfmitfrimc is m`n`ssdry. Fm_FFs, ta` _N@U safubk try tf `stdobisa fm` _FF p`r prfkunt. Ih tais is kihhinubt, ta`m dnf-`qudb dpprfdna safubk hirst o` dppbi`k tf dbb ta` prfkunts, hfbbfw`k oy d crdkudbjfv` tf d fm` _FFfm` prfkunt hrdj`wfrl. It is dbsf ijpfrtdmt tf imtrfkun` d b`mi`mt

nujubdtifm rub` im frk`r tf prfjft` imtrd-_N@U trdk`. Hfr ta` jubtibdt`rdbizdtifm fh ta`_N@U, ta` _N@U m``ks tf dnai`v` d aica b`v`b fh trdk` bio`rdbizdtifm dmk dbsf m``ksfp`m dnn`ssifm.

Fm` pfssiob` ijp`kij`mt tf ta` _N@U m`cftidtifms is pfbitindb t`msifm djfmc ta`m`cftidtimc nfumtri`s. [a` jfst wfrrisfj` nds`s dr` ta` t`rritfridb dmk pfbitindbt`msifms o`tw``m ta` U_N dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`d fm ta` fm` admk, dmk ta` U_Ndmk Gdpdm fm ta` fta`r admk. Imk``k, Gdpdms pfbitindb r`bdtifms wita ta`s` twfnfumtri`s adv` wfrs`m`k r`n`mtby o`ndus` fh kisput`s fv`r t`rritfridb dmk aistfrindbissu`s. It is `mnfurdcimc tf fos`rv` tadt ta` U_N, Gdpdm, dmk ta` _`puobin fh Lfr`do`cdm tribdt`rdb H[D (NGL H[D) m`cftidtifms im Jdrna ?54> wita d s`nfmk rfumk fhm`cftidtifms im GubyDucust ?54>, k`spit` aìcat`k pfbitindb t`msifms. Advimc mft`kfptijisj, it is v`ry ijpfrtdmt hfr ta` b`dk`rs tf dvfik dccrdvdtimc ta` situdtifm dmk tf

ijprfv` pfbitindb r`bdtifms im frk`r tf jdl` prfcr`ss fm dmk tf nfmnbuk` ta` _N@U dmkta` NGL H[D m`cftidtifms.

4; ^naftt, Lftsnawdr, dmk Juir (?54>) prfvik` dm fv`rvi`w fh ta` [UU, waib` Cuikimc Urimnipb`s dmk

Fog`ntiv`s hfr M`cftidtimc ta` _`cifmdb Nfjprà`msiv` @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip pr`pdr`k oy D^@DM trdk`jimist`rs im Ducust ?54? imkindt`s ijpfrtdmt h`dtur`s fh ta` _N@U (D^@DM).


25/27


26/27


?;

G@[_F. G@[_F Cbfodb [rdk` dmk Imv`stj`mt _`pfrt Fv`rvi`w ?54?attp7//www.g`trf.cf.gp/j`xinf/tfpins/?54?4???>>4-tfpins/G@[_FVCbfodbV[rdk`

VdmkVImv`stj`mtV_ pfrtV?54?.pkh

Ldwdi, J. dmk C. Sicmdrdgd. ?559. Jubtibdt`rdbizimc _`cifmdb [rdk` Drrdmc`j`mts im Dsid. Im Jubtibdt`rdbizimc _`cifmdbisj7 Nadbb`mc`s hfr ta` Cbfodb [rdkimc yst`j,

`kit`k oy _. @. Odbkwim dmk U. Bfw. Ndjorikc`7 Ndjorikc` Pmiv`rsity Ur`ss.Ldwdi, J. dmk C. Sicmdrdgd, `ks. ?544. Dsids Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts7 Afw is

Ousim`ss _`spfmkimc6 Na`bt`madj, PL7 @kwdrk @bcdr.

Lumf, D. ?544. Nfmstruntimc ta` [drihh Kdtds`t hfr ta` @_ID H[D Kdtdods`. Udp`rpr`pdr`k hfr @_ID prfg`nt fm Nfjprà`msiv` Jdppimc fh H[Ds im D^@DM dmk@dst Dsid.

Lumf, D. Hfrtanfjimc. _`v`dbimc [drihh ^truntur`s umk`r ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds dmk D[ICD7 Ijpbindtifms hfr d Ufssiob` D^@DM++ H[D. Im N. G. B``, ^. Prdtd, dmk I.Isfmf, `ks. Nfjprà`msiv` Jdppimc fh H[Ds im D^@DM dmk @dst Dsid Uads` II .@_ID _`s`drna Urfg`nt _`pfrt. Gdldrtd7 @_ID.

