consti. expropriation

7/25/2019 Consti. Expropriation

1/31

G.R. No. L-119694 May 22, 1995

PHILIPPINE PRESS INSTITUTE, INC., for and in !"a#f of 1$9%!%!r&, r!'r!&!n(!d y i(& Pr!&id!n(, )%ado P. Ma*a&a!(and i(& E+!*(i! ir!*(or Er%in /. Gar*ia, 0r., '!(i(ion!r,&.CMMISSIN N ELECTINS, r!&'ond!n(.

R E S L U T I N

/ELICI)N,J.:

T"! P"i#i''in! Pr!&& In&(i((!, In*. 3PPI3 i& !for! ("i& Cor(a&&ai#in ("! *on&(i((iona# a#idi(y of R!&o#(ion No. 22i&&!d y r!&'ond!n( Co%%i&&ion on E#!*(ion& 3Co%!#!*3and i(& *orr!&'ondin Co%!#!* dir!*(i! da(!d 22 Mar*"1995, ("ro" a P!(i(ion for Certiorari and Pro"ii(ion.P!(i(ion!r PPI i& a non-&(o*7, non-'ro8( orania(ion ofn!:&'a'!r and %aain! '#i&"!r&.

n 2 Mar*" 1995, Co%!#!* 'ro%#a(!d R!&o#(ion No. 22,:"i*" r!ad& in 'ar(;

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S!*. 2. Comelec Space. < T"! Co%%i&&ionshall procure free 'rin( &'a*! of not lessthan one half (1/2) page in at least onenewspaper of general circulation in everyprovince or city for use as "Comelec Space"fro% Mar*" 6, 1995 in ("! *a&! of*andida(!& for &!na(or and fro% Mar*" 21,1995 n(i# May 12, 1995. In ("! a&!n*! of&aid n!:&'a'!r, 3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 &"a## !o(ain!d fro% any %aain! or '!riodi*a# of&aid 'roin*! or *i(y.

S!*. $. ses of Comelec Space. < 3Comelec

Space3 shall !e allocate y ("!Co%%i&&ion,free of charge# among allcaniates :i("in ("! ar!a in :"i*" ("!n!:&'a'!r, %aain! or '!riodi*a# i&*ir*#a(!d (o !na#! ("! *andida(!& (o %a7!7no:n ("!ir =a#i8*a(ion&, ("!ir &(and on'#i* i&&!& and ("!ir '#a(for%& and'rora%& of o!rn%!n(.

3Comelec Space3 shall also !e use !y theCommission for issemination of vitalelection information.

S!*. 4.$llocation of Comelec Space. < a3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 &"a## a#&o ! availa!le toallcaniates drin ("! '!riod& &(a(!d inS!*(ion 2 "!r!of. I(& allocation shall !ee%ual an impartial among all caniatesfor the same o&ce. )## *andida(!&*on*!rn!d &"a## ! frni&"!d a *o'y of ("!a##o*a(ion of 3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 for ("!irinfor%a(ion, idan*! and *o%'#ian*!.

)ny *andida(! d!&irin (o aai# "i%&!#fof 3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 fro% n!:&'a'!r& or'#i*a(ion& a&!d in ("! M!(ro'o#i(anMani#a )r!a &"a## &%i( an a''#i*a(ion("!r!for, in :ri(in, (o ("! Co%%i((!! onMa&& M!dia of ("! Co%%i&&ion. )ny*andida(! d!&irin (o aai# "i%&!#f of3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 in n!:&'a'!r& or

'#i*a(ion& a&!d in ("! 'roin*!& &"a##&%i( "i& a''#i*a(ion ("!r!for, in :ri(in, (o("! Proin*ia# E#!*(ion S'!ri&or*on*!rn!d. )''#i*a(ion& for aai#%!n( of3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 %ay! 8#!d a( any (i%!fro% ("! da(! of !>!*(ii(y of ("i&R!&o#(ion.

* T"! Co%%i((!! on Ma&& M!dia and ("!Proin*ia# E#!*(ion S'!ri&or& &"a## allocateavaila!le 3Comelec Space3 among thecaniates *on*!rn!d !y lottery of :"i*"&aid *andida(!& &"a## ! no(i8!d in adan*!,in :ri(in, (o ! 'r!&!n( '!r&ona##y or yr!'r!&!n(a(i! (o :i(n!&& ("! #o((!ry a( ("!da(!, (i%! and '#a*! &'!*i8!d in ("! no(i*!.

)ny 'ar(y o?!*(in (o ("! r!( of ("!#o((!ry %ay a''!a# (o ("! Co%%i&&ion.

d T"! *andida(!& *on*!rn!d &"a## !no(i8!d y ("! Co%%i((!! on Ma&& M!dia or("! Proin*ia# E#!*(ion S'!ri&or, a& ("!

*a&! %ay!, &@*i!n(#y in adan*! and in:ri(in of ("! da(! of i&&! and ("!n!:&'a'!r or '#i*a(ion a##o*a(!d (o "i%,and ("! (i%! :i("in :"i*" "! %&( &%i(("! :ri((!n %a(!ria# for '#i*a(ion in ("!3Co%!#!* S'a*!3.

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S!*. A. nue 'eference toCaniates/olitical arties in ewspapers.

< No n!:&'a'!r or '#i*a(ion &"a## a##o:(o ! 'rin(!d or '#i&"!d in ("! n!:&,o'inion, f!a(r!&, or o("!r &!*(ion& of ("!n!:&'a'!r or '#i*a(ion a**on(& or*o%%!n(& :"i*" %anif!&(#y faor or o''o&!any *andida(! or 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(y y nd#y orr!'!a(!d#y r!f!rrin (o or in*#din ("!r!in&aid *andida(! or 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(y. Ho:!!r,n#!&& ("! fa*(& and *ir*%&(an*!& *#!ar#yindi*a(! o("!r:i&!, ("! Co%%i&&ion :i##r!&'!*( ("! d!(!r%ina(ion y ("! '#i&"!randBor !di(or& of ("! n!:&'a'!r& or'#i*a(ion& ("a( ("! a**on(& or i!:&'#i&"!d ar! &ini8*an(, n!:&:or("y and of'#i* in(!r!&(. E%'"a&i& &''#i!d

)''ar!n(#y in i%'#!%!n(a(ion of ("i& R!&o#(ion, Co%!#!*("ro" Co%%i&&ion!r R!a#ado E. Maa%on &!n( id!n(i*a##!((!r&, da(!d 22 Mar*" 1995, (o ario& '#i&"!r& ofn!:&'a'!r& #i7! ("! *usiness +orl, ("! hilippine Star, ("!,alaya and ("! hilippine -imes Journal, a## %!%!r& of PPI.T"!&! #!((!r& r!ad a& fo##o:&;

T"i& i& (o adi&! yo ("a( 'r&an( (oR!&o#(ion No. 22 of ("! Co%%i&&ion onE#!*(ion&, yo ar! irecte to provie freeprint space of no( #!&& ("an on! "a#f 1B2'a! for use as "Comelec Space"or &i%i#ar(o ("! 'rin( &''or( :"i*" yo "a!!+(!nd!d drin ("! May 11, 1992&yn*"roni!d !#!*(ion& :"i*" :a& 2 f##'a!& for !a*" 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(y 8!#din&!na(oria# *andida(!&, fro% Mar*" 6, 1995(o May 6, 1995, (o %a7! 7no:n ("!ir=a#i8*a(ion&, ("!ir &(and on '#i* i&&!&and ("!ir '#a(for%& and 'rora%& ofo!rn%!n(.

! &"a## ! infor%in ("!political partiesan caniates to su!mit irectly to you("!irpictures, iora'"i*a# ata# stan oney pu!lic issues andplatforms ofgovernment !i("!r as raw ata or in ("!for% ofpositives or camerareay materials.

P#!a&! ! r!%ind!d ("a( ("! 'o#i(i*a#'ar(i!&B*andida(!& %ay ! a**o%%oda(!d

in yor '#i*a(ion any day 'on r!*!i'( of("!ir %a(!ria#& n(i# May 6, 1995 :"i*" i&("! #a&( day for *a%'ainin.

! (r&( yo (o !+(!nd yor f## &''or( and*oo'!ra(ion in ("i& r!ard. E%'"a&i&&''#i!d

In ("i& P!(i(ion for Certiorari and Pro"ii(ion :i(" 'ray!r for ("!i&&an*! of a T!%'orary R!&(rainin rd!r, PPI a&7& & (od!*#ar! Co%!#!* R!&o#(ion No. 22 n*on&(i((iona# andoid on ("! rond ("a( i( io#a(!& ("! 'ro"ii(ion i%'o&!d y("! Con&(i((ion 'on ("! o!rn%!n(, and any of i(&a!n*i!&, aain&( ("! (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y for '#i* &!:i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion. P!(i(ion!r a#&o *on(!nd& ("a( ("!

22 Mar*" 1995 #!((!r dir!*(i!& of Co%!#!* r!=irin'#i&"!r& (o i! fr!! 3Co%!#!* S'a*!3 and a( ("! &a%! (i%!'ro*!&& ra: da(a (o %a7! i( *a%!ra-r!ady, *on&(i((!i%'o&i(ion& of ino#n(ary &!ri(d!, *on(rary (o ("!'roi&ion& of S!*(ion 1A 2, )r(i*#! III of ("! 19ACon&(i((ion. /ina##y, PPI ar!& ("a( S!*(ion A of Co%!#!*R!&o#(ion No. 22 i& io#a(i! of ("! *on&(i((iona##yaran(!!d fr!!do% of &'!!*", of ("! 'r!&& and of!+'r!&&ion.1

n 2D )'ri# 1995, ("i& Cor( i&&!d a T!%'orary R!&(raininrd!r !n?oinin Co%!#!* fro% !nfor*in and i%'#!%!n(inS!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22, a& :!## a& ("! Co%!#!*dir!*(i!& addr!&&!d (o ario& 'rin( %!dia !n(!r'ri&!& a##da(!d 22 Mar*" 1995. T"! Cor( a#&o r!=ir!d ("! r!&'ond!n((o 8#! a Co%%!n( on ("! P!(i(ion.

T"! @*! of ("! So#i*i(or G!n!ra# 8#!d i(& Co%%!n( on !"a#fof r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* a##!in ("a( Co%!#!* R!&o#(ion No.22 do!& not i%'o&! 'on ("! '#i&"!r& any o#ia(ion (o'roid! fr!! 'rin( &'a*! in ("! n!:&'a'!r& a& i( do!& not'roid! any *ri%ina# or ad%ini&(ra(i! &an*(ion for non-


2/31

*o%'#ian*! :i(" ("a( R!&o#(ion. )**ordin (o ("! So#i*i(orG!n!ra#, ("! =!&(ion!d R!&o#(ion %!r!#y !&(a#i&"!did!#in!& (o ! fo##o:!d in *onn!*(ion :i(" ("! 'ro*r!%!n(of 3Co%!#!* &'a*!,3 ("! 'ro*!dr! for and %od! of a##o*a(ionof &*" &'a*! (o *andida(!& and ("! *ondi(ion& orr!=ir!%!n(& for ("! *andida(!& (i#ia(ion of ("! 3Co%!#!*&'a*!3 'ro*r!d. )( ("! &a%! (i%!, "o:!!r, ("! So#i*i(orG!n!ra# ar!& ("a( even if ("! =!&(ion!d R!&o#(ion and i(&i%'#!%!n(in #!((!r dir!*(i!& ar! i!:!d a&manatory, ("!&a%! :o#d n!!r("!#!&& ! a#id a& an !+!r*i&! of ("! 'o#i*!'o:!r of ("! S(a(!. T"! So#i*i(or G!n!ra# a#&o %ain(ain& ("a(S!*(ion A of R!&o#(ion No. 22 i& a '!r%i&&i#! !+!r*i&! of

("! 'o:!r of &'!ri&ion or r!#a(ion of ("! Co%!#!* o!r("! *o%%ni*a(ion and infor%a(ion o'!ra(ion& of 'rin( %!dia!n(!r'ri&!& drin ("! !#!*(ion '!riod (o &af!ard and!n&r! a fair, i%'ar(ia# and *r!di#! !#!*(ion. 2

)( ("! ora# "!arin of ("i& *a&! "!#d on 2A )'ri# 1995,r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* ("ro" i(& C"air%an, Hon. F!rnardoPardo, in r!&'on&! (o in=iri!& fro% ("! C"i!f 0&(i*! and o("!rM!%!r& of ("! Cor(, &(a(!d ("a( R!&o#(ion No. 22,'ar(i*#ar#y S!*(ion 2 ("!r!of and ("! 22 Mar*" 1995 #!((!r&di&'a(*"!d (o ario& %!%!r& of '!(i(ion!r PPI, :!r! notin(!nd!d (o *o%'!# ("o&! %!%!r& (o &''#y Co%!#!* :i("fr!! 'rin( &'a*!. C"air%an Pardo r!'r!&!n(!d (o ("! Cor(("a( R!&o#(ion and ("! r!#a(!d #!((!r-dir!*(i!& :!r! %!r!#yd!&in!d (o &o#i*i( fro% ("! '#i&"!r& ("! &a%! fr!! 'rin(&'a*! :"i*" %any '#i&"!r& "ad o#n(ari#y i!n (o

Co%!#!* drin ("! !#!*(ion '!riod r!#a(in (o ("! 11 May1992 !#!*(ion&. Ind!!d, ("! C"air%an &(a(!d ("a( ("! Co%!#!*:o#d, ("a( !ry af(!rnoon, %!!( and ado'( an a''ro'ria(!a%!ndin or *#arifyin r!&o#(ion, a *!r(i8!d (r! *o'y of:"i*" :o#d for(":i(" ! 8#!d :i(" ("! Cor(.

n 5 May 1995, ("! Cor( r!*!i!d fro% ("! @*! of ("!So#i*i(or G!n!ra# a %anif!&(a(ion :"i*" a((a*"!d a *o'y ofCo%!#!* R!&o#(ion No. 22-) da(!d 4 May 1995. T"!o'!ra(i! 'or(ion of ("i& R!&o#(ion fo##o:&;

N THERE/RE, 'r&an( (o ("! 'o:!r&!&(!d in i( y ("! Con&(i((ion, ("!%ni& E#!*(ion Cod!, R!'#i* )*(& No.6646 and 166 and o("!r !#!*(ion #a:&, ("!

Co%%i&&ion on E#!*(ion& RESLE (o*#arify S!*(ion& 2 and A of R!&. No. 22 a&fo##o:&;

1.S!*(ion2 of R!&.No.22&"a## no(!*on&(r!d (o%!an a&r!=irin

'#i&"!r& of ("!di>!r!n(%a&&%!dia'rin('#i*a(ion& (o'roid!'rin(&'a*!nd!r'ain of'ro&!*(ion,:"!("!r

ad%ini&(ra(i!,*ii# or*ri%ina#,("!r!!in no&an*(ionor'!na#(yforio#a(ionof &aidS!*(ion'roid!dfor!i("!r in&aid

R!&o#(ion or inS!*(ion9D ofFa(a&Pa%an

&a F#.AA1,o("!r:i&! 7no:na& ("!%ni&E#!*(ionCod!, on("!ran( of3Co%!#!*

&'a*!.3

2.S!*(ionA of R!&.No.22&"a## no(!*on&(r!d (o%!an a&*on&(i((in 'riorr!&(rain(on ("!

