consti-calalang vs williams

8/11/2019 Consti-Calalang vs Williams

1/113

Case 1

SUPREME COURT

FIRST DIVISION

MAXIMO CALALANG,

Petitioner,-verss-

A! D! "ILLIAMS, ET AL!,

Res#on$ents!

G!R! No! %&'(( De)e*+er , 1%(

D E C I S I O N

LAUREL, .!/

Ma0i*o Caaan2, in 3is )a#a)it4 as a #rivate )iti5en an$ as a ta0#a4er o6 Mania, +ro23t +e6ore t3is )ortt3is #etition 6or a 7rit o6 #ro3i+ition a2ainst t3e res#on$ents, A! D! "iia*s, as C3air*an o6 t3e NationaTra66i) Co**ission8 Vi)ente Fra2ante, as Dire)tor o6 P+i) "or9s8 Ser2io :a4an, as A)tin2 Se)retar4 o6P+i) "or9s an$ Co**ni)ations8 Eo2io Ro$ri2e5, as Ma4or o6 t3e Cit4 o6 Mania8 an$ .anDo*in2e5, as A)tin2 C3ie6 o6 Poi)e o6 Mania!

It is ae2e$ in t3e #etition t3at t3e Nationa Tra66i) Co**ission, in its resotion o6 .4 1&, 1%(, resove$ tore)o**en$ to t3e Dire)tor o6 P+i) "or9s an$ to t3e Se)retar4 o6 P+i) "or9s an$ Co**ni)ations t3atani*a-$ra7n ve3i)es +e #ro3i+ite$ 6ro* #assin2 aon2 Rosario Street e0ten$in2 6ro* Pa5a Ca$eron $e a:ar)a to Das*ari;as Street, 6ro* &/


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t3e Le2isatre to an e0e)tive $e#art*ent or o66i)ia! T3e Le2isatre *a4 *a9e $e)isions o6 e0e)tive$e#art*ents or s+or$inate o66i)ias t3ereo6, to 73o* it 3as )o**itte$ t3e e0e)tion o6 )ertain a)ts, 6ina on>estions o6 6a)t! ?U!S! vs! Hin9ea$, %' Fe$!, 1%1! T3e 2ro7in2 ten$en)4 in t3e $e)isions is to 2ive#ro*inen)e to t3e ne)essit4 o6 t3e )ase!

Se)tion 1 o6 Co**on7eat3 A)t No! =%' rea$s as 6oo7s/

BSECTION 1! To #ro*ote sa6e transit #on, an$ avoi$ o+str)tions on, roa$s an$ streets $esi2nate$ as

nationa roa$s +4 a)ts o6 t3e Nationa Asse*+4 or +4 e0e)tive or$ers o6 t3e Presi$ent o6 t3e P3ii##ines, t3eDire)tor o6 P+i) "or9s, 7it3 t3e a##rova o6 t3e Se)retar4 o6 P+i) "or9s an$ Co**ni)ations, s3a#ro*2ate t3e ne)essar4 res an$ re2ations to re2ate an$ )ontro t3e se o6 an$ tra66i) on s)3 roa$s an$streets! S)3 res an$ re2ations, 7it3 t3e a##rova o6 t3e Presi$ent, *a4 )ontain #rovisions )ontroin2 orre2atin2 t3e )onstr)tion o6 +i$in2s or ot3er str)tres 7it3in a reasona+e $istan)e 6ro* aon2 t3enationa roa$s! S)3 roa$s *a4 +e te*#orari4 )ose$ to an4 or a )asses o6 tra66i) +4 t3e Dire)tor o6 P+i)"or9s an$ 3is $4 at3ori5e$ re#resentatives 73enever t3e )on$ition o6 t3e roa$ or t3e tra66i) t3ereon *a9ess)3 a)tion ne)essar4 or a$visa+e in t3e #+i) )onvenien)e an$ interest, or 6or a s#e)i6ie$ #erio$, 7it3 t3ea##rova o6 t3e Se)retar4 o6 P+i) "or9s an$ Co**ni)ations!