J`kdbbd, @. J. ?544. [dlimc ^tfnl fh ta` _FFs im ta` D^@DM+4 H[Ds7 [fwdrk

K``p`mimc @dst Dsid Imt`crdtifm. Udp`r pr`pdr`k hfr @_ID prfg`nt fmNfjprà`msiv` Jdppimc fh H[Ds im D^@DM dmk @dst Dsid.

J`kdbbd, @. J. Hfrtanfjimc. Nfjprà`msiv` Jdppimc fh H[Ds im D^@DM dmk @dst Dsid ^tuky7 Uads` ? ^tuky fm _ub s fh Fricim. Im N. G. B``, ^. Prdtd, dmk I.Isfmf, `ks. Nfjprà`msiv` Jdppimc fh H[Ds im D^@DM dmk @dst Dsid Uads` II .@_ID _`s`drna Urfg`nt _`pfrt. Gdldrtd7 @_ID.

Udmc`stu, J. dmk ^. Cffptu. ?55;. M`w _`cifmdbisj7 Fptifms hfr Naimd dmk @dst Dsid.Im@dst Dsid Imt`crdt`s , `kit`k oy A. Ladrds dmk L. Lrujj. Sdsaimctfm, KN7Sfrbk Odml.

^dbby, _. ?558 Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts dmk ta` Urfsp`nts fh _`cifmdb Imt`crdtifm im@dst Dsid. Dsidm @nfmfjin Ufbiny _`vi`w 4 (?)7 >58>?4.

^naftt, G. G., O. Lftsnawdr, dmk G. Juir. ?54>. Pmk`rstdmkimc ta` [rdms -UdnihinUdrtm`rsaip , Sdsaimctfm, KN7 U`t`rsfm Imstitut` hfr Imt`rmdtifmdb @nfmfjins.

^f`sdstrf, A. ?558. _`cifmdb Imt`crdtifm im @dst Dsid7 Dnai`v`j`mts dmk HuturÙrfsp`nts. Dsidm @nfmfjin Ufbiny _`vi`w 4 (?)7 ?40?>;.

[rdms-Udnihin ^trdt`cin @nfmfjin Udrtm`rsaip Dcr``j`mt ([UU). ?550.attp7//www.jhdt.cfvt.mz/kfwmbfdks/trdk`-dcr``j`mt/trdmspdnihin/jdim-dcr``j`mt.pkh

Prdtd, ^. ?545d. @xnbusifm H`drs dmk Nfjp`titiv` _`cifmdbisj im @dst Dsid. ImNfjp`titiv` _`cifmdbisj7 H[D Kihhusifm im ta` Udnihin _ij , `kit`k oy J. ^fbis, O.^tdbbimcs, dmk ^. M. Ldtdkd . M`w Yfrl7 Udbcrdv` JdnJibbdm.

Prdtd, ^. ?545o. Jdmdcimc Dsids Hr`` [rdk` Dcr``j`mts. Ur`s`mt`k dt ta` DsidmK`v`bfpj`mt Odml Imstitut` Dmmudb Nfmh`r`mn` ?545. [a` Ufbitindb @nfmfjy fh

Dsidm _`cifmdbisj. [flyf, > K`n`jo`r.

Sfrbk [rdk` Frcdmizdtifm (S[F). 499;. C`m`rdb Dcr``j`mt fm [drihhs dmk [rdk` 499;.attp7//www.wtf.frc/`mcbisa/r`sV`/offlspV`/dmdbytinVimk`xV`/cdtt499;V59V`.atj

Sfrbk [rdk` Frcdmizdtifm. (S[F). C`m`rdb Dcr``j`mt fm [rdk` im ^`rvin`s (CD[^).attp7//www.wtf.frc/`mcbisa/r`sV`/offlspV`/dmdbytinVimk`xV`/cdtsV5?V`.atj


27/27


Sfrbk [rdk` Frcdmizdtifm. (S[F). ?558. [rdmspdr`mny J`nadmisj hfr _[Ds.attp7//www.wtf.frc/`mcbisa/trdtfpV`/r`cifmV`/trdmsVj`nadV`.atj

constructing and multilateralizing the regional comprehensive economic partnership: an asian...

Documents