'ar( of'#i&"!r& :i("r!&'!*((o ("!'rin(inor'#i*a(ion of%a(!ria#& in ("!n!:&,o'inion,f!a(r!&or o("!r&!*(ion&

of ("!irr!&'!*(i!'#i*a(ion& oro("!ra**on(& or*o%%!n(&, i(!in*#!arfro% ("!#a&(&!n(!n*! of &aidS!*(ionA ("a(("!Co%%i&&ion&"a##,3unlessthe factsancircumstancesclearlyinicateotherwise . . .respectthe

etermination!y thepu!lisher an/oreitorsof thenewspapers orpu!lications thattheaccounts orviewspu!lishe

aresigni0cant#newsworthy anof pu!lic


3/31

interest.3

T"i& R!&o#(ion &"a## (a7! !>!*( 'ona''roa#. E%'"a&i& in ("! oriina#

"i#!, a( ("i& 'oin(, ("! Cor( *o#d '!r"a'& &i%'#y di&%i&&("! P!(i(ion for Certiorariand Pro"ii(ion a& "ain !*o%!%oo( and a*ad!%i*, :! *on&id!r i( no( ina''ro'ria(! (o 'a&&'on ("! 8r&( *on&(i((iona# i&&! rai&!d in ("i& *a&!. r "o'!i& (o '( ("i& i&&! (o r!&( and 'r!!n( i(& r!&rr!*(ion.

S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22 i& no( a %od!# of *#ari(y in!+'r!&&ion. S!*(ion 1 of R!&o#(ion No. 22-) did no( (ry (or!draf( S!*(ion 2 a**ordin#y, S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No.22 '!r&i&(& in i(& oriina# for%. T"&, :! %&( 'oin( o(("a(, a& 'r!&!n(#y :ord!d, and in 'ar(i*#ar a& in(!r'r!(!d anda''#i!d y ("! Co%!#!* i(&!#f in i(& 22 Mar*" 1995 #!((!r-dir!*(i!& (o n!:&'a'!r '#i&"!r&, S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ionNo. 22 i& *#!ar#y &&*!'(i#! of ("! r!adin ("a( '!(i(ion!rPPI "a& i!n i(. T"a( R!&o#(ion No. 22 do!& no(, in !+'r!&&(!r%&, ("r!a(!n '#i&"!r& :"o :o#d di&r!ard i( or i(&i%'#!%!n(in #!((!r& :i(" &o%! *ri%ina# or o("!r &an*(ion,do!& not y i(&!#f d!%on&(ra(! ("a( ("! Co%!#!*& oriina#in(!n(ion :a& &i%'#y (o &o#i*i( or r!=!&( o#n(ary dona(ion&of 'rin( &'a*! fro% '#i&"!r&. ) :ri((!n *o%%ni*a(iono@*ia##y irectinga 'rin( %!dia *o%'any (o supply free print

space, di&'a(*"!d y a o!rn%!n( "!r! a *on&(i((iona#a!n*y and &in!d y a %!%!r of ("! Co%%i&&ion'r!&%a#y #!a##y a("ori!d (o do &o, i& ond (o 'rod*! a*o!r*i! !>!*( 'on ("! *o%'any &o addr!&&!d. T"a( ("!a!n*y %ay no( ! #!a##y a("ori!d (o i%'o&!, or *a&! ("!i%'o&i(ion of, *ri%ina# or o("!r &an*(ion& for di&r!ard of &*"dir!*(ion&, on#y araa(!& ("! *on&(i((iona# di@*#(i!&in"!arin in ("! 'r!&!n( &i(a(ion. T"! !na*(%!n( or addi(ionof &*" &an*(ion& y ("! #!ia(i! a("ori(y i(&!#f :o#d !o'!n (o &!rio& *on&(i((iona# o?!*(ion.

To compel 'rin( %!dia *o%'ani!& to onate 3Co%!#!*-&'a*!3of ("! di%!n&ion& &'!*i8!d in S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No.22 no( #!&& ("an on!-"a#f 'a!, a%on(& (o 3(a7in3 of'ria(! '!r&ona# 'ro'!r(y for '#i* &! or 'r'o&!&. S!*(ion 2fai#!d (o &'!*ify ("! in(!nd!dfre%uency of &*" *o%'#&ory3dona(ion;3 on#y oncedrin ("! '!riod fro% 6 Mar*" 1995 or21 Mar*" 1995 n(i# 12 May 1995 or !!ryday or on*! a:!!7 or a& of(!n a& Co%!#!* %ay dir!*( drin ("! &a%!'!riod T"! !+(!n( of ("! (a7in or d!'ria(ion i& no(in&&(an(ia# ("i& i& no( a *a&! of a e minimis(!%'orary#i%i(a(ion or r!&(rain( 'on ("! &! of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y. T"!%on!(ary a#! of ("! *o%'#&ory 3dona(ion,3 %!a&r!d y("! ad!r(i&in ra(!& ordinari#y *"ar!d y n!:&'a'!r'#i&"!r& :"!("!r in *i(i!& or in non-ran ar!a&, %ay !!ry &&(an(ia# ind!!d.

T"! (a7in of 'rin( &'a*! "!r! &o"( (o ! !>!*(!d %ay 8r&(! a''rai&!d nd!r ("! rri* of !+'ro'ria(ion of 'ria(!'!r&ona# 'ro'!r(y for '#i* &!. T"! ("r!&"o#d r!=i&i(!& for a#a:f# (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y for '#i* &! n!!d (o !!+a%in!d "!r!; on! i& ("! necessity for the taing ano("!r i&("! legal authority to eect the taing. T"! !#!%!n( ofn!*!&&i(y for ("! (a7in "a& no( !!n &"o:n y r!&'ond!n(Co%!#!*. I( "a& no( !!n &!&(!d ("a( ("! %!%!r& of PPIar! n:i##in to sell'rin( &'a*! a( ("!ir nor%a# ra(!& (oCo%!#!* for !#!*(ion 'r'o&!&. Ind!!d, ("! n:i##inn!&& orr!#*(an*! of Co%!#!* to !uy 'rin( &'a*! #i!& a( ("! "!ar( of("! 'ro#!%. $Si%i#ar#y, i( "a& no( !!n &!&(!d, #!( a#on!d!%on&(ra(!d, ("a( Co%!#!* "a& !!n ran(!d ("! 'o:!r of!%in!n( do%ain !i("!r y ("! Con&(i((ion or y ("!#!ia(i! a("ori(y. ) r!a&ona#! r!#a(ion&"i' !(:!!n ("a('o:!r and ("! !nfor*!%!n( and ad%ini&(ra(ion of !#!*(ion#a:& y Co%!#!* %&( ! &"o:n i( i& no( *a&a##y (o !a&&%!d.

T"a( ("! (a7in i& d!&in!d (o &&!r! 3'#i* &!3 i& no(

*on(!&(!d y '!(i(ion!r PPI. ! no(! on#y ("a(, nd!r S!*(ion$ of R!&o#(ion No. 22, ("! fr!! 3Co%!#!* &'a*!3 &o"( y("! r!&'ond!n( Co%%i&&ion :o#d ! &!d no( on#y forinfor%in ("! '#i* ao( ("! id!n(i(i!&, =a#i8*a(ion& and'rora%& of o!rn%!n( of *andida(!& for !#!*(i! o@*! (a#&o for 3di&&!%ina(ion of i(a# !#!*(ion infor%a(ion3in*#din, 'r!&%a#y, *ir*#ar&, r!#a(ion&, no(i*!&,dir!*(i!&, !(*. i&&!d y Co%!#!*. I( &!!%& (o ("! Cor( a%a((!r of ?di*ia# no(i*! ("a( o!rn%!n( o@*!& and a!n*i!&in*#din ("! S'r!%! Cor( &i%'#y 'r*"a&! 'rin( &'a*!, in("! ordinary *or&! of !!n(&, :"!n ("!ir r#!& andr!#a(ion&, *ir*#ar&, no(i*!& and &o for(" n!!d o@*ia##y (o !ro"( (o ("! a((!n(ion of ("! !n!ra# '#i*.

T"! (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y for '#i* &! i&, of *or&!,a("ori!d y ("! Con&(i((ion, ( no( :i("o( 'ay%!n( of

3?&( *o%'!n&a(ion3 )r(i*#! III, S!*(ion 9. )nd a''ar!n(#y ("!n!*!&&i(y of 'ayin *o%'!n&a(ion for 3Co%!#!* &'a*!3 i&'r!*i&!#y :"a( i& &o"( (o ! aoid!d y r!&'ond!n(Co%%i&&ion, :"!("!r S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22 i& r!ada& '!(i(ion!r PPI r!ad& i(, a& an a&&!r(ion of a("ori(y (or!=ir! n!:&'a'!r '#i&"!r& (o 3dona(!3 fr!! 'rin( &'a*! for

Co%!#!* 'r'o&!&, or a& an !+"or(a(ion, or '!r"a'& ana''!a#, (o '#i&"!r& (o dona(! fr!! 'rin( &'a*!, a& S!*(ion 1of R!&o#(ion No. 22-) a((!%'(& (o &!&(. T"!r! i&no("in a( a## (o 'r!!n( n!:&'a'!r and %aain! '#i&"!r&fro% o#n(ari#y iin fr!! 'rin( &'a*! (o Co%!#!* for ("!'r'o&!& *on(!%'#a(!d in R!&o#(ion No. 22. S!*(ion 2 ofR!&o#(ion No. 22 do!& no(, "o:!!r, 'roid! a*on&(i((iona# a&i& for *o%'!##in '#i&"!r&, aain&( ("!ir:i##, in ("! 7ind of fa*(a# *on(!+( "!r! 'r!&!n(, (o 'roid! fr!!'rin( &'a*! for Co%!#!* 'r'o&!&. S!*(ion 2 do!& no(*on&(i((! a a#id !+!r*i&! of ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain.

! :o#d no(! ("a( ("! r#in "!r! #aid do:n y ("! Cor( i&!n(ir!#y in #in! :i(" ("! ("!ory of d!%o*ra(i* r!'r!&!n(a(i!o!rn%!n(. T"! !*ono%i* *o&(& of infor%in ("! !n!ra#'#i* ao( ("! =a#i8*a(ion& and 'rora%& of ("o&! &!!7in!#!*(i! o@*! ar! %o&( a''ro'ria(!#y di&(ri(!d a& :id!#y a&'o&&i#! ("ro"o( or &o*i!(y y ("! (i#ia(ion of '#i*fnd&, !&'!*ia##y fnd& rai&!d y (a+a(ion, ra("!r ("an *a&(&o#!#y on on! &%a## &!*(or of &o*i!(y, i.e., 'rin( %!dia!n(!r'ri&!&. T"! !n!8(& :"i*" Jo: fro% a "!i"(!n!d #!!#of infor%a(ion on and ("! a:ar!n!&& of ("! !#!*(ora# 'ro*!&&ar! *o%%on#y ("o"( (o ! *o%%ni(y-:id! ("! rd!n&&"o#d ! a##o*a(!d on ("! &a%! a&i&.

)& !ar#i!r no(!d, ("! So#i*i(or G!n!ra# a#&o *on(!nd!d ("a(S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22, !!n if r!ad a& *o%'!##in

'#i&"!r& (o 3dona(!3 3Co%!#!* &'a*!, 3 %ay ! &&(ain!d a&a a#id !+!r*i&! of ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r of ("! &(a(!. T"i&ar%!n( :a&, "o:!!r, %ad! (oo *a&a##y (o r!=ir!'ro#on!d *on&id!ra(ion on or 'ar(. /ir&(#y, ("!r! :a& no!>or( and a''ar!n(#y no in*#ina(ion on ("! 'ar( of Co%!#!*(o &"o: ("a( ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r < !&&!n(ia##y a 'o:!r of#!ia(ion < "a& !!n *on&(i((iona##y d!#!a(!d (or!&'ond!n( Co%%i&&ion.4S!*ond#y, :"i#! 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y%ay ind!!d ! a#id#y (a7!n in ("! #!i(i%a(! !+!r*i&! of ("!'o#i*! 'o:!r of ("! &(a(!, ("!r! :a& no a((!%'( (o &"o:*o%'#ian*! in ("! in&(an( *a&! :i(" ("! r!=i&i(!& of a #a:f#(a7in nd!r ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r. 5

S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22 i& a #n( and "!ayin&(r%!n( ("a( 'r'or(&, :i("o( a &"o:in of !+i&(!n*! of ana(iona# !%!r!n*y or o("!r i%'!rio& '#i* n!*!&&i(y,

indi&*ri%ina(!#y and :i("o( r!ard (o ("! indiida# &in!&&*ondi(ion of 'ar(i*#ar n!:&'a'!r& or %aain!& #o*a(!d indi>!rin 'ar(& of ("! *on(ry, (o (a7! 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y ofn!:&'a'!r or %aain! '#i&"!r&. No a((!%'( :a& %ad! (od!%on&(ra(! ("a( a r!a# and 'a#'a#! or r!n( n!*!&&i(y for("! (a7in of 'rin( &'a*! *onfron(!d ("! Co%!#!* and ("a(S!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22 :a& i(&!#f ("! on#yr!a&ona#! and *a#ira(!d r!&'on&! (o &*" n!*!&&i(yaai#a#! (o ("! Co%!#!*. S!*(ion 2 do!& no( *on&(i((! a a#id!+!r*i&! of ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r of ("! S(a(!.

! (rn (o S!*(ion A of R!&o#(ion No. 22, :"i*" n!!d& (o! =o(!d in f## aain;

S!*. A. nue 'eference toCaniates/olitical arties in ewspapers. No n!:&'a'!r or '#i*a(ion &"a## a##o:(o ! 'rin(!d or '#i&"!d in ("! n!:&,o'inion, f!a(r!&, or o("!r &!*(ion& of ("!n!:&'a'!r or '#i*a(ion a**on(& or*o%%!n(& :"i*" %anif!&(#y faor or o''o&!any *andida(! or 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(y y nd#y orr!'!a(!d#y r!f!rrin (o or in*#din ("!r!in&aid *andida(! or 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(y. Ho:!!r,n#!&& ("! fa*(& and *ir*%&(an*!& *#!ar#yindi*a(! o("!r:i&!, ("! Co%%i&&ion :i##r!&'!*( ("! d!(!r%ina(ion y ("! '#i&"!randBor !di(or& of ("! n!:&'a'!r& or'#i*a(ion& ("a( ("! a**on(& or i!:&'#i&"!d ar! &ini8*an(, n!:&:or("y and of'#i* in(!r!&(.

I( i& no( !a&y (o nd!r&(and :"y S!*(ion A :a& in*#d!d a( a##in R!&o#(ion No. 22. In any *a&!, S!*(ion A &"o#d !i!:!d in ("! *on(!+( of or d!*i&ion in ational ress Clu! v.Commission on 3lections. 6T"!r! ("! Cor( &&(ain!d ("!*on&(i((iona#i(y of S!*(ion 11 of R.). No. 6646, 7no:n a&("! E#!*(ora# R!for%& La: of 19A, :"i*" 'ro"ii(& ("! &a#! ordona(ion of 'rin( &'a*! and air(i%! for *a%'ain or o("!r'o#i(i*a# 'r'o&!&, !+*!'( (o ("! Co%!#!*. In doin &o, ("!Cor( *ar!f##y di&(ini&"!d apai political avertisements:"i*" ar! r!a*"!d y ("! 'ro"ii(ion of S!*(ion 11 , fro% ("! r!'or(in of news# commentaries an e4pressions of!elief or opinion y r!'or(!r&, road*a&(!r&, !di(or&,*o%%!n(a(or& or *o#%ni&(& :"i*"fall outsie("! &*o'! ofS!*(ion 11 and :"i*" ar! 'ro(!*(!d y ("! *on&(i((iona#aran(!!& of fr!!do% of &'!!*" and of ("! 'r!&&;

S!*ond#y, and %or! i%'or(an(#y, S!*(ion 11 i& #i%i(!d in i(& &*o'! of a''#i*a(ion.)na#y&i& of Section 11 (!) &"o:& ("a( i(purports to apply only to the purchase ansale# in*#din 'r*"a&! and &a#! di&i&!d


4/31

a& a dona(ion, of 'rin( &'a*! and air (i%!forcampaign or other political purposes.Section 11 (!) oes not purport in any :ayto restrict ("! reporting !y newspapers orraio or television &(a(ion& of news or newsworthy events relating to caniates, ("!ir=a#i8*a(ion&, 'o#i(i*a# 'ar(i!& and 'rora%&of o!rn%!n(. Mor!o!r, Section 11 (!)oes not reach commentaries ane4pressions of !elief or opinion !y reportersor !roacaster or eitors or commentatorsor columnists in respect of caniates# their

%uali0cations# an programs an so forth, &o#on a( #!a&( a& &*" *o%%!n(&, o'inion&and !#i!f& ar! no( in fa*( ad!r(i&!%!n(&for 'ar(i*#ar *andida(!& *o!r(#y 'aid for. In&%, S!*(ion 11 i& no( (o ! r!ad a&r!a*"in any r!'or( or *o%%!n(ary or o("!r*o!ra! ("a(, in r!&'on&i#! %!dia, i& no('aid for y *andida(!& for 'o#i(i*a# o@*!.+e rea Section 11 (!) as esigne to coveronly pai political avertisements ofparticular caniates.