T3e a+ove #rovisions o6 a7 $o not )on6er e2isative #o7er #on t3e Dire)tor o6 P+i) "or9s an$ t3e

Se)retar4 o6 P+i) "or9s an$ Co**ni)ations! T3e at3orit4 t3erein )on6erre$ #on t3e* an$ n$er 73i)3t3e4 #ro*2ate$ t3e res an$ re2ations no7 )o*#aine$ o6 is not to $eter*ine 73at #+i) #oi)4$e*an$s +t *ere4 to )arr4 ot t3e e2isative #oi)4 ai$ $o7n +4 t3e Nationa Asse*+4 in sai$ A)t, to 7it,Bto #ro*ote sa6e transit #on an$ avoi$ o+str)tions on, roa$s an$ streets $esi2nate$ as nationa roa$s +4 a)tso6 t3e Nationa Asse*+4 or +4 e0e)tive or$ers o6 t3e Presi$ent o6 t3e P3ii##ines an$ to )ose t3e*te*#orari4 to an4 or a )asses o6 tra66i) B73enever t3e )on$ition o6 t3e roa$ or t3e tra66i) *a9es s)3 a)tionne)essar4 or a$visa+e in t3e #+i) )onvenien)e an$ interest! T3e $ee2ate$ #o7er, i6 at a, t3ere6ore, is nott3e $eter*ination o6 73at t3e a7 s3a +e, +t *ere4 t3e as)ertain*ent o6 t3e 6a)ts an$ )ir)*stan)es #on73i)3 t3e a##i)ation o6 sai$ a7 is to +e #re$i)ate$! To #ro*2ate res an$ re2ations on t3e se o6nationa roa$s an$ to $eter*ine 73en an$ 3o7 on2 a nationa roa$ s3o$ +e )ose$ to tra66i), in vie7 o6 t3e)on$ition o6 t3e roa$ or t3e tra66i) t3ereon an$ t3e re>ire*ents o6 #+i) )onvenien)e an$ interest, is an

a$*inistrative 6n)tion 73i)3 )annot +e $ire)t4 $is)3ar2e$ +4 t3e Nationa Asse*+4! It *st $e#en$ on t3e$is)retion o6 so*e ot3er 2overn*ent o66i)ia to 73o* is )on6i$e$ t3e $t4 o6 $eter*inin2 73et3er t3e #ro#ero))asion e0ists 6or e0e)tin2 t3e a7! :t it )annot +e sai$ t3at t3e e0er)ise o6 s)3 $is)retion is t3e *a9in2 o6t3e a7! As 7as sai$ in Lo)9es A##ea ?& Pa! %1/ BTo assert t3at a a7 is ess t3an a a7, +e)ase it is*a$e to $e#en$ on a 6tre event or a)t, is to ro+ t3e Le2isatre o6 t3e #o7er to a)t 7ise4 6or t3e #+i)7e6are 73enever a a7 is #asse$ reatin2 to a state o6 a66airs not 4et $eveo#e$, or to t3in2s 6tre an$i*#ossi+e to 64 9no7! T3e #ro#er $istin)tion t3e )ort sai$ 7as t3is/ BT3e Le2isatre )annot $ee2ate its#o7er to *a9e t3e a78 +t it )an *a9e a a7 to $ee2ate a #o7er to $eter*ine so*e 6a)t or state o6 t3in2s#on 73i)3 t3e a7 *a9es, or inten$s to *a9e, its o7n a)tion $e#en$! To $en4 t3is 7o$ +e to sto# t3e73ees o6 2overn*ent! T3ere are *an4 t3in2s #on 73i)3 7ise an$ se6 e2isation *st $e#en$ 73i)3)annot +e 9no7n to t3e a7-*a9in2 #o7er, an$, *st, t3ere6ore, +e a s+e)t o6 in>ir4 an$ $eter*ination