T"! ao! #i%i(a(ion in &*o'! of a''#i*a(ionof S!*(ion 11 < ("a( i( do!& no( r!&(ri*(!i("!r ("! r!'or(in of or ("! !+'r!&&ion of!#i!f or o'inion or *o%%!n( 'on ("!

=a#i8*a(ion& and 'rora%& and a*(ii(i!& ofany and a## *andida(!& for o@*! !r!n(#y, ("! Cor( *on&id!r& ("a( ("! 'r!*i&!*on&(i((iona# i&&! "!r! &o"( (o ! rai&!d < :"!("!r or no(S!*(ion A of R!&o#(ion No. 22 *on&(i((!& a '!r%i&&i#!!+!r*i&! of ("! Co%!#!*& 'o:!r nd!r )r(i*#! IK, S!*(ion 4 of("! Con&(i((ion (o

&'!ri&! or r!#a(! ("! !n?oy%!n( or(i#ia(ion of a## fran*"i&! or '!r%i(& for ("!o'!ra(ion of < %!dia of *o%%ni*a(ion orinfor%a(ion < for ("! 'r'o&! of !n&rin!=a# o''or(ni(y, (i%! and &'a*!, and ("!ri"( of r!'#y, in*#din r!a&ona#!, !=a#ra(!& ("!r!for!, for '#i* infor%a(ion*a%'ain& and for%& a%on *andida(!& in*onn!*(ion :i(" ("! o?!*(i! of "o#dinfr!!, ord!r#y "on!&(, '!a*!f# and *r!di#!!#!*(ion& !*(& of 3&ondi(!&3 and ("! *orro&i!8nan*ia# 'r!&&r!& fa*!d y *andida(!& in &!!7in(i%! on ("! %!dia. 1$

In (r(", radio and (!#!i&ion road*a&(in *o%'ani!&, :"i*"ar! i!n fran*"i&!&, do no( o:n ("! air:a!& and fr!=!n*i!&("ro" :"i*" ("!y (ran&%i( road*a&( &ina#& and i%a!&.T"!y ar! %!r!#y i!n ("! (!%'orary 'rii#!! of &in ("!%.

Sin*! a fran*"i&! i& a %!r! 'rii#!!, ("! !+!r*i&! of ("!'rii#!! %ay r!a&ona#y ! rd!n!d :i(" ("! '!rfor%an*!y ("! ran(!! of &o%! for% of '#i* &!ri*!. T"&, in 5e6illata v. Stanley,14a r!#a(ion r!=irin in(!riand !&&!#i*!n&!d (o !na! in ("! in(!riand (rad! (o *arry %ai# and,for ("i& 'r'o&!, (o i! adan*! no(i*! (o 'o&(a# a("ori(i!&of da(! and "or of &ai#in& of !&&!#& and of *"an!& of&ai#in "or& (o !na#! ("!% (o (!nd!r %ai# for (ran&'or(a(iona( ("! #a&( 'ra*(i*a#! "or 'rior (o ("! !&&!#& d!'ar(r!,:a& "!#d (o ! a r!a&ona#! *ondi(ion for ("! &(a(! ran( of#i*!n&!. )#("o" ("! =!&(ion of *o%'!n&a(ion for ("!*arria! of %ai# :a& no( in i&&!, ("! Cor( &(ron#y i%'#i!d("a( &*" &!ri*! *o#d ! :i("o( *o%'!n&a(ion, a& in fa*(nd!r S'ani&" &o!r!in(y ("! %ai# :a& *arri!d fr!!. 15

In hilippine =ong 5istance -elephone Company v. -C,16("!

Cor( ord!r!d ("! PLT (o a##o: ("! in(!r*onn!*(ion of i(&do%!&(i* (!#!'"on! &y&(!% :i(" ("! in(!rna(iona# a(!:ayfa*i#i(y of Ea&(!rn T!#!*o%. T"! Cor( *i(!d 1 ("! 'roi&ion&of ("! #!ia(i! fran*"i&! a##o:in &*" in(!r*onn!*(ion 2("! a&!n*! of any '"y&i*a#, (!*"ni*a#, or !*ono%i* a&i& forr!&(ri*(in ("! #in7in ' of (:o &!'ara(! (!#!'"on! &y&(!%&and $ ("! 'o&&ii#i(y of in*r!a&! in ("! o#%! ofin(!rna(iona# (ra@* and %or! !@*i!n( &!ri*!, a( %or!%od!ra(! *o&(, a& a r!( of in(!r*onn!*(ion.

Si%i#ar#y, in ("! !ar#i!r *a&! of =5- v.-C,1i( :a& "!#d;

S*" r!#a(ion of ("! &! and o:n!r&"i' of(!#!*o%%ni*a(ion& &y&(!%& i& in ("! !+!r*i&! of ("!'#!nary 'o#i*! 'o:!r of ("! S(a(! for ("! 'ro%o(ionof ("! !n!ra# :!#far!. T"! 19A Con&(i((ionr!*oni!& ("! !+i&(!n*! of ("a( 'o:!r :"!n i('roid!&;

S!*. 6. T"! &! of 'ro'!r(y !ar& a&o*ia# fn*(ion, and a## !*ono%i*a!n(& &"a## *on(ri(! (o ("!*o%%on ood. Indiida#& and'ria(! ro'&, in*#din*or'ora(ion&, *oo'!ra(i!&, and&i%i#ar *o##!*(i! orania(ion&,&"a## "a! ("! ri"( (o o:n,!&(a#i&", and o'!ra(! !*ono%i*!n(!r'ri&!&, &?!*( (o ("! d(y of("! S(a(! (o 'ro%o(! di&(ri(i!?&(i*! and (o in(!r!n! :"!n ("!

*o%%on ood &o d!%and& )r(i*#!KII.

T"! in(!r*onn!*(ion :"i*" "a& !!n r!=ir!d of PLTi& a for% of 3in(!r!n(ion3 :i(" 'ro'!r(y ri"(&di*(a(!d y 3("! o?!*(i! of o!rn%!n( (o 'ro%o(!("! ra'id !+'an&ion of (!#!*o%%ni*a(ion& &!ri*!&in a## ar!a& of ("! P"i#i''in!&, . . . (o %a+i%i! ("!&! of (!#!*o%%ni*a(ion& fa*i#i(i!& aai#a#!, . . . inr!*oni(ion of ("! i(a# ro#! of *o%%ni*a(ion& inna(ion i#din . . . and (o !n&r! ("a( a## &!r& of ("!'#i* (!#!*o%%ni*a(ion& &!ri*! "a! a**!&& (o a##o("!r &!r& of ("! &!ri*! :"!r!!r ("!y %ay !:i("in ("! P"i#i''in!& a( an a**!'(a#! &(andard of&!ri*! and a( r!a&ona#! *o&(3 TC Cir*#ar No.9D-24A. Undo(!d#y, ("! !n*o%'a&&in o?!*(i! i&

("! *o%%on ood. T"! NTC, a& ("! r!#a(orya!n*y of ("! S(a(!, %!r!#y !+!r*i&!d i(& d!#!a(!da("ori(y (o r!#a(! ("! &! of (!#!*o%%ni*a(ion&n!(:or7& :"!n i( d!*r!!d in(!r*onn!*(ion.

In ("! ran(in of ("! 'rii#!! (o o'!ra(! road*a&( &(a(ion&and ("!r!af(!r &'!ri&in radio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion&, ("!&(a(! &'!nd& *on&id!ra#! '#i* fnd& in #i*!n&in and&'!ri&in &*" &(a(ion&. 1AI( :o#d ! &(ran! if i( *anno(!!n r!=ir! ("! #i*!n&!!& (o r!nd!r '#i* &!ri*! y iinfr!! air (i%!.

Con&id!ra#! !>or( i& %ad! in ("! di&&!n( of Mr. 0&(i*!Pananian (o &"o: ("a( ("! 'rod*(ion of (!#!i&ion'rora%& ino#!& #ar! !+'!ndi(r! and r!=ir!& ("! &! of!=i'%!n( for :"i*" "! in!&(%!n(& "a! (o ! %ad!. T"!di&&!n( *i(!& ("! *#ai% of GM) N!(:or7 ("a( ("! ran( of fr!!air (i%! (o ("! CMELEC for ("! dra(ion of ("! 199A*a%'ain '!riod :o#d *o&( ("! *o%'any P52,$AD,DDD,r!'r!&!n(in r!!n! i( :o#d o("!r:i&! !arn if ("! air (i%!:!r! &o#d (o ad!r(i&!r&, and ("! a%on( of P6,6DD,A5D,r!'r!&!n(in ("! *o&( of 'rod*in a 'rora% for ("!CMELEC Ti%!, or ("! (o(a# a%on( of P5A,9AD,A5D.

T"! *#ai% ("a( '!(i(ion!r :o#d ! #o&in P52,$AD,DDD innr!a#i!d r!!n! fro% ad!r(i&in i& a&!d on ("!a&&%'(ion ("a( air (i%! i& 38ni&"!d 'rod*(3 :"i*", i( i& &aid,!*o%! ("! 'ro'!r(y of ("! *o%'any, #i7! oi# 'rod*!d fro%r!8nin or &i%i#ar na(ra# r!&or*!& af(!r nd!roin a'ro*!&& for ("!ir 'rod*(ion. F( air (i%! i& no( o:n!d yroad*a&( *o%'ani!&. )& "!#d in 'e =ion *roacasting Co. v.9.C.C.,19:"i*" '"!#d ("! ri"( of a 'ar(y '!r&ona##y a((a*7!d

(o r!'#y, 3#i*!n&!& (o road*a&( do no( *onf!r o:n!r&"i' ofd!&ina(!d fr!=!n*i!&, ( on#y ("! (!%'orary 'rii#!! of&in ("!%.3 Con&!=!n(#y, 3a #i*!n&! '!r%i(& road*a&(in,( ("! #i*!n&! "a& no *on&(i((iona# ri"( (o ! ("! on! :"o"o#d& ("! #i*!n&! or (o %ono'o#i! a radio fr!=!n*y (o ("!!+*#&ion of "i& f!##o: *i(i!n&. T"!r! i& no("in in ("! /ir&()%!nd%!n( :"i*" 'r!!n(& ("! Go!rn%!n( fro% r!=irin a#i*!n&!! (o &"ar! "i& fr!=!n*y :i(" o("!r& and (o *ond*("i%&!#f a& a 'ro+y or 8d*iary :i(" o#ia(ion& (o 'r!&!n(("o&! i!:& and oi*!& :"i*" ar! r!'r!&!n(a(i! of "i&*o%%ni(y and :"i*" :o#d o("!r:i&!, y n!*!&&i(y, !arr!d fro% ("! air:a!&.3 2D)& radio and (!#!i&ion road*a&(&(a(ion& do no( o:n ("! air:a!&, no 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y i& (a7!ny ("! r!=ir!%!n( ("a( ("!y 'roid! air (i%! (o ("!CMELEC.

0&(i*! Pananian& di&&!n( =o(!& fro% To#!n(ino on ("! Cii#Cod! :"i*" &ay& ("a( 3("! air #an!& ("!%&!#!& ar! no('ro'!r(y !*a&! ("!y *anno( ! a''ro'ria(!d for ("! !n!8(of any indiida#.3 '. 5 T"a( %!an& n!i("!r ("! S(a(! nor ("!&(a(ion& o:n ("! air #an!&. !( ("! di&&!n( a#&o &ay& ("a( 3T"!fran*"i&! "o#d!r& *an r!*o!r ("!ir "! in!&(%!n(& on#y y&!##in air (i%! (o ad!r(i&!r&.3 '. 1$ If air #an!& *anno( !a''ro'ria(!d, "o: *an ("!y ! &!d (o 'rod*! air (i%! :"i*"("! fran*"i&! "o#d!r& *an &!## (o r!*o!r ("!ir in!&(%!n(T"!r! i& a *on(radi*(ion "!r!.

)& (o ("! addi(iona# a%on( of P6,6DD,A5D, i( i& *#ai%!d ("a(("i& i& ("! *o&( of 'rod*in a 'rora% and i( i& for &*" i(!%&a& 3&!(& and 'ro'&,3 3id!o (a'!&,3 3%i&*!##an!o& o("!rr!n(a#, &''#i!&, (ran&'or(a(ion, !(*.,3 and 3(!*"ni*a# fa*i#i(i!&(!*"ni*a# *r!: &*" a& dir!*(or and *a%!ra%an a& :!## a& on

air '#&.3 T"!r! i& no a&i& for ("i& *#ai%. E+'!n&!& for("!&! i(!%& :i## ! for ("! a**on( of ("! *andida(!&.CMELEC R!&o#(ion No. 29A$, Q6d &'!*i8*a##y 'roid!& in("i& *onn!*(ion;

d$itional services such as taperecoring orvieotaping of programs# the preparation of visualais# terms an conition thereof# an consierationto !e pai therefor may !e arrange !y thecaniates with the raio/television stationconcerne. Ho:!!r, no radioB(!#!i&ion &(a(ion &"a##%a7! any di&*ri%ina(ion a%on *andida(!& r!#a(i!(o *"ar!&, (!r%&, 'ra*(i*!& or fa*i#i(i!& for in*onn!*(ion :i(" ("! &!ri*!& r!nd!r!d.

I( i& nfor(na(! ("a( in ("! !>or( (o &"o: ("a( ("!r! i& (a7inof 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y :or(" %i##ion& of '!&o&, ("!n&&(an(ia(!d *"ar! i& %ad! ("a( y i(& d!*i&ion ("! Cor('!r%i(& ("! 3rand #ar*!ny of 'r!*io& (i%!,3 and a##o:& i(&!#f(o !*o%! 3("! '!o'#!& n:i((in o''r!&&or.3 T"! *"ar! i&r!a##y nfor(na(!. InJacson v. 'osen!aun#210&(i*! Ho#%!&:a& &o in*!n&!d y ("! r!&i&(an*! of 'ro'!r(y o:n!r& (o ("!!r!*(ion of 'ar(y :a##& ("a( "! :a& #!d (o &ay in "i& oriina#draf(, 3a &(a((!, :"i*" !%odi!& ("! *o%%ni(y&nd!r&(andin of ("! r!*i'ro*a# ri"(& and d(i!& ofn!i"orin #ando:n!r&, do!& no( n!!d (o ino7! ("!penaltylarcenyof ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r in i(& ?&(i8*a(ion.3 Ho#%!&&r!("r!n *orr!*(!d "i& (a&(!, and Ho#%!& "ad (o a%!nd ("!'a&&a! &o ("a( in ("! !nd i( &'o7! on#y of ino7in 3("!'o#i*! 'o:!r.3220&(i*! Ho#%!& &'o7! of ("! 3'!((y #ar*!ny3 of("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r. No: :! ar! !in (o#d of ("! 3rand #ar*!nyy %!an& of ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r of 'r!*io& air (i%!.3

?iving 9ree $ir -ime a 5uty

$ssume !y etitioner


7/31

P!(i(ion!r& *#ai% ("a( Q92 i& an ina#id a%!nd%!n( of R.). No.252 :"i*" ran(!d GM) N!(:or7, In*. a fran*"i&! for ("!o'!ra(ion of radio and (!#!i&ion road*a&(in &(a(ion&. T"!yar! ("a( a#("o" Q5 of R.). No. 252 i!& ("! o!rn%!n(("! 'o:!r (o (!%'orari#y &! and o'!ra(! ("! &(a(ion& of'!(i(ion!r GM) N!(:or7 or (o a("ori! &*" &! ando'!ra(ion, ("! !+!r*i&! of ("i& ri"( %&( ! *o%'!n&a(!d.

T"! *i(!d 'roi&ion of. R.). No. 252 &(a(!&;

S!*. 5. 'ight of ?overnment. < ) &'!*ia# ri"( i&

"!r!y r!&!r!d (o ("! Pr!&id!n( of ("! P"i#i''in!&, in(i%!& of r!!##ion, '#i* '!ri#, *a#a%i(y, !%!r!n*y,di&a&(!r or di&(ran*! of '!a*! and ord!r, (o(!%'orari#y (a7! o!r and o'!ra(! ("! &(a(ion& of ("!ran(!!, (o (!%'orari#y &&'!nd ("! o'!ra(ion of any&(a(ion in ("! in(!r!&( of '#i* &af!(y, &!*ri(y and'#i* :!#far!, or (o a("ori! ("! (!%'orary &! ando'!ra(ion ("!r!of y any a!n*y of ("! Go!rn%!n(,'on d! *o%'!n&a(ion (o ("! ran(!!, for ("! &! of&aid &(a(ion& drin ("! '!riod :"!n ("!y &"a## ! &oo'!ra(!d.

T"! a&i* Ja: in '!(i(ion!r& ar%!n( i& ("a( i( a&&%!& ("a(("! 'roi&ion for CMELEC Ti%! *on&(i((!& ("! &! ando'!ra(ion of ("! &(a(ion& of ("! GM) N!(:or7, In*., T"i& i& no(&o. Und!r Q92 of F.P. F#. AA1, ("! CMELEC do!& no( (a7!

o!r ("! o'!ra(ion of radio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion& ( on#y ("!a##o*a(ion of air (i%! (o ("! *andida(!& for ("! 'r'o&! of!n&rin, a%on o("!r ("in&, !=a# o''or(ni(y, (i%!, and("! ri"( (o r!'#y a& %anda(!d y ("! Con&(i((ion. 2$

Ind!!d, i( i& :ron (o *#ai% an a%!nd%!n( of '!(i(ion!r&fran*"i&! for ("! r!a&on ("a( F.P. F#. AA1, :"i*" i& &aid (o"a! a%!nd!d R.). No. 252, a*(a##y an(!da(!d i(. 24T"!'roi&ion of Q92 of F.P. F#. AA1 %&( ! d!!%!d in&(!ad (o !in*or'ora(!d in R.). No. 252. )nd, ind!!d, Q4 of ("! #a((!r&(a((! do!&.

/or ("! fa*( i& ("a( ("! d(y i%'o&!d on ("! GM) N!(:or7, In*.y i(& fran*"i&! (o r!nd!r 3ad!=a(! '#i* &!ri*! (i%!3i%'#!%!n(& Q92 of F.P. F#. AA1. Undo(!d#y, i(& 'r'o&! i&

(o !na#! ("! o!rn%!n( (o *o%%ni*a(! :i(" ("! '!o'#! on%a((!r& of '#i* in(!r!&(. T"&, R.). No. 252 'roid!&;

S!*. 4. 'esponsi!ility to the u!lic. < -he granteeshall provie ae%uate pu!lic service time to ena!lethe ?overnment# through the sai !roacastingstations# to reach the population on important pu!licissues 'roid! a( a## (i%!& &ond and a#an*!d'rora%%in 'ro%o(! '#i* 'ar(i*i'a(ion &*" a& in*o%%ni(y 'rora%%in assist in the functions ofpu!lic information an eucation *onfor% (o ("!!("i*& of "on!&( !n(!r'ri&! and no( &! i(& &(a(ion for("! road*a&(in of o&*!n! and ind!*!n( #ana!,&'!!*", a*( or &*!n!, or for ("! di&&!%ina(ion ofd!#i!ra(!#y fa#&! infor%a(ion or :i##f#%i&r!'r!&!n(a(ion, or (o ("! d!(ri%!n( of ("! '#i*

in(!r!&(, or (o in*i(!, !n*ora!, or a&&i&( in&!r&i! or (r!a&ona#! a*(&. E%'"a&i& add!d.

I( i& no(!:or("y ("a( Q4D of R.). No. 6$AA, fro% :"i*" Q92 ofF.P. F#. AA1 :a& (a7!n, !+'r!&y 'roid!d ("a( ("! CMELECTi%! &"o#d 3! *on&id!r!d a& 'ar( of ("! '#i* &!ri*! (i%!&aid &(a(ion& ar! r!=ir!d (o frni&" ("! Go!rn%!n( for ("!di&&!%ina(ion of '#i* infor%a(ion and !d*a(ion nd!r ("!irr!&'!*(i! fran*"i&!& or '!r%i(&.3 T"!r! i& no r!a&on (o&''o&! ("a( Q92 of F.P. F#. AA1 *on&id!r& ("! CMELEC Ti%!("!r!in 'roid!d (o ! o("!r:i&! ("an a& a '#i* &!ri*!:"i*" '!(i(ion!r i& r!=ir!d (o r!nd!r nd!r Q4 of i(& *"ar(!rR.). No. 252. In &%, F.P. F#. AA1, Q92 i& no( an ina#ida%!nd%!n( of '!(i(ion!r& fran*"i&! ( ("! !nfor*!%!n( of ad(y o#n(ari#y a&&%!d y '!(i(ion!r in a**!'(in a '#i*ran( of 'rii#!!.

T"& far, :! "a! *on8n!d ("! di&*&&ion (o ("! 'roi&ion ofQ92 of F.P. F#. AA1 for fr!! air (i%! :i("o( (a7in in(oa**on( CMELEC R!&o#(ion No. 29A$-), Q2 of :"i*" &(a(!&;

S!*. 2. ?rant of "Comelec -ime."< E!ry radioroad*a&(in and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion o'!ra(in nd!rfran*"i&! &"a## ran( ("! Co%%i&&ion, upon paymentof >ust compensation, a( #!a&( ("ir(y $D %in(!& of'ri%! (i%! dai#y, (o ! 7no:n a& 3Co%!#!* Ti%!3,!>!*(i! /!rary 1D, 199A for *andida(!& forPr!&id!n(, i*!-Pr!&id!n( and S!na(or&, and !>!*(i!Mar*" 2, 199A, for *andida(!& for #o*a# !#!*(i!o@*!&, n(i# May 9, 199A. E%'"a&i& add!d.

T"i& i& !*a&! ("! a%!nd%!n( 'roidin for ("! 'ay%!n( of3?&( *o%'!n&a(ion3 i& ina#id, !in in *on(ra!n(ion of Q92 ofF.P. F#. AA1 ("a( radio and (!#!i&ion (i%! i!n drin ("!'!riod of ("! *a%'ain &"a## ! 3fr!! of *"ar!.3 Ind!!d,R!&o#(ion No. 29A$ oriina##y 'roid!d ("a( ("! (i%! a##o*a(!d&"a## ! 3fr!! of *"ar!,3 ?&( a& Q92 r!=ir!& &*" (i%! (o !

i!n 3fr!! of *"ar!.3 T"! a%!nd%!n( a''!ar& (o ! ar!a*(ion (o '!(i(ion!r& *#ai% in ("i& *a&! ("a( ("! oriina#'roi&ion :a& n*on&(i((iona# !*a&! i( a##!!d#y a("ori!d("! (a7in of 'ro'!r(y :i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.

T"! So#i*i(or G!n!ra#, r!#yin on ("! a%!nd%!n(, *#ai%& ("a(("!r! &"o#d ! no %or! di&'(! !*a&! ("! 'ay%!n( of*o%'!n&a(ion i& no: 'roid!d for. I( i& a&i*, "o:!!r, ("a( anad%ini&(ra(i! a!n*y *anno(, in ("! !+!r*i&! of #a:%a7in,a%!nd a &(a((! of Conr!&&. Sin*! Q2 of R!&o#(ion No. 29A$-) i& ina#id, i( *anno( ! ino7!d y ("! 'ar(i!&.

=aw $llows 9le4time for rogramming

!y Stations# ot Con0scation of

$ir -ime !y C;,3=3C

I( i& *#ai%!d ("a( ("!r! i& no &(andard in ("! #a: (o id! ("!CMELEC in 'ro*rin fr!! air (i%! and ("a( 3("!or!(i*a##y ("!CMELEC *an d!%and a## of ("! air (i%! of &*" &(a(ion&.3 25P!(i(ion!r& do no( *#ai% ("a( CMELEC R!&o#(ion No. 29A$-)ari(rari#y &!=!&(!r& radio and (!#!i&ion (i%!. "a( ("!y*#ai% i& ("a( !*a&! of ("! r!ad(" of ("! &(a((ory#ana!, ("! 'roi&ion in =!&(ion i& &&*!'(i#! of3nrid#!d, ari(rary and o''r!&&i! !+!r*i&!.326

T"! *on(!n(ion "a& no a&i&. /or on!, ("! CMELEC i&r!=ir!d (o 'ro*r! fr!! air (i%! for *andida(!& 3:i("in ("!ar!a of *o!ra!3 of a 'ar(i*#ar radio or (!#!i&ionroad*a&(!r &o ("a( i( *anno(, for !+a%'#!, 'ro*r! &*" (i%!for *andida(!& o(&id! ("a( ar!a. )( :"a( (i%! of ("! day and"o: %*" (i%! ("! CMELEC %ay 'ro*r! :i## "a! (o !d!(!r%in!d y i( in r!#a(ion (o ("! o!ra## o?!*(i! ofinfor%in ("! '#i* ao( ("! *andida(!&, ("!ir =a#i8*a(ion&and ("!ir 'rora%& of o!rn%!n(. )& &(a(!d in ;sme


8/31

%aain!& !yond ("!ir "%#! %!an&. Fa&i* n!!d& #i7! foodand &"!#(!r '!rfor*! !n?oy "i" 'riori(i!&.

n ("! o("!r "and, ("! (ran&i&(or radio i& fond!!ry:"!r!. T"! (!#!i&ion &!( i& a#&o !*o%inni!r&a#. T"!ir %!&&a! %ay ! &i%#(an!oyr!*!i!d y a na(iona# or r!iona# adi!n*! of#i&(!n!r& in*#din ("! indi>!r!n( or n:i##in :"o"a''!n (o ! :i("in r!a*" of a #arin radio or(!#!i&ion &!(. T"! %a(!ria#& road*a&( o!r ("!air:a!& r!a*" !!ry '!r&on of !!ry a!, '!r&on& ofaryin &&*!'(ii#i(i!& (o '!r&a&ion, '!r&on& ofdi>!r!n( I..& and %!n(a# *a'ai#i(i!&, '!r&on& :"o&!r!a*(ion& (o inJa%%a(ory or o>!n&i! &'!!*" :o#d"! di@*#( (o %oni(or or 'r!di*(. T"! i%'a*( of ("!iran( &'!!*" i& for*!f# and i%%!dia(!. Un#i7!r!ad!r& of ("! 'rin(!d :or7, ("! radio adi!n*! "a!&&!r o''or(ni(y (o *oi(a(!, ana#y!, and r!?!*( ("!((!ran*!. $D

P!(i(ion!r& a&&!r(ion ("!r!for! ("a( Q92 of F.P. F#. AA1 d!ni!&("!% ("! !=a# 'ro(!*(ion of ("! #a: "a& no a&i&. In addi(ion,("!ir '#!a ("a( Q92 fr!! air (i%! and Q11 of R.). No. 6646an on 'aid 'o#i(i*a# ad& &"o#d ! ina#ida(!d :o#d 'a!("! :ay for a r!(rn (o ("! o#d r!i%! :"!r! %on!y!d*andida(!& *o#d %ono'o#i! %!dia ad!r(i&in (o ("!di&adan(a! of *andida(!& :i(" #!&& r!&or*!&. T"a( i& :"a(

Conr!&& (ri!d (o r!for% in 19A :i(" ("! !na*(%!n( of R.).No. 6646. ! ar! no( fr!! (o &!( a&id! ("! ?d%!n( ofConr!&&, !&'!*ia##y in #i"( of ("! r!*!n( fai#r! of in(!r!&(!d'ar(i!& (o "a! ("! #a: r!'!a#!d or a( #!a&( %odi8!d.

'e%uirement of C;,3=3C -ime# a

'easona!le 34ercise of the

State@s ower to 'egulate

se of 9ranchises

/ina##y, i( i& ar!d ("a( ("! 'o:!r (o &'!ri&! or r!#a(!

i!n (o ("! CMELEC nd!r )r(. IK-C, Q4 of ("! Con&(i((iondo!& no( in*#d! ("! 'o:!r (o 'ro"ii(. In ("! 8r&( '#a*!, :"a(("! CMELEC i& a("ori!d (o &'!ri&! or r!#a(! y )r(. IK-C, Q4 of ("! Con&(i((ion,$1a%on o("!r ("in&, i& ("! &! y%!dia of infor%a(ion of ("!ir fran*"i&!& or '!r%i(&, :"i#! :"a(Conr!&& no( ("! CMELEC 'ro"ii(& i& ("! &a#! or dona(ionof 'rin( &'a*! or air (i%! for 'o#i(i*a# ad&. In o("!r :ord&, ("!o?!*( of &'!ri&ion or r!#a(ion i& di>!r!n( fro% ("! o?!*(of ("! 'ro"ii(ion. I( i& ano("!r fa##a*y for '!(i(ion!r& (o*on(!nd ("a( ("! 'o:!r (o r!#a(! do!& no( in*#d! ("!'o:!r (o 'ro"ii(. T"i& %ay "a! for*! if ("! o?!*( of ("!'o:!r :!r! ("! &a%!.

In ("! &!*ond '#a*!, ("! 'ro"ii(ion in Q11 of R.). No. 6646i& on#y "a#f of ("! r!#a(ory 'roi&ion in ("! &(a((!. T"!o("!r "a#f i& ("! %anda(! (o ("! CMELEC (o 'ro*r! 'rin(

&'a*! and air (i%! for a##o*a(ion (o *andida(!&. )& :! &aid in;sme


9/31

S!*. 92. < Co%!#!* Ti%! < T"! Co%!#!* &"a##'ro*r! radio and (!#!i&ion (i%! (o ! 7no:n a&3Co%!#!* Ti%!3 :"i*" &"a## ! a##o*a(!d !=a##y andi%'ar(ia##y a%on ("! *andida(!& :i("in ("! ar!a of*o!ra! of a## radio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion&. /or ("i&'r'o&!, ("! fran*"i&! of a## radio and (!#!i&ion&(a(ion& ar! "!r!y a((!nd!d &o a& (o 'roid! radioand (!#!i&ion (i%!free of chargedrin ("! '!riodof !#!*(ion *a%'ain.

Pr&an( (o S!*(ion 92 of FP AA1, r!&'ond!n( CMELEC onMar*" $, 199A 'a&&!d R!&o#(ion 29A$-), ("! '!r(in!n('roi&ion of :"i*" r!ad& a& fo##o:&;

S!*. 2. Gran( of 3Co%!#!* Ti%!.3 < E!ry radioroad*a&(in and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion o'!ra(in nd!rfran*"i&! &"a## ran( ("! Co%%i&&ion, 'on 'ay%!n(of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion, a( #!a&( ("ir(y $D %in(!& of'ri%! (i%! dai#y, (o ! 7no:n a& 3Co%!#!* Ti%!,3!>!*(i! /!rary 1D, 199A for *andida(!& forPr!&id!n(, i*!-Pr!&id!n( and S!na(or&, and !>!*(i!Mar*" 2, 199A, for *andida(!& for #o*a# !#!*(i!o@*!&, n(i# May 9, 199A.

S!*(ion 92 of FP AA1, in&ofar a& i( r!=ir!& radio and(!#!i&ion &(a(ion& (o 'roid! Co%!#!* :i(" radio and(!#!i&ion (i%! fr!! of *"ar! i& a Jaran( io#a(ion of ("!