otsi$e o6 t3e 3as o6 e2isation! ?Fie$ vs! Car9, 1%< U! S! @%, @%8


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Sai$ A)t, +4 virte o6 73i)3 t3e res an$ re2ations )o*#aine$ o6 7ere #ro*2ate$, ai*s to #ro*ote sa6etransit #on an$ avoi$ o+str)tions on nationa roa$s, in t3e interest an$ )onvenien)e o6 t3e #+i)! Inena)tin2 sai$ a7, t3ere6ore, t3e Nationa Asse*+4 7as #ro*#te$ +4 )onsi$erations o6 #+i) )onvenien)ean$ 7e6are! It 7as ins#ire$ +4 a $esire to reieve )on2estion o6 tra66i)! 73i)3 is, to sa4 t3e east, a *ena)e to#+i) sa6et4! P+i) 7e6are, t3en, ies at t3e +otto* o6 t3e ena)t*ent o6 sai$ a7, an$ t3e state in or$er to#ro*ote t3e 2enera 7e6are *a4 inter6ere 7it3 #ersona i+ert4, 7it3 #ro#ert4, an$ 7it3 +siness an$o))#ations! Persons an$ #ro#ert4 *a4 +e s+e)te$ to a 9in$s o6 restraints an$ +r$ens, in or$er to se)re

t3e 2enera )o*6ort, 3eat3, an$ #ros#erit4 o6 t3e state ?U!S! vs! Go*e5 .ess, ire$ to 4ie$ to t3e #+i) 2oo$!An$ in Peo#e vs! Po*ar ?%@ P3i!, %%(, it 7as o+serve$ t3at Ba$van)in2 )ivii5ation is +rin2in2 7it3in t3e#oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state to$a4 t3in2s 73i)3 7ere not t3o23t o6 as +ein2 7it3in s)3 #o7er 4ester$a4! T3e$eveo#*ent o6 )ivii5ation, t3e ra#i$4 in)reasin2 #o#ation, t3e 2ro7t3 o6 #+i) o#inion, 7it3 anin)reasin2 $esire on t3e #art o6 t3e *asses an$ o6 t3e 2overn*ent to oo9 a6ter an$ )are 6or t3e interests o6 t3ein$ivi$as o6 t3e state, 3ave +ro23t 7it3in t3e #oi)e #o7er *an4 >estions 6or re2ation 73i)3 6or*er47ere not so )onsi$ere$!

T3e #etitioner 6ina4 avers t3at t3e res an$ re2ations )o*#aine$ o6 in6rin2e #on t3e )onstittiona#re)e#t re2ar$in2 t3e #ro*otion o6 so)ia sti)e to insre t3e 7e-+ein2 an$ e)ono*i) se)rit4 o6 a t3e#eo#e! T3e #ro*otion o6 so)ia sti)e, 3o7ever, is to +e a)3ieve$ not t3ro23 a *ista9en s4*#at34 to7ar$san4 2iven 2ro#! So)ia sti)e is Bneit3er )o**nis*, nor $es#otis*, nor ato*is*, nor anar)34, +t t3e3*ani5ation o6 a7s an$ t3e e>ai5ation o6 so)ia an$ e)ono*i) 6or)es +4 t3e State so t3at sti)e in itsrationa an$ o+e)tive4 se)ar )on)e#tion *a4 at east +e a##ro0i*ate$! So)ia sti)e *eans t3e #ro*otiono6 t3e 7e6are o6 a t3e #eo#e, t3e a$o#tion +4 t3e Govern*ent o6 *easres )a)ate$ to insre e)ono*i)sta+iit4 o6 a t3e )o*#etent ee*ents o6 so)iet4, t3ro23 t3e *aintenan)e o6 a #ro#er e)ono*i) an$ so)iae>ii+ri* in t3e interreations o6 t3e *e*+ers o6 t3e )o**nit4, )onstittiona4, t3ro23 t3e a$o#tion o6*easres e2a4 sti6ia+e, or e0tra)onstittiona4, t3ro23 t3e e0er)ise o6 #o7ers n$er4in2 t3e e0isten)eo6 a 2overn*ents on t3e ti*e-3onore$ #rin)i#e o6 sas #o#i est s#re*a e0!