*on&(i((iona# %anda(! ("a( 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y &"a## no( !(a7!n for '#i* &! :i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion. "i#! i( i&in"!r!n( in ("! S(a(!, ("! &o!r!in ri"( (o a''ro'ria(!'ro'!r(y "a& n!!r !!n nd!r&(ood (o in*#d! (a7in'ro'!r(y for '#i* 'r'o&!& :i("o( ("! d(y andr!&'on&ii#i(y of ord!rin *o%'!n&a(ion (o ("! indiida#:"o&! 'ro'!r(y "a& !!n &a*ri8*!d for ("! ood of ("!*o%%ni(y. H!n*!, S!*(ion 9 )r(i*#! III of ("! 19ACon&(i((ion :"i*" r!ad& 3No 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y &"a## ! (a7!nfor '#i* &! :i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion,3 i!& & (:o#i%i(a(ion& on ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain; 1 ("! 'r'o&!of (a7in %&( ! for '#i* &! and 2 ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion%&( ! i!n (o ("! o:n!r of ("! 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y.

T"!r! i&, of *or&!, no =!&(ion ("a( ("! (a7in of ("! 'ro'!r(yin ("! *a&! a( ar i& for '#i* &!, i.e. (o !n&r! ("a( air (i%!i& a##o*a(!d !=a##y a%on ("! *andida(!&, "o:!!r, ("!r! i&no ?&(i8*a(ion for ("! (a7in :i("o( 'ay%!n( of ?&(*o%'!n&a(ion. "i#! R!&o#(ion No. 29A$-) "a& 'roid!d ("a(?&( *o%'!n&a(ion &"a## ! 'aid for ("! $D %in(!& of 'ri%!(i%! ran(!d y ("! (!#!i&ion &(a(ion& (o r!&'ond!n(Co%!#!*, :! no(! ("a( ("! r!&o#(ion :a& 'a&&!d pursuant(oS!*(ion 92 of FP AA1 :"i*" %anda(!& ("a( radio and(!#!i&ion (i%! ! 'roid!d (o r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* free ofcharge. Sin*! ("! #!ia(i! in(!n( i& ("! *on(ro##in !#!%!n(in d!(!r%inin ("! ad%ini&(ra(i! 'o:!r&, ri"(&, 'rii#!!&and i%%ni(i!& ran(!d,$r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* %ay, a( any(i%!, d!&'i(! ("! r!&o#(ion 'a&&!d, *o%'!# (!#!i&ion andradio &(a(ion& (o 'roid! i( :i(" air(i%! fr!! of *"ar!.

)''ar!n(#y, S!*. 92 of FP AA1 ?&(i*!& &*" (a7in nd!r ("!i&! of 'o#i*! 'o:!r r!#a(ion :"i*" *anno( ! a#id#y don!.Po#i*! 'o:!r %&( ! di&(ini&"!d fro% ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n(do%ain. In ("! !+!r*i&! of 'o#i*! 'o:!r, ("!r! i& a restrictionof 'ro'!r(y in(!r!&( (o 'ro%o(! '#i* :!#far! or in(!r!&(:"i*" ino#!& no *o%'!n&a#! (a7in. "!n ("! 'o:!r of!%in!n( do%ain, "o:!!r, i& !+!r*i&!d, 'ro'!r(y in(!r!&( i&a''ro'ria(!d and applie to some pu!lic purpose,n!*!&&i(a(in *o%'!n&a(ion ("!r!for. Tradi(iona# di&(in*(ion&!(:!!n 'o#i*! 'o:!r and ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain'r!*#d!d a''#i*a(ion of o(" 'o:!r& a( ("! &a%! (i%! in ("!&a%! &?!*(.4H!n*!, in ("! *a&! of City of *aguio v.$+$S$,5("! Cor( "!#d ("a( a #a: r!=irin ("! (ran&f!r ofa## %ni*i'a# :a(!r:or7& &y&(!%& (o N))S) in !+*"an! fori(& a&&!(& of !=ia#!n( a#! ino#!d ("! !+!r*i&! of !%in!n(do%ain !*a&! ("! 'ro'!r(y ino#!d :a& :"o#!&o%! andin(!nd!d for '#i* &!. Pro'!r(y *ond!%n!d nd!r ("!!+!r*i&! of 'o#i*! 'o:!r, on ("! o("!r "and, i& no+io& or

in(!nd!d for no+io& 'r'o&! and, *on&!=!n(#y, i& no(*o%'!n&a#!. Po#i*! 'o:!r 'ro*!!d& fro% ("! 'rin*i'#! ("a(!!ry "o#d!r of 'ro'!r(y, "o:!!r a&o#(! and n=a#i8!d%ay ! "i& (i(#!, "o#d& i( nd!r ("! i%'#i!d #iai#i(y ("a( "i& &!of i( &"a## no( ! in?rio& (o ("! !=a# !n?oy%!n( of o("!r&"ain an !=a# ri"( (o ("! !n?oy%!n( of ("!ir 'ro'!r(y, norin?rio& (o ("! ri"(& of ("! *o%%ni(y. Ri"(& of 'ro'!r(y,#i7! a## o("!r &o*ia# and *on!n(iona# ri"(&, ar! &?!*( (or!a&ona#! #i%i(a(ion& in ("!ir !n?oy%!n( a& &"a## 'r!!n(("!% fro% !in in?rio&, and (o &*" r!a&ona#! r!&(rai(&and r!#a(ion& !&(a#i&"!d y #a: a& ("! #!ia(r!, nd!r("! o!rnin and *on(ro##in 'o:!r !&(!d in ("!% y ("!*on&(i((ion, %ay ("in7 n!*!&&ary and !+'!di!n(.6

In ("! *a&! of Small =anowners of the hilippines Dnc. v.Secretary of $grarian 'eform, :! fond o**a&ion (o no(! ("a(

r!*!n( (r!nd& &"o: a %in#in of ("! 'o#i*! 'o:!r and ("!'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain, :i(" ("! #a((!r !in &!d a& ani%'#!%!n( of ("! for%!r #i7! ("! 'o:!r of (a+a(ion. Ci(in ("!*a&!& of *erman v.arerand enn Central -ransportationCo. v. ew Eor CityA:"!r! o:n!r& of ("! Grand C!n(ra#T!r%ina# :"o :!r! no( a##o:!d (o *on&(r*( a %#(i-&(ory

i#din (o 'r!&!r! a "i&(ori* #and%ar7 :!r! a##o:!d *!r(ain*o%'!n&a(ory ri"(& (o %i(ia(! ("! #o&& *a&!d y ("!r!#a(ion, ("i& Cor( i& Small =anowners of the hilippines,Dnc. *a&! "!#d ("a( %!a&r!& 'r!&*riin r!(!n(ion #i%i(& for#ando:n!r& nd!r ("! )rarian R!for% La: ino#!d ("!!+!r*i&! of 'o#i*! 'o:!r for ("! r!#a(ion of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(yin a**ordan*! :i(" ("! *on&(i((ion. )nd, :"!r! (o *arry o(("! r!#a(ion, i( !*a%! n!*!&&ary (o d!'ri! o:n!r& of:"a(!!r #and& ("!y %ay o:n in !+*!&& of ("! %a+i%% ar!aa##o:!d, ("! Cor( "!#d ("a( ("!r! :a& d!8ni(!#y a (a7innd!r ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain for :"i*" 'ay%!n( of ?&(*o%'!n&a(ion :a& i%'!ra(i!.

T"! '!(i(ion !for! & i& no di>!r!n( fro% ("! ao!-*i(!d*a&!. In&ofar a& S!! 92 of FP AA1 r!ad in *on?n*(ion :i(" S!*11 of R) 6646 r!&(ri*(& ("! &a#! or dona(ion of air(i%! yradio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion& drin ("! *a%'ain '!riod (or!&'ond!n( Co%!#!*, ("!r! i& an !+!r*i&! of 'o#i*! 'o:!r for("! r!#a(ion of 'ro'!r(y in a**ordan*! :i(" ("! Con&(i((ion.To ("! !+(!n( "o:!!r ("a( S!* 92 of FP AA1 %anda(!& ("a(air(i%! ! 'roid!d fr!! of *"ar! (o r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* (o! a##o*a(!d !=a##y a%on a## *andida(!&, ("! r!#a(ion!+*!!d& ("! #i%i(& of 'o#i*! 'o:!r and &"o#d ! r!*oni!da& a (a7in. In ("! *a&! of ennsylvania Coal v.,ahon,90&(i*! Ho#%!& #aid do:n ("! #i%i(& of 'o#i*! 'o:!r in ("i&:i&!,3 T"! !n!ra# r#! i& ("a( :"i#! 'ro'!r(y %ay !r!#a(!d (o a *!r(ain !+(!n(, if ("! r!#a(ion o!& (oo far, i(:i## ! r!*oni!d a& a (a7in.3

"i#! ("! 'o:!r of !%in!n( do%ain of(!n r!(& in ("!a''ro'ria(ion of (i(#! (o or 'o&&!&&ion of 'ro'!r(y, i( n!!d no(a#:ay& ! ("! *a&!. I( i& a &!((#!d r#! ("a( n!i("!r a*=i&i(ionof (i(#! nor (o(a# d!&(r*(ion of a#! i& !&&!n(ia# (o (a7in andi( i& &a##y in *a&!& :"!r! (i(#! r!%ain& :i(" ("! 'ria(!o:n!r ("a( in=iry &"o#d ! %ad! (o d!(!r%in! :"!("!r ("!i%'air%!n( of a 'ro'!r(y i& %!r!#y r!#a(!d or a%on(& (o a*o%'!n&a#! (a7in. ) r!#a(ion :"i*" d!'ri!& any '!r&onof ("! 'ro8(a#! &! of "i& 'ro'!r(y *on&(i((!& a (a7in and!n(i(#!& "i% (o *o%'!n&a(ion n#!&& ("! ina&ion of ri"(& i&&o i"( a& (o '!r%i( ("! r!#a(ion (o ! ?&(i8!d nd!r ("!'o#i*! 'o:!r. Si%i#ar#y, a 'o#i*! r!#a(ion :"i*" nr!a&ona#yr!&(ri*(& ("! ri"( (o &! &in!&& 'ro'!r(y for &in!&&'r'o&!&, a%on(& (o (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y and ("!o:n!r %ay r!*o!r ("!r!for.1DI( i& a#&o &!((#!d ?ri&'rd!n*!("a( a*=i&i(ion of ri"( of :ay !a&!%!n( fa##& :i("in ("!'ri!: of !%in!n( do%ain.11

"i#! ("!r! i& no (a7in or a''ro'ria(ion of (i(#! (o, and'o&&!&&ion of ("! !+'ro'ria(!d 'ro'!r(y in ("! *a&! a( ar,("!r! i& *o%'!n&a#! (a7in ina&%*" a& ("!% i& a #o&& of ("!!arnin& for ("! air(i%! :"i*" ("! '!(i(ion!r-in(!r!nor& ar!*o%'!##!d (o dona(!. I( i& a #o&& :"i*", (o 'ara'"ra&!hilippine ress Dnstitute v.Comelec,12*o#d "ard#y !*on&id!r!d 3e minimis3 if :! ar! (o (a7! in(o a**on( ("!%on!(ary a#! of ("! *o%'#&ory dona(ion %!a&r!d y ("!*rr!n( ad!r(i&in ra(!& of ("! radio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion&.

In ("! *a&! of hilippine ress Dnstitute v. Comelec,1$:! "ado**a&ion (o &(a(! ("a( n!:&'a'!r& and o("!r 'rin( %!dia ar!

no( *o%'!##!d (o dona(! fr!! &'a*! (o r!&'ond!n( Co%!#!*ina&%*" a& ("i& :o#d ! in io#a(ion of ("! *on&(i((iona#'roi&ion ("a( no 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y &"a## ! (a7!n for '#i* &!:i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion. ! 8nd no *o!n( r!a&on :"yradio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion& &"o#d ! (r!a(!d *on&id!rin("a( ("!ir o'!ra(in !+'!n&!& a& *o%'ar!d (o ("o&! of ("!n!:&'a'!r and o("!r 'rin( %!dia '#i&"!r& ino#!*on&id!ra#y r!a(!r a%on( of 8nan*ia# r!&or*!&.

T"! fa*( ("a( on! n!!d& a fran*"i&! fro% o!rn%!n( (o!&(a#i&" a radio and (!#!i&ion &(a(ion :"i#! no #i*!n&! i&n!!d!d (o &(ar( a n!:&'a'!r &"o#d no( ! %ad! a a&i& for(r!a(in road*a&( %!dia any di>!r!n(#y fro% ("! 'rin( %!diain *o%'!##in ("! for%!r (o 3dona(!3 air(i%! (o r!&'ond!n(Co%!#!*. "i#! no fran*"i&!& and ri"(& ar! ran(!d !+*!'(nd!r ("! *ondi(ion ("a( i( &"a## ! &?!*( (o a%!nd%!n(,

a#(!ra(ion, or r!'!a# y ("! Conr!&& :"!n ("! *o%%on ood&o r!=ir!&,14("i& 'roid!& no #i*!n&! for o!rn%!n( (odi&r!ard ("! *ardina# r#! ("a( *or'ora(ion& :i(" fran*"i&!&ar! a& %*" !n(i(#!d (o d! 'ro*!&& and !=a# 'ro(!*(ion of#a:& aran(!!d nd!r ("! Con&(i((ion.

)CCRINGL, I o(! (o d!*#ar! S!*(ion 92 of FP AA1 in&ofara& i( %anda(!& ("a( radio and (!#!i&ion (i%! ! 'roid!d (or!&'ond!n( Co%!#!* fr!! of *"ar! UNCNSTITUTIN)L.

P)NG)NIF)N,J.# di&&!n(in

)( i&&! in ("i& *a&! i& ("! *on&(i((iona#i(y of S!*(ion 92 of("! %ni& E#!*(ion Cod!1:"i*" *o%'!#& a## road*a&(&(a(ion& in ("! *on(ry 3(o 'roid! radio and (!#!i&ion (i%!,

free of charge, drin ("! '!riod of ("! !#!*(ion *a%'ain&,3:"i*" ("! Co%%i&&ion on E#!*(ion& &"a## a##o*a(! 3!=a##y andi%'ar(ia##y a%on ("! *andida(!& . . .3 P!(i(ion!r& *on(!nd,and I ar!!, ("a( ("i& #!a# 'roi&ion i& n*on&(i((iona#!*a&! i( *on8&*a(!& 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y :i("o( d! 'ro*!&& of


10/31

#a: and :i("o( 'ay%!n( of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion, and d!ni!&road*a&( %!dia !=a# 'ro(!*(ion of ("! #a:.