So)ia sti)e, t3ere6ore, *st +e 6on$e$ on t3e re)o2nition o6 t3e ne)essit4 o6 inter$e#en$en)e a*on2 $iversan$ $iverse nits o6 a so)iet4 an$ o6 t3e #rote)tion t3at s3o$ +e e>a4 an$ even4 e0ten$e$ to a 2ro#s asa )o*+ine$ 6or)e in or so)ia an$ e)ono*i) i6e, )onsistent 7it3 t3e 6n$a*enta an$ #ara*ont o+e)tive o6t3e state o6 #ro*otin2 t3e 3eat3, )o*6ort, an$ >iet o6 a #ersons, an$ o6 +rin2in2 a+ot Bt3e 2reatest 2oo$ tot3e 2reatest n*+er!

IN VIE" OF TJE FOREGOING, t3e "rit o6 Pro3i+ition Pra4e$

6or is 3ere+4 $enie$, 7it3 )osts a2ainst t3e #etitioner! So or$ere$!

Avan)e;a, C!.!, I*#eria, Dia5 an$ Jorrieno, ..!, )on)r!


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Case

Re#+i) o6 t3e P3ii##inesSUPREME COURT

Mania

EN :ANC

G.R. No. L-21223 August 31, 1966

PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS CO., INC. (As E!"o#$%& ') *RANCISCO TONG (As Ass+st'tG$$%'" M''g$%& ') Atto%$#-+-*'t o SUSUMO SONOA, SEN/I TANA0A, TA0ASHI0O0UMAMOTO, HITOSHI NA0AMURA, TETSUO 0OU, (E!"o#$$s&,#etitioners an$ a##eants,vs!SOCIAL SECURIT SSTEM,res#on$ent an$ a##eee!

Demetrio B. Salem for petitioners and appellants.

Office of the Solicitor General Edilberto Barot and Solicitor Camilo D. Quiason for respondent and appellee.

BARRERA,J.:

T3e 6a)ts o6 t3is )ase are not $is#te$/

T3e P3ii##ine :oo*in2 Mis Co!, In)!, a $o*esti) )or#oration sin)e t3e start o6 its o#erations in 1=&, 3as+een e*#o4in2 .a#anese te)3ni)ians n$er a #re-arran2e$ )ontra)t o6 e*#o4*ent, t3e *ini** #erio$ o673i)3 e*#o4*ent is @ *ont3s an$ t3e *a0i** is % *ont3s!

Fro* A#ri ', 1=&, to O)to+er @, 1=', t3e )or#oration 3a$ in its e*#o4 @ .a#anese te)3ni)ians! In

)onne)tion 7it3 t3e e*#o4*ent o6 t3ese aiens, it sent an in>ir4 to t3e So)ia Se)rit4 S4ste* ?SSS 73et3ert3ese e*#o4ees are s+e)t to )o*#sor4 )overa2e n$er t3e S4ste*, 73i)3 in>ir4 7as ans7ere$ +4 t3e FirstDe#t4 A$*inistrator o6 t3e SSS, n$er $ate o6 A2st , 1=&, as 6oo7s/

SIR/

"it3 re6eren)e to 4or etter o6 A2st %, 1=&, 3eren$er are or ans7ers to 4or >eries/

Aliens employed in the Philippines:

Aiens 73o are e*#o4e$ in t3e P3ii##ines s3a aso +e )o*#sori4 )overe$! :t aiens 73o

are e*#o4e$ te*#orari4 s3a, #on t3eir $e#artre 6ro* t3e P3ii##ines, +e entite$ to a re+ateo6 a #ro#ortionate a*ont o6 t3eir )ontri+tions8 t3eir e*#o4ers s3a +e entite$ to t3e sa*e#ro#ortionate re+ate o6 t3eir )ontri+tions in +e3a6 o6 sai$ aiens e*#o4e$ +4 t3e*! ?Re I,Se)!


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Ta9as3i9o H*a*oto (ires *e*+ers3i# in t3eS4ste* 6or at east 4ears +e6ore a se#arate$ or resi2ne$ e*#o4ee *a4 +e ao7e$ a retrn o6 3is #ersona)ontri+tions! Un$er t3e sa*e re, t3e e*#o4er is not aso entite$ to a re6n$ o6 t3e #re*i* )ontri+tions it3a$ #ai$!