In hilippine ress Dnstitute# Dnc. Dvs. Commission on3lections,2("i& Cor( r#!d ("a( 'rin( %!dia *o%'ani!& *anno(! r!=ir!d (o dona(! ad!r(i&in &'a*!, fr!! of *"ar!, (o ("!Co%!#!* for !=a# a##o*a(ion a%on *andida(!&, on ("!rond ("a( &*" *o%'#&ory &!ir! of 'rin( &'a*! i&!=ia#!n( (o a 'ro&*ri!d (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y for '#i*&! :i("o( 'ay%!n( of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion. $

T"! Cor(& %a?ori(y in ("! 'r!&!n( *a&!, &'!a7in ("ro" ("!di&(ini&"!d Mr. 0&(i*! i*!n(! . M!ndoa, "o#d&, "o:!!r,("a( ("! for!oin PPI do*(rin! a''#i!& on#y (o 'rin( %!dia, no((o road*a&( radio and T n!(:or7&, arin ("a( 3radio and(!#!i&ion road*a&(in *o%'ani!&, :"i*" ar! i!nfran*"i&!&, do no( o:n ("! air:a!& and fr!=!n*i!& ("ro":"i*" ("!y (ran&%i( road*a&( &ina#& and i%a!&. T"!y ar!%!r!#y i!n ("! (!%'orary 'rii#!! of &in ("!%. Sin*! afran*"i&! i& a %!r! 'rii#!!, ("! !+!r*i&! of ("! 'rii#!! %ayr!a&ona#y ! rd!n!d :i(" ("! '!rfor%an*! y ("! ran(!!of &o%! for% of '#i* &!ri*!.3 In o("!r :ord&, ("! %a?ori(y("!ori!& ("a( ("! for*!d dona(ion of air (i%! (o ("! Co%!#!*i& a %!an& y :"i*" ("! S(a(! !(& *o%'!n&a(ion for ("!ran( of ("! fran*"i&! andBor ("! &! of ("! air #an!&.

i(" a## d! r!&'!*(, I di&ar!!. T"! %a?ori(y i& r!#yin on a

("!or!(i*a# di&(in*(ion ("a( do!& no( %a7! any r!a# di>!r!n*!.T"!ory %&( yi!#d (o r!a#i(y. I r!&'!*(f##y &%i( ("! fo##o:inar%!n(& (o &''or( %y di&&!n(;

1. T"! S(a(! do!& no( o:n ("! air:a!& and road*a&(fr!=!n*i!&. I( %!r!#y a##o*a(!&, &'!ri&!& and r!#a(!&("!ir 'ro'!r &!. T"&, o("!r ("an *o##!*(in &'!ri&ion orr!#a(ory f!!& :"i*" i( a#r!ady do!&, i( *anno( !+a*( anyon!ro& and nr!a&ona#!post factord!n& fro% ("!fran*"i&! "o#d!r&, :i("o( d! 'ro*!&& and ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.Mor!o!r, ("! ino*a(ion of ("! 3*o%%on ood3 do!& no(!+*&! ("! nrid#!d and *#!ar#y !+*!&&i! (a7in of afran*"i&!!& 'ro'!r(y.

2. )&&%in argueno("a( ("! S(a(! o:n& ("! air #an!&, ("!

road*a&(in *o%'ani!& a#r!ady 'ay r!n(a# f!!& (o ("!o!rn%!n( for ("!ir &!. H!n*!, ("! &!ir! of air (i%!*anno( ! ?&(i8!d y ("! ("!ory of *o%'!n&a(ion.

$. )ir:a!& and fr!=!n*i!& a#on!, :i("o( ("! radio and(!#!i&ion o:n!r& "%ono& in!&(%!n(& a%on(in (oi##ion& of '!&o&, *anno( ! (i#i!d for road*a&(in 'r'o&!&.H!n*!, a for*!d dona(ion of road*a&( (i%! i& in a*(a# fa*( a(a7in of &*" in!&(%!n(& :i("o( d! 'ro*!&& and :i("o('ay%!n( of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.

L!( %! !+'#ain fr("!r !a*" of ("!&! ar%!n(&.

D. -he State 5oes ot ;wn $ir =anes;

Dt ,erely 'egulates -heir roper se

"Common ?oo" 5oes ot 34cuse n!rile -aing.

Sini8*an(#y, ("! %a?ori(y do!& no( *#ai% ("a( ("! S(a(! o:n&("! air #an!&. I( %!r!#y *on(!nd& ("a( 3road*a&(in, :"!("!ry radio or y (!#!i&ion &(a(ion&, i& #i*!n&!d y ("!o!rn%!n(. )ir:a! fr!=!n*i!& "a! (o ! a##o*a(!d a&("!r! ar! %or! indiida#& :"o :an( (o road*a&( ("an ("!r!ar! fr!=!n*i!& (o a&&in. ) fran*"i&! i& ("& a 'rii#!!&?!*( a%on o("!r ("in . . . (o a%!nd%!n(, a#(!ra(ion orr!'!a# y ("! Conr!&& :"!n ("! *o%%on ood &o r!=ir!&.3 4

Tr! !no", a 3fran*"i&! &(ar(!d o( a& a roya# 'rii#!! ora ran*" of ("! Oin& 'r!roa(i!, &&i&(in in ("! "and& ofa &?!*(.35

Ind!!d, :"i#! ("! Con&(i((ion !+'r!&y 'roid!& ("a( 3a###and& of ("! '#i* do%ain, :a(!r&, %in!ra#, *oa#, '!(ro#!%,and o("!r %in!ra# oi#&, a## for*!&, a## for*!& of 'o(!n(ia# !n!ry,8&"!ri!&, for!&(& or (i%!r, :i#d#if!, Jora and fana, and o("!rna(ra# r!&or*!& ar! o:n!d y ("! S(a(!,3 i( i& &i#!n( a& (o ("!o:n!r&"i' of ("! air:a!& and fr!=!n*i!&. I( i& ("!nr!a&ona#! (o &ay ("a( no on! o:n& ("!%. Li7! ("! air :!r!a("! and ("! &n&"in! ("a( &&(ain& #if!, ("! air #an!&("!%&!#!& 3ar! no( 'ro'!r(y !*a&! ("!y *anno( !a''ro'ria(!d for ("! !n!8( of any indiida#,3 6( ar! (o !&!d (o ("! !&( adan(a! of a##.

F!*a&!, a& %!n(ion!d !ar#i!r, ("!r! ar! %or! 'ro&'!*(i!&!r& ("an fr!=!n*i!&, ("! S(a(! < in ("! !+!r*i&! of i(&

'o#i*! 'o:!r < a##o*a(!&, &'!ri&!& and r!#a(!& ("!ir &!,&o a& (o d!ri! %a+i%% !n!8( for ("! !n!ra# '#i*. T"!fran*"i&! ran(!d y ("! #!ia(r! (o road*a&(in*o%'ani!& i& !&&!n(ia##y for ("! 'r'o&! of '((in ord!r in("! &! of ("! air:a!& y a&&inin (o &*" *o%'ani!& ("!irr!&'!*(i! fr!=!n*i!&. T"! 'r'o&! i& no( (o ran( ("!% ("!

'rii#!! of &in '#i* 'ro'!r(y. /or, a& !ar#i!r &(a(!d,air:a!& ar! no( o:n!d y ("! o!rn%!n(.

)**ordin#y, ("! Na(iona# T!#!*o%%ni*a(ion& Co%%i&&ionNTC :a& (a&7!d y #a: (o in&(i((iona#i! ("i& r!#a(ion of("! air #an!&. To *o!r ("! ad%ini&(ra(i! *o&( of &'!ri&ionand r!#a(ion, ("! NTC #!i!& *"ar!&, :"i*" "a! !!nr!i&!d ':ard& in NTC M!%orand% Cir*#ar No. 14-A-94da(!d )&( 26, 1994. In a**ordan*! :i(" ("i& Cir*#ar,P!(i(ion!r GM) N!(:or7, In*., for ("! y!ar 1996, 'aid ("! NTCP2,AAD,591 of :"i*" P2,5D1,6.$D :a& NTC 3&'!ri&ion andr!#a(ion f!!,3 a& orn! o( y i(& )di(!d Con&o#ida(!d/inan*ia# S(a(!%!n(& for &aid y!ar, on 8#! :i(" ("! S!*ri(i!&and E+*"an! Co%%i&&ion. In &"or(, for i(& :or7 of a##o*a(ion,&'!ri&ion and r!#a(ion, ("! o!rn%!n( i& ad!=a(!#y*o%'!n&a(!d y ("! road*a&( %!dia ("ro" ("! 'ay%!n( off!!& ni#a(!ra##y &!( y ("! for%!r.

9ranchisee@s roperty Cannot

*e -aen +ithout Just Compensation

In &(a%'in nrid#!d dona(ion& :i(" i(& i%'ri%a(r, ("!%a?ori(y o!r#oo7& ("! (:ofo#d na(r! and 'r'o&! of afran*"i&!; o("!r ("an &!rin ("! '#i* !n!8( :"i*" i&&?!*( (o o!rn%!n( r!#a(ion, i( %&( a#&o ! (o ("!

fran*"i&! "o#d!r& adan(a!. n*! ran(!d, a fran*"i&! no(("! air #an!& (o!("!r :i(" *on*o%i(an( 'ria(! ri"(&,!*o%!& 'ro'!r(y of ("! ran(!!.I( i& r!ard!d y #a:'r!*i&!#y a& o("!r 'ro'!r(y and, a& any o("!r 'ro'!r(y, i( i&&af!ard!d y ("! Con&(i((ion fro% ari(rary r!o*a(ion ori%'air%!n(.AT"! ri"(& nd!r a fran*"i&! *an ! n!i("!r(a7!n nor *r(ai#!d for '#i* &! or 'r'o&!, !!n y ("!o!rn%!n( a& ("! ran(or, :i("o( 'ay%!n( of ?&(*o%'!n&a(ion 9a& aran(!!d nd!r or fnda%!n(a# #a:. 1DT"! fa*( ("a( ("! fran*"i&! r!#a(!& (o '#i* &! or 'r'o&!do!& no( !n(i(#! ("! &(a(! (o aroa(! or i%'air i(& &! :i("o(?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.11

T"! %a?ori(y fr("!r *#ai%& ("a(, *on&(i((iona##y,12fran*"i&!&ar! a#:ay& &?!*( (o a#(!ra(ion y Conr!&&, 3:"!n ("!*o%%on ood &o r!=ir!&.3 T"! =!&(ion ("!n oi#& do:n (o

("i&; o!& S!*(ion 92 of ("! %ni& E#!*(ion Cod! *on&(i((!a fran*"i&! %odi8*a(ion for ("! 3*o%%on ood,3 or an3n#a:f# (a7in of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y3 To an&:!r ("i& =!&(ion,I o a*7 (o hilippine ress Dnstitute# Dnc.vs.Commission on3lections, :"!r! a nani%o& S'r!%! Cor( "!#d; 1$

To compel'rin( %!dia *o%'ani!& to onate3Co%!#!* &'a*!3 of ("! di%!n&ion& &'!*i8!d inS!*(ion 2 of R!&o#(ion No. 22 no( #!&& ("an on!-"a#f 'a!, a%on(& (o 3(a7in3 of 'ria(! '!r&ona#'ro'!r(y for '#i* &! or 'r'o&!&. S!*(ion 2 fai#!d(o &'!*ify ("! in(!nd!dfre%uencyof &*" *o%'#&ory3dona(ion;3 on#y oncedrin ("! '!riod fro% 6 Mar*"1995 or 21 Mar*" 1995 n(i# 12 May 1995 or!!ryday or on*! a :!!7 or a& of(!n a& Co%!#!*%ay dir!*( drin ("! &a%! '!riod T"! !+(!n( of ("!

(a7in or d!'ria(ion i& no( in&&(an(ia# ("i& i& no( a*a&! of a e minimis (!%'orary #i%i(a(ion or r!&(rain('on ("! &! of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y. T"! %on!(ary a#!of ("! *o%'#&ory 3dona(ion,3 %!a&r!d y ("!ad!r(i&in ra(!& ordinari#y *"ar!d y n!:&'a'!r'#i&"!r& :"!("!r in *i(i!& or in non-ran ar!a&,%ay ! !ry &&(an(ia# ind!!d. E%'"a&i& inoriina#

"Common ?oo" 5oes ot Justify n!rile

-aing of 9ranchisee@s *roacast -ime

Li7! ("! =!&(ion!d r!&o#(ion in PPI, S!*(ion 92 *on(ain& no#i%i( a& (o ("! a%on( and r!*rr!n*! of ("! 3dona(ion3 of air

(i%! ("a( Co%!#!* *an d!%and fro% radio and T &(a(ion&.T"!r! ar! no id!#in!& or &(andard& 'roid!d a& (o ("! *"oi*!of &(a(ion&, (i%! and fr!=!n*y of airin, and 'rora%& (o !air!d. T"!or!(i*a##y, Co%!#!* *an *o%'!# ("! &! of a## ("! air(i%! of a &(a(ion. T"! fa*( ("a( Co%!#!* "a& no( !+!r*i&!d i(&ran(!d 'o:!r ari(rari#y i& i%%a(!ria# !*a&! ("! #a:, a&:ord!d, ad%i(& of nrid#!d !+!r*i&!.

) &(a((! i& *on&id!r!d oid for o!rr!ad(" :"!n 3i(o>!nd& ("! *on&(i((iona# 'rin*i'#! ("a( ao!rn%!n(a# 'r'o&! (o *on(ro# or 'r!!n( a*(ii(i!&*on&(i((iona##y &?!*( (o &(a(! r!#a(ion& %ay no(! a*"i!!d y %!an& :"i*" &:!!' nn!*!&&ari#yroad#y and ("!r!y inad! ("! ar!a of 'ro(!*(!dfr!!do%&.3 :i*7#!r . Ooo(a, 19 L !d 2d 444196. In a &!ri!& of d!*i&ion& ("i& Cor( "a& "!#d

("a(, !!n ("o" ("! o!rn%!n(a# 'r'o&! !#!i(i%a(! and &&(an(ia#, ("a( 'r'o&! *anno( !'r&!d y %!an& ("a( road#y &(iJ! fnda%!n(a#'!r&ona# #i!r(i!& :"!n ("! !nd *an ! %or!narro:#y a*"i!!d. T"! r!ad(" of #!ia(i!arid%!n( %&( ! i!:!d in ("! #i"( of #!&&


11/31

dra&(i* %!an& for a*"i!in ("! &a%! a&i* 'r'o&!.14

In a 196A o'inion, ("! )%!ri*an S'r!%! Cor(%ad! *#!ar ("a( ("! a&!n*! of &*" r!a&ona#! andd!8ni(! &(andard& in a #!ia(ion of i(& *"ara*(!r i&fa(a#. "!r!, a& in ("! *a&! of ("! ao! 'arara'"&,("! %a?ori(y of ("! Cor( *o#d di&*!rn 3ano!rr!ad(" ("a( %a7!& 'o&&i#! o''r!&&i! or*a'ri*io& a''#i*a(ion3 of ("! &(a((ory 'roi&ion&,("! #in! diidin ("! a#id fro% ("! *on&(i((iona##yin8r% "a& !!n *ro&&!d. S*" 'roi&ion& o>!nd ("!*on&(i((iona# 'rin*i'#! ("a( 3a o!rn%!n(a# 'r'o&!(o *on(ro# or 'r!!n( a*(ii(i!& *on&(i((iona##y&?!*( (o &(a(! r!#a(ion %ay no( ! a*"i!!d y%!an& :"i*" &:!!' nn!*!&&ari#y road#y and("!r!y inad! ("! ar!a of 'ro(!*(!d fr!!do%&.3

I( i& nd!nia#!, ("!r!for!, ("a( !!n ("o" ("!o!rn%!n(a# 'r'o&! ! #!i(i%a(! and &&(an(ia#,("!y *anno( ! 'r&!d y %!an& ("a( road#y &(iJ!fnda%!n(a# '!r&ona# #i!r(i!& :"!n ("! !nd *an !%or! narro:#y a*"i!!d. /or 'r!*i&ion of r!#a(ion i&("! (o*"&(on! in an ar!a &o *#o&!#y r!#a(!d (o or%o&( 'r!*io& fr!!do%&. 15

)& a r#!, a &(a((! %ay ! &aid (o ! a! and ina#id if 3i(

#!a!& #a: !nfor*!& in ("! *a&!, ("! Co%!#!* nrid#!ddi&*r!(ion in *arryin o( i(& 'roi&ion& and !*o%!& anari(rary J!+in of ("! o!rn%!n( %&*#!.316

Mor!o!r, ("! !+(!n( of ("! a*(a# (a7in of air (i%! i&!nor%o&, !+ori(an( and nr!a&ona#!. In ("!irM!%orand%,1'!(i(ion!r& a##!! and ("i& "a& no( !!nr!((!d a( a## ("a( drin ("! 1992 !#!*(ion '!riod, GM)N!(:or7 "a& !!n *o%'!##!d (o dona(! P22,49A.56D :or(" ofad!r(i&in r!!n!& and for ("! *rr!n( !#!*(ion '!riod, GM)&(and& (o #o&! a &(a!rin P5A,9AD,A5D. No:, *#!ar#y and%o&( oioy, ("!&! a%on(& ar! no( in*on&!=!n(ia# or eminimis. T"!y *on&(i((! ari(rary (a7in on a rand &*a#!