A6ter 3earin2, t3e Co**ission $enie$ t3e #etition 6or t3e reason t3at, at3o23 n$er t3e ori2ina #rovisions o6Se)tion < ?$ o6 Re I o6 t3e Res an$ Re2ations o6 t3e SSS, aien-e*#o4ees ?73o are e*#o4e$te*#orari4 an$ t3eir e*#o4ers are entite$ to a re+ate o6 a #ro#ortionate a*ont o6 t3eir res#e)tive)ontri+tions #on t3e e*#o4ees $e#artre 6ro* t3e P3ii##ines, sai$ re 7as a*en$e$ +4 ei*inatin2 t3at#ortion 2rantin2 a retrn o6 t3e #re*i* )ontri+tions! T3is a*en$*ent +e)a*e e66e)tive on .anar4 1%, 1=',or +e6ore t3e e*#o4*ent o6 t3e s+e)t aiens ter*inate$! T3e ri23ts o6 )overe$ e*#o4ees 73o are se#arate$6ro* e*#o4*ent, n$er t3e #resent Res, are )overe$ +4 Re IX 73i)3 ao7s a retrn o6 t3e #re*i*s on4i6 t3e4 3ave +een *e*+ers 6or at east 4ears!

It is t3is resotion o6 t3e Co**ission t3at is t3e s+e)t o6 t3e #resent a##ea, a##eants )onten$in2 t3at t3ea*en$*ent o6 t3e Res an$ Re2ations o6 t3e SSS, inso6ar as it ei*inates t3e #rovision on t3e retrn o6

#re*i* )ontri+tions, ori2ina4 e*+o$ie$ in Se)tion


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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

?$ Aiens 73o are e*#o4e$ in t3e P3ii##ines s3a aso +e )o*#sori4 )overe$! :t aiens 73o atee*#o4e$ te*#orari4 an$ 73ose visas are on4 6or 6i0e$ ter*s s3a, #on t3eir $e#artre 6ro* t3e P3ii##ines,+e entite$ to a re+ate o6 a #ro#ortionate a*ont o6 t3eir )ontri+tions8 t3eir e*#o4ers s3a +e entite$ to t3esa*e #ro#ortionate re+ate o6 t3eir )ontri+tions in +e3a6 o6 sai$ aiens e*#o4e$ +4 t3e*!

XI

AMENDMENTS AND EFFECTIVIT

1! T3e Co**ission *a4, +4 a##ro#riate resotion, a*en$, re#ea, revise an$or *o$i64 a or an4 #artor #arts o6 t3ese Res an$ Re2ations, as 7e as a$o#t an4 a$$itiona re or res, 73enever t3e nee$t3ere6or s3o$ arise! An4 a*en$*ent an$or a$$itiona re, 3o7ever, s3a not ta9e e66e)t nti an$a6ter t3e )orres#on$in2 resotion o6 t3e Co**ission 3as +een s+*itte$ to an$ a##rove$ +4 t3ePresi$ent o6 t3e P3ii##ines!

! T3ese Res an$ Re2ations, an4 a*en$*ent t3ereo6, or an4 a$$itiona re or res s+se>ent4

a$o#te$ +4 t3e Co**ission, s3a ta9e e66e)t on t3e $ate t3e4 are a##rove$ +4 t3e Presi$ent o6 t3eP3ii##ines!

Re I Se)tion < ?$ an$ Re IX, 3o7ever, 7ere ater a*en$e$, 73i)3 a*en$*ent 7as a##rove$ +4 t3ePresi$ent on .anar4 1%, 1=', to rea$ as 6oo7s/

?$ Aiens 73o are e*#o4e$ in t3e P3ii##ines s3a aso +e )o*#sori4 )overe$ ?Se)!