)%!ri*an ?ri&'rd!n*! i& r!'#!(! :i(" *i(a(ion& &"o:in ("a(

3#!ia(i! r!#a(ion of '#i* (i#i(i!& %&( no( "a! ("!!>!*( of d!'riin an o:n!r of "i& 'ro'!r(y :i("o( d!'ro*!&& of #a:, nor of *on8&*a(in or a''ro'ria(in 'ria(!'ro'!r(y :i("o( d! 'ro*!&& of #a:, nor of *on8&*a(in ora''ro'ria(in 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y :i("o( ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion, norof #i%i(in or 'r!&*riin irr!o*a#y !&(!d ri"(& or'rii#!!& #a:f##y a*=ir!d nd!r a *"ar(!r or fran*"i&!.3 T"!'o:!r (o r!#a(! i& &?!*( (o ("!&! *on&(i((iona# #i%i(&. 1ACon&!=!n(#y, 3ri"(& nd!r a fran*"i&! *anno( ! (a7!n orda%a!d for a '#i* &! :i("o( ("! %a7in of ?&(*o%'!n&a(ion ("!r!for.319To do &o i& *#!ar#y !yond ("!'o:!r of ("! #!ia(r! (o r!#a(!.

DD.$ssuming -hat the State ;wns $ir =anes#

*roacast Companies $lreay ay 'ental -herefor.

L!( %! ran( for ("! %o%!n( and for ("! &a7! of ar%!n(("a( ("! S(a(! o:n& ("! air #an!& and ("a(, y i(& ran( of afran*"i&!, i( &"o#d ("& r!*!i! *o%'!n&a(ion for ("! &! of&aid fr!=!n*i!&. I &ay, "o:!!r, ("a( y r!%i((innr!a&ona#y "i" 3anna# f!!& and *"ar!&,3 :"i*" a& !ar#i!r&(a(!d a%on(& (o %i##ion& of '!&o& y!ar#y, (!#!i&ion &(a(ion&ar! in !>!*( 'ayin r!n(a# f!!& for ("! &! no( ?&( ("!r!#a(ion of &aid fr!=!n*i!&. E+*!'( for ("! anna#in&'!*(ion *ond*(!d y ("! NTC, no o("!r &ini8*an( &!ri*!i& '!rfor%!d y ("! o!rn%!n( in !+*"an! for ("!!nor%o& f!!& *"ar!d ("! &(a(ion&. Eid!n(#y, ("! &%&*o##!*(!d y ("! NTC !+*!!d ("! *o&( of &!ri*!& '!rfor%!d yi(, and ar! ("!r!for! %or! 'ro'!r#y nd!r&(ood a& r!n(a# f!!&for ("! &! of ("! fr!=!n*i!& ran(!d ("!%. 2D

Sin*! ("! &! of ("! air fr!=!n*i!& i& a#r!ady 'aid foranna##y y ("! road*a&( !n(i(i!&, ("!r! i& no a&i& for ("!o!rn%!n(, ("ro" ("! Co%!#!*, (o *o%'!# nrid#!ddona(ion of ("! air (i%! of &aid *o%'ani!& :i("o( d!'ro*!&& and :i("o( 'ay%!n( of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.

In fa*(, !!n in ("! *a&! of &(a(!-o:n!d r!&or*!& r!f!rr!d (o!ar#i!r < #i7! oi#, %in!ra#& and *oa# < on*! ("! #i*!n&! (o!+'#oi( and d!!#o' ("!% i& ran(!d (o a 'ria(! *or'ora(ion,("! o!rn%!n( *an no #on!r ar!itrarily*on8&*a(! ora''ro'ria(! ("!%gratisnd!r ("! i&! of &!rin ("!*o%%on ood. Crd! oi#, for in&(an*!, on*! !+'#or!d, dri##!d,and r!8n!d i& ("!r!af(!r *on&id!r!d ("! 'ro'!r(y of ("!a("ori!d !+'#or!r or r!8n!r :"i*" *an &!## i( (o ("! '#i*and !!n (o ("! o!rn%!n( i(&!#f. T"! S(a(! &i%'#y *anno(

d!%and fr!! a&o#in! for ("! o'!ra(ion of '#i* fa*i#i(i!&!!n if ("!y !n!8( ("! '!o'#! in !n!ra#. I( &(i## "a& (o 'ay*o%'!n&a(ion ("!r!for.

DDD.$irwaves seless +ithout Fuge

Dnvestment of *roacast Companies

S!((in ' and o'!ra(in a *r!di#! road*a&(in n!(:or7r!=ir!& i##ion& of '!&o& in in!&(%!n(&. I( i& 'r!*i&!#y ("!road*a&( #i*!n&!!& &! of a &(a(!-ran(!d fran*"i&! or'rii#!! :"i*" o**a&ion& i(& a*=i&i(ion of 'ria(! 'ro'!r(y in("! for% of road*a&( fa*i#i(i!& and i(& 'rod*(ion of air (i%!.T"!&! 'ro'!r(i!& ar! di&(in*( fro% i(& fran*"i&!. 21T"! 1996)di(!d Con&o#ida(!d Fa#an*! S"!!( of P!(i(ion!r GM), on 8#!:i(" ("! SEC, &"o:& ("a( i(& 3'ro'!r(y and !=i'%!n(,3 :"i*"i( &!& in i(& road*a&( fn*(ion, a%on( (o o!r on! i##ion'!&o& or, (o ! !+a*(, P1,245,41,4A. 22T"i& do!& no( in*#d!("! *o&( of 'rod*in ("! 'rora%& (o ! road*a&(, (a#!n(f!!& and o("!r a&'!*(& of road*a&(in. In ("!ir M!%orand%,2$'!(i(ion!r& !+'#ain ("a( ("! (o(a# *o&( for GM) (o &(ay on ("!air for (!#!i&ion a( 'r!&!n( i& a''ro+i%a(!#y P1$6,1DD '!r"or, :"i*" in*#d!& !#!*(ri*i(y, d!'r!*ia(ion, r!'air& and%ain(!nan*!, (!*"ni*a# fa*i#i(i!&, &a#ari!&, and &o on. T"!'oin( i&; T"! fran*"i&! "o#d!r& *an r!*o!r ("!ir "!in!&(%!n(& on#y y &!##in air (i%! (o ad!r(i&!r&. T"i& i&("!ir 3'rod*(,3 ("!ir a#a#! 'ro'!r(y :"i*" S!*(ion 92for*i#y (a7!& fro% ("!% in %a&&i! a%on(& :i("o( 'ay%!n(of ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion.

I( i& (oo &i%'#i&(i* (o &ay ("a( !*a&! ("! Con&(i((ion a##o:&Conr!&& (o a#(!r fran*"i&!&, ergo, an nrid#!d (a7in of'ria(! 'ro'!r(y %ay ! a##o:!d. If &*" a''ro'ria(ion :!r!

on#y, (o &! ("! :ord& of D vs. Comelec, e minimis orin&ini8*an( < &ay, on! "or on*! or (:i*! a %on(" !r!d di&(in*(ion !(:!!n 'rin( androad*a&( %!dia i& (oo in&ini8*an( and (oo Ji%&y (o ! aa#id ?&(i8*a(ion for ("! di&*ri%ina(ion. T"! 'rin( and


12/31

road*a&( %!dia ar! !=a# in ("! &!n&! ("a( o(" d!ri! ("!irr!!n!& 'rin*i'a##y fro% 'aid ad&. T"!y &"o#d ("& !(r!a(!d !=a##y y ("! #a: in r!&'!*( of &*" ad&.

To &% ', ("! Fi## of Ri"(& of or Con&(i((ion !+'r!&yaran(!!& ("! fo##o:in ri"(&;

1. No '!r&on, :"!("!r ri*" or 'oor, &"a## ! d!'ri!d of'ro'!r(y :i("o( d! 'ro*!&&.25

2. S*" 'ro'!r(y &"a## no( ! (a7!n y ("! o!rn%!n(, !!nfor ("! &! of ("! !n!ra# '#i*, :i("o( 8r&( 'ayin ?&(*o%'!n&a(ion (o ("! o:n!r.26

$. No on!, r!ard#!&& of &o*ia# or 8nan*ia# &(a(&, &"a## !d!ni!d !=a# 'ro(!*(ion of ("! #a:.2

T"! %a?ori(y, "o:!!r, '!r!%'(ori#y r&"!& a&id! a## ("!&!&a*r!d aran(!!& and 'r!f!r& (o r!#y on ("! n!#o& #!a#("!ory ("a( road*a&( &(a(ion& ar! %!r! r!*i'i!n(& of &(a(!-ran(!d fran*"i&!& :"i*" *an ! a#(!r!d or :i("dra:n any(i%!or o("!r:i&! rd!n!d :i("post facto!#!'"an(in! yo7!&. Fy("i& &"or(-*ir*i(!d ra(iona#ia(ion, ("! %a?ori(y #i("!#yinor!& ("! 'ria(! !n(r!'r!n!r& i##ion-'!&o in!&(%!n(&and ("! road*a&( 'rof!&&iona#& ri( and (oi# in (ran&for%in("!&! ini&i#! fran*"i&!& in(o %!r*"andi&a#! 'ro'!r(y and

*on!ni!n(#y for!(& ("! ri% r!a#i(y ("a( ("! (a7in of"on!&(#y !arn!d %!dia a&&!(& i& nrid#!d, !+ori(an( andari(rary. or&!, ("! o!rn%!n(,2Aaain&( :"i*" ("!&!*on&(i((iona# ri"(& (o 'ro'!r(y :!r! in ("! 8r&( '#a*! :ri((!n,'rd!n(#y ar!!& (o r!&'!*( ("!% and (o 'ay ad!=a(!*o%'!n&a(ion for ("!ir (a7in. F( ironi*a##y, ("! %a?ori(yr!?!*(& ("! !+!%'#ary o&!ran*! y ("! o!rn%!n( of ("!'!o'#!& ri"(& and in&i&(& on ("! *on8&*a(ion of ("!ir 'ria(!'ro'!r(y.

I "a! a#:ay& !#i!!d ("a( ("! S'r!%! Cor( i& ("! !!rii#an( ardian of ("! *on&(i((iona# ri"(& of ("! *i(i!n&and ("!ir #(i%a(! 'ro(!*(or aain&( ("! (yranni!& of ("!ir o:no!rn%!n(. I a% afraid ("a( y ("i& nfor(na(! !*i&ion, ("!%a?ori(y, in ("i& in&(an*!, "a& in&(!ad *on!r(!d ("i&"onora#! and %a?!&(i* Cor( in(o ("! '!o'#!& n:i((ino''r!&&or.

HERE/RE, I o(! (o GR)NT ("! '!(i(ion and (o d!*#ar!S!*(ion 92 of ("! %ni& E#!*(ion Cod! UNCNSTITUTIN)Land I.

urisima# J.# issents.

G.R. No. L-2D62D )&( 15, 194

REPUFLIC / THE PHILIPPINES, '#ain(i>-a''!##an(,&.C)RMEN M. ). E C)STELLI, ET )L., d!f!ndan(&-a''!##!!&.

;&ce of the Solicitor ?eneral for plaintiappellant.

C.$. ,eno8a G $. 6. 'a%ui8a an $l!erto Cacnio G $ssociatesfor efenantappellees.

)LI)R,J.:p

)''!a# fro% ("! d!*i&ion of ("! Cor( of /ir&( In&(an*! ofPa%'ana in i(& Cii# Ca&! No. 162$, an !+'ro'ria(ion

'ro*!!din.

P#ain(i>-a''!##an(, ("! R!'#i* of ("! P"i#i''in!&, "!r!inaf(!rr!f!rr!d (o a& ("! R!'#i* 8#!d, on 0n! 26, 1959, a*o%'#ain( for !%in!n( do%ain aain&( d!f!ndan(-a''!##!!,Car%!n M. da. d! Ca&(!##i, ?di*ia# ad%ini&(ra(ri+ of ("!!&(a(! of ("! #a(! )#fon&o d! Ca&(!##i "!r!inaf(!r r!f!rr!d (oa& Ca&(!##i, o!r a 'ar*!# of #and &i(a(!d in ("! arrio of San0o&!, /#orida#an*a, Pa%'ana, d!&*ri!d a& fo##o:&;

) 'ar*!# of #and, Lo( No. 199-F Fr!a ofLand& P#an S:o 2$666. Fond!d on ("! NEy Maria Ni!!& To#!do-Gon on ("! SE yna(iona# road on ("! S y )/P r!&!ra(ion,and on ("! N y )/P r!&!ra(ion.Con(ainin an ar!a of 59,299 &=ar!

%!(!r&, %or! or #!&&, and r!i&(!r!d in ("!na%! of )#fon&o Ca&(!##i nd!r TCT No.1$6$1 of ("! R!i&(!r of Pa%'ana ...

and aain&( d!f!ndan(-a''!##!! Maria Ni!!& To#!do Gon"!r!inaf(!r r!f!rr!d (o a& To#!do-Gon o!r (:o 'ar*!#& of#and d!&*ri!d a& fo##o:&;

) 'ar*!# of #and Por(ion Lo( F#7-1, Fr!a ofLand& P#an P&d, 26254. Fond!d on ("! NEy Lo( $, on ("! SE y Lo( $ on ("! S yLo( 1-F, F#7. 2 !=ia#!n( (o Lo( 199-F S:o2$666 on ("! N y )/P %i#i(aryr!&!ra(ion. Con(ainin an ar!a of 45D,2$&=ar! %!(!r&, %or! or #!&& and r!i&(!r!din ("! na%! of Maria Ni!!& To#!do-Gonnd!r TCT No. ADA of ("! R!i&(!r of !!d&of Pa%'ana. ..., and

) 'ar*!# of #and Por(ion of #o( $, F#7-1,Fr!a of Land& P#an P&d 26254. Fond!don ("! NE y Lo( No. $, on ("! SE y &*"oo##o( and na(iona# road, on ("! S y Lo( 1-FF#7 2 !=ia#!n( (o Lo( 199-F S:o 2$666,on ("! N y Lo( 1-F, F#7-1. Con(ainin anar!a of AA,2 &=ar! %!(!r&, %or! or #!&&,and r!i&(!r!d in ("! na%! of Maria Ni!!&To#!do Gon nd!r TCT No. ADA of ("!R!i&(!r of !!d& of Pa%'ana, ....

In i(& *o%'#ain(, ("! R!'#i* a##!!d, a%on o("!r ("in&,

("a( ("! fair %ar7!( a#! of ("! ao!-%!n(ion!d #and&,a**ordin (o ("! Co%%i((!! on )''rai&a# for ("! Proin*! ofPa%'ana, :a& no( %or! ("an P2,DDD '!r "!*(ar!, or a (o(a#%ar7!( a#! of P259,669.1D and 'ray!d, ("a( ("! 'roi&iona#a#! of ("! #and& ! 8+!d a( P259.669.1D, ("a( ("! *or(a("ori!& '#ain(i> (o (a7! i%%!dia(! 'o&&!&&ion of ("! #and&'on d!'o&i( of ("a( a%on( :i(" ("! Proin*ia# Tr!a&r!r ofPa%'ana ("a( ("! *or( a''oin(& ("r!! *o%%i&&ion!r& (oa&*!r(ain and r!'or( (o ("! *or( ("! ?&( *o%'!n&a(ion for("! 'ro'!r(y &o"( (o ! !+'ro'ria(!d, and ("a( ("! *or(i&&!& ("!r!af(!r a 8na# ord!r of *ond!%na(ion.

n 0n! 29, 1959 ("! (ria# *or( i&&!d an ord!r 8+in ("!'roi&iona# a#! of ("! #and& a( P259,669.1D.

In "!r 3%o(ion (o di&%i&&3 8#!d on 0#y 14, 1959, Ca&(!##ia##!!d, a%on o("!r ("in&, ("a( ("! #and nd!r "!rad%ini&(ra(ion, !in a r!&id!n(ia# #and, "ad a fair %ar7!(a#! of P15.DD '!r &=ar! %!(!r, &o i( "ad a (o(a# %ar7!(a#! of P11,$A9,4A5.DD ("a( ("! R!'#i*, ("ro" ("!)r%!d /or*!& of ("! P"i#i''in!&, 'ar(i*#ar#y ("! P"i#i''in! )ir/or*!, "ad !!n, d!&'i(! r!'!a(!d d!%and&, i##!a##yo**'yin "!r 'ro'!r(y &in*! 0#y 1, 1956, ("!r!y 'r!!n(in"!r fro% &in and di&'o&in of i(, ("& *a&in "!r da%a!&y :ay of nr!a#i!d 'ro8(&. T"i& d!f!ndan( 'ray!d ("a( ("!*o%'#ain( ! di&%i&&!d, or ("a( ("! R!'#i* ! ord!r!d (o'ay "!r P15.DD '!r &=ar! %!(!r, or a (o(a# ofP11,$A9,4A5.DD, '#& in(!r!&( ("!r!on a( 6 '!r ann% fro%0#y 1, 1956 ("a( ("! R!'#i* ! ord!r!d (o 'ay "!rP5,DDD,DDD.DD a& nr!a#i!d 'ro8(&, and ("! *o&(& of ("! &i(.

Fy ord!r of ("! (ria# *or(, da(!d )&(, 1959, )%'aro C.ia, o#or!& G. ida d! Gi#, Pa#o%a Ca&(!##i, Car%!nCa&(!##i, Rafa!# Ca&(!##i, Li& Ca&(!##i, Na(iidad Ca&(!##i d!Ra=ia, 0o&! Ca&(!##i and Con&!#o Ca&(!##i :!r! a##o:!d (oin(!r!n! a& 'ar(i!& d!f!ndan(&. S&!=!n(#y, 0oa=in .Gon, 0r., "&and of d!f!ndan( Ni!!& To#!do Gon, :a&a#&o a##o:!d y ("! *or( (o in(!r!n! a& a 'ar(y d!f!ndan(.

)f(!r ("! R!'#i* "ad d!'o&i(!d :i(" ("! Proin*ia# Tr!a&r!rof Pa%'ana ("! a%on( of P259,669.1D, ("! (ria# *or(ord!r!d ("a( ("! R!'#i* ! '#a*!d in 'o&&!&&ion of ("!#and&. T"! R!'#i* :a& a*(a##y '#a*!d in 'o&&!&&ion of ("!#and& on )&( 1D,1959.1

In "!r 3%o(ion (o di&%i&&3, da(!d *(o!r 22, 1959, To#!do-Gon a##!!d, a%on o("!r ("in&, ("a( "!r (:o 'ar*!#& of#and :!r! r!&id!n(ia# #and&, in fa*( a 'or(ion :i(" an ar!a of$4$,$D$ &=ar! %!(!r& "ad a#r!ady !!n &diid!d in(odi>!r!n( #o(& for &a#! (o ("! !n!ra# '#i*, and ("! r!%ainin'or(ion "ad a#r!ady !!n &!( a&id! for !+'an&ion &i(!& of ("!a#r!ady *o%'#!(!d &dii&ion& ("a( ("! fair %ar7!( a#! of&aid #and& :a& P15.DD '!r &=ar! %!(!r, &o ("!y "ad a (o(a#%ar7!( a#! of PA,DA5,65.DD and &"! 'ray!d ("a( ("!*o%'#ain( ! di&%i&&!d, or ("a( &"! ! 'aid ("! a%on( ofPA,DA5,65.DD, '#& in(!r!&( ("!r!on a( ("! ra(! of 6 '!rann% fro% *(o!r 1$, 1959, and a((orn!y& f!!& in ("!a%on( of P5D,DDD.DD.

In(!r!nor& 0o&! Ca&(!##i and Con&!#o Ca&(!##i in ("!iran&:!r, 8#!d on /!rary 11, 196D, and a#&o in(!r!nor

0oa=in Gon, 0r., "&and of d!f!ndan( Maria Ni!!& To#!do-Gon, in "i& %o(ion (o di&%i&&, da(!d May 2, 196D, a##a##!!d ("a( ("! a#! of ("! #and& &o"( (o ! !+'ro'ria(!d:a& a( ("! ra(! of P15.DD '!r &=ar! %!(!r.


13/31

n No!%!r 4, 1959, ("! (ria# *or( a("ori!d ("! Proin*ia#Tr!a&r!r of Pa%'ana (o 'ay d!f!ndan( To#!do-Gon ("!&% of P1D,6D9.DD a& 'roi&iona# a#! of "!r #and&. 2nMay 16, 196D ("! (ria# Cor( a("ori!d ("! Proin*ia#Tr!a&r!r of Pa%'ana (o 'ay d!f!ndan( Ca&(!##i ("! a%on(of P151,A59.AD a& 'roi&iona# a#! of ("! #and nd!r "!rad%ini&(ra(ion, and ord!r!d &aid d!f!ndan( (o d!'o&i( ("!a%on( :i(" ("! P"i#i''in! Na(iona# Fan7 nd!r ("!&'!ri&ion of ("! !'(y C#!r7 of Cor(. In ano("!r ord!r ofMay 16, 196D ("! (ria# Cor( !n(!r!d an ord!r of*ond!%na(ion. $

T"! (ria# Cor( a''oin(!d ("r!! *o%%i&&ion!r&; )((y. )%ad!oon, C#!r7 of Cor(, a& *o%%i&&ion!r for ("! *or( )((y./!#i*i&i%o G. Pa%andanan, *on&!# of ("! P"i#i''in! Na(iona#Fan7 Fran*" a( /#orida#an*a, for ("! '#ain(i> and )((y.L!onardo /. Lan&anan, /i#i'ino #!a# *on&!# a( C#ar7 )ir Fa&!,for ("! d!f!ndan(&. T"! Co%%i&&ion!r&, af(!r "ain =a#i8!d("!%&!#!&, 'ro*!!d!d (o ("! '!rfor%an*! of ("!ir d(i!&.

n Mar*" 15,1961 ("! Co%%i&&ion!r& &%i((!d ("!ir r!'or(and r!*o%%!nda(ion, :"!r!in, af(!r "ain d!(!r%in!d ("a(("! #and& &o"( (o ! !+'ro'ria(!d :!r! r!&id!n(ia# #and&,("!y r!*o%%!nd!d nani%oy ("a( ("! #o:!&( 'ri*! ("a(&"o#d ! 'aid :a& P1D.DD '!r &=ar! %!(!r, for o(" ("!#and& of Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon ("a( an addi(iona#P5,DDD.DD ! 'aid (o To#!do-Gon for i%'ro!%!n(& fond

on "!r #and ("a( #!a# in(!r!&( on ("! *o%'!n&a(ion,*o%'(!d fro% )&( 1D, 1959, ! 'aid af(!r d!d*(in ("!a%on(& a#r!ady 'aid (o ("! o:n!r&, and ("a( no*on&!=!n(ia# da%a!& ! a:ard!d.4T"! Co%%i&&ion!r&r!'or( :a& o?!*(!d (o y a## ("! 'ar(i!& in ("! *a&! < yd!f!ndan(& Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon, :"o in&i&(!d ("a( ("!fair %ar7!( a#! of ("!ir #and& &"o#d ! 8+!d a( P15.DD '!r&=ar! %!(!r and y ("! R!'#i*, :"i*" in&i&(!d ("a( ("!'ri*! (o ! 'aid for ("! #and& &"o#d ! 8+!d a( PD.2D '!r&=ar! %!(!r.5

)f(!r ("! 'ar(i!&-d!f!ndan(& and in(!r!nor& "ad 8#!d ("!irr!&'!*(i! %!%oranda, and ("! R!'#i*, af(!r &!!ra#!+(!n&ion& of (i%!, "ad ado'(!d a& i(& %!%orand% i(&o?!*(ion& (o ("! r!'or( of ("! Co%%i&&ion!r&, ("! (ria# *or(,on May 26, 1961, r!nd!r!d i(& d!*i&ion6("! di&'o&i(i!

'or(ion of :"i*" r!ad& a& fo##o:&;

HERE/RE, (a7in in(o a**on( a## ("!for!oin *ir*%&(an*!&, and ("a( ("! #and&ar! (i(#!d, ... ("! ri&in (r!nd of #anda#!& ..., and ("! #o:!r!d 'r*"a&in'o:!r of ("! P"i#i''in! '!&o, ("! *or( 8nd&("a( ("! nani%o& r!*o%%!nda(ion of ("!*o%%i&&ion!r& of (!n P1D.DD '!&o& '!r&=ar! %!(!r for ("! ("r!! #o(& of ("!d!f!ndan(& &?!*( of ("i& a*(ion i& fair and?&(.

+++ +++ +++

T"! '#ain(i> :i## 'ay 6 in(!r!&( '!r ann%on ("! (o(a# a#! of ("! #and& of d!f!ndan(To#!do-Gon &in*! &i* ("! a%on(d!'o&i(!d a& 'roi&iona# a#! fro% )&(1D, 1959 n(i# f## 'ay%!n( i& %ad! (o &aidd!f!ndan( or d!'o&i( ("!r!for i& %ad! in*or(.

In r!&'!*( (o ("! d!f!ndan( Ca&(!##i,in(!r!&( a( 6 '!r ann% :i## a#&o ! 'aidy ("! '#ain(i> (o d!f!ndan( Ca&(!##i fro%0#y 1, 1956 :"!n '#ain(i> *o%%!n*!d i(&i##!a# 'o&&!&&ion of ("! Ca&(!##i #and :"!n("! in&(an( a*(ion "ad no( y!( !!n*o%%!n*!d (o 0#y 1D, 1959 :"!n ("!'roi&iona# a#! ("!r!of :a& a*(a##y

d!'o&i(!d in *or(, on ("! (o(a# a#! of ("!&aid Ca&(!##i #and a& "!r!in ad?d!d. T"!&a%! ra(! of in(!r!&( &"a## ! 'aid fro% 0#y11, 1959 on ("! (o(a# a#! of ("! #and"!r!in ad?d!d %in& ("! a%on(d!'o&i(!d a& 'roi&iona# a#!, orP151,A59.AD, &*" in(!r!&( (o rn n(i# f##'ay%!n( i& %ad! (o &aid d!f!ndan( ord!'o&i( ("!r!for i& %ad! in *or(. )## ("!in(!r!nor& "ain fai#!d (o 'rod*!!id!n*! in &''or( of ("!ir r!&'!*(i!in(!r!n(ion&, &aid in(!r!n(ion& ar! ord!r!ddi&%i&&!d.

T"! *o&(& &"a## ! *"ar!d (o ("! '#ain(i>.

n 0n! 21, 1961 ("! R!'#i* 8#!d a %o(ion for a n!: (ria#andBor r!*on&id!ra(ion, 'on ("! rond& of n!:#y-di&*o!r!d!id!n*!, ("a( ("! d!*i&ion :a& no( &''or(!d y ("!!id!n*!, and ("a( ("! d!*i&ion :a& aain&( ("! #a:, aain&(:"i*" %o(ion d!f!ndan(& Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon 8#!d

("!ir r!&'!*(i! o''o&i(ion&. n 0#y A, 1961 :"!n ("! %o(ionof ("! R!'#i* for n!: (ria# andBor r!*on&id!ra(ion :a& *a##!dfor "!arin, ("! R!'#i* 8#!d a &''#!%!n(a# %o(ion for n!:(ria# 'on ("! rond of addi(iona# n!:#y-di&*o!r!d !id!n*!.T"i& %o(ion for n!: (ria# andBor r!*on&id!ra(ion :a& d!ni!d y("! *or( on 0#y 12, 1961.

n 0#y 1, 1961 ("! R!'#i* a! no(i*! of i(& in(!n(ion (oa''!a# fro% ("! d!*i&ion of May 26, 1961 and ("! ord!r of 0#y12, 1961. !f!ndan( Ca&(!##i a#&o 8#!d, on 0#y 1, 1961, "!rno(i*! of a''!a# fro% ("! d!*i&ion of ("! (ria# *or(.

T"! R!'#i* 8#!d ario& !+-'ar(! %o(ion& for !+(!n&ion of(i%! :i("in :"i*" (o 8#! i(& r!*ord on a''!a#. T"! R!'#i*&r!*ord on a''!a# :a& 8na##y &%i((!d on !*!%!r 6, 1961.

!f!ndan(& Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon 8#!d no( on#y a ?oin(o''o&i(ion (o ("! a''roa# of ("! R!'#i*& r!*ord on a''!a#,( a#&o a ?oin( %!%orand% in &''or( of ("!ir o''o&i(ion.T"! R!'#i* a#&o 8#!d a %!%orand% in &''or( of i(& 'ray!rfor ("! a''roa# of i(& r!*ord on a''!a#. n !*!%!r 2,1961 ("! (ria# *or( i&&!d an ord!r d!*#arin o(" ("! r!*ordon a''!a# 8#!d y ("! R!'#i*, and ("! r!*ord on a''!a# 8#!dy d!f!ndan( Ca&(!##i a& "ain !!n 8#!d o( of (i%!,("!r!y di&%i&&in o(" a''!a#&.

n 0anary 11, 1962 ("! R!'#i* 8#!d a 3%o(ion (o &(ri7! o(("! ord!r of !*!%!r 2, 1961 and for r!*on&id!ra(ion3, and&&!=!n(#y an a%!nd!d r!*ord on a''!a#, aain&( :"i*"%o(ion ("! d!f!ndan(& Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon 8#!d ("!iro''o&i(ion. n 0#y 26, 1962 ("! (ria# *or( i&&!d an ord!r,&(a(in ("a( 3in ("! in(!r!&( of !+'!di!n*y, ("! =!&(ion&rai&!d %ay ! 'ro'!r#y and 8na##y d!(!r%in!d y ("!S'r!%! Cor(,3 and a( ("! &a%! (i%! i( ord!r!d ("! So#i*i(orG!n!ra# (o &%i( a r!*ord on a''!a# *on(ainin *o'i!& oford!r& and '#!adin& &'!*i8!d ("!r!in. In an ord!r da(!dNo!%!r 19, 1962, ("! (ria# *or( a''ro!d ("! R!'#i*&r!*ord on a''!a# a& a%!nd!d.

!f!ndan( Ca&(!##i did no( in&i&( on "!r a''!a#. !f!ndan(To#!do-Gon did no( a''!a#.

T"! %o(ion (o di&%i&& ("! R!'#i*& a''!a# :a& r!i(!ra(!d ya''!##!!& Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon !for! ("i& Cor(, (("i& Cor( d!ni!d ("! %o(ion.

In "!r %o(ion of )&( 11, 1964, a''!##!! Ca&(!##i &o"( (oin*r!a&! ("! 'roi&iona# a#! of "!r #and. T"! R!'#i*, in i(&*o%%!n( on Ca&(!##i& %o(ion, o''o&!d ("! &a%!. T"i& Cor(d!ni!d Ca&(!##i& %o(ion in a r!&o#(ion da(!d *(o!r2,1964.

T"! %o(ion of a''!##!!&, Ca&(!##i and To#!do-Gon, da(!d*(o!r 6, 1969, 'rayin ("a( ("!y ! a("ori!d (o %or(a!("! #and& &?!*( of !+'ro'ria(ion, :a& d!ni!d y ("i& Cor( or*(o!r 14, 1969.

n /!rary 14, 192, )((y&. )#!r(o Ca*nio, and )&&o*ia(!&,*on&!# for ("! !&(a(! of ("! #a(! on )#fon&o d! Ca&(!##i in("! !+'ro'ria(ion 'ro*!!din&, 8#!d a no(i*! of a((orn!y& #i!n,&(a(in ("a( a& '!r ar!!%!n( :i(" ("! ad%ini&(ra(or of ("!!&(a(! of on )#fon&o d! Ca&(!##i ("!y &"a## r!*!i! y :ay ofa((orn!y& f!!&, 3("! &% !=ia#!n( (o (!n '!r *!n(%

consti. expropriation

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