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It *a4 +e ar2e$, 3o7ever, t3at 73ie t3e a*en$*ent to t3e Res *a4 3ave +een a764 *a$e +4 t3eCo**ission an$ $4 a##rove$ +4 t3e Presi$ent on .anar4 1%, 1=', s)3 a*en$*ent 7as on4 #+is3e$ int3e Nove*+er 1=' isse o6 t3e O66i)ia Ga5ette, an$ a6ter a##eants e*#o4*ent 3a$ area$4 )ease$! S66i)eit to sa4, in t3is re2ar$, t3at n$er Arti)e o6 t3e Civi Co$e,=t3e $ate o6 #+i)ation o6 a7s in t3e O66i)iaGa5ette is *ateria 6or t3e #r#ose o6 $eter*inin2 t3eir e66e)tivit4, on4 i6 t3e stattes t3e*seves $o not so#rovi$e!

In t3e #resent )ase, t3e ori2ina Res an$ Re2ations o6 t3e SSS s#e)i6i)a4 #rovi$e t3at an4 a*en$*entt3ereto s+se>ent4 a$o#te$ +4 t3e Co**ission, s3a ta9e e66e)t on t3e $ate o6 its a##rova +4 t3e Presi$ent!Conse>ent4, t3e $ea4e$ #+i)ation o6 t3e a*en$e$ res in t3e O66i)ia Ga5ette $i$ not a66e)t t3e $ate o6t3eir e66e)tivit4, 73i)3 is .anar4 1%, 1=', 73en t3e4 7ere a##rove$ +4 t3e Presi$ent! It 6oo7s t3at 73en t3e.a#anese te)3ni)ians 7ere se#arate$ 6ro* e*#o4*ent in O)to+er, 1=', t3e re 2overnin2 re6n$ o6 #re*i*sis Re IX o6 t3e a*en$e$ Res an$ Re2ations, 73i)3 re>ires *e*+ers3i# 6or 4ears +e6ore s)3 re6n$ o6#re*i*s *a4 +e ao7e$!

"3ere6ore, 6in$in2 no error in t3e resotion o6 t3e Co**ission a##eae$ 6ro*, t3e sa*e is 3ere+4 a66ir*e$,7it3 )osts a2ainst t3e a##eants! So or$ere$!

Concepcion/ C.0./ Di1on/ !a2alintal/ Ben31on/ 0.P./ 4aldi5ar/ Sanche1 and Castro/ 00./ concur.6eyes 0.B.7./ 0./ reser5es his 5ote.

6e3ala/ 0./ is on lea5e.

*ootot$s

1A##eants *st +e re6errin2 to t3eir o+i2ation to #a4 t3e #re*i*-)ontri+tions an$ retain*e*+ers3i# in t3e S4ste*!

Vo! =


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Case (i, Can$a+a, Pa*#an2a, a $evote$ to ri)e #ro$)tion! OnMa4 =, 1@%, t3e s3are tenants o6 sai$ an$s 6ie$ t3e 6oo7in2 )o*#aints a2ainst E$ar$a S! V$a! $eGenino +e6ore t3e Cort o6 A2rarian Reations o6 An2ees Cit4, Pa*#an2a/

?1 CAR Case No! 1-P-@% 6ie$ +4 t3e 6oo7in2 ' tenants o))#4in2 % 3e)tares in Man$ii, Can$a+a,Pa*#an2a/ :eni2no Mana+at, Donato La)aniao, :ena*in San2aan2, L)iano Pea4o, .ioTan)an)o, E*iio iantan2, R+en Manaastas an$ .an Manaastas!

? CAR Case No! e,Can$a+a, Pa*#an2a/ Leon Ca*#o, Jer*o2enes Tra, Ri)ar$o $e a Ve2a, Ga+erto Pno, Mar)einoRe4es, Serviano Pn5aan, .ose $e a Cr5, Ga$en)io Re4es, Jo*er La)aniao, Can$i$o Pn5aan,Forentino Pn5aan, .ose G! $e a Cr5, Eeterio A*rao an$ .a)into Pa*intan!

T3e #r#ose o6 t3ese )o*#aints 7as t3e )onversion o6 t3e tenan)4 reations3i# 6ro* s3are tenan)4 toease3o$ tenan)4 #rsant to Se)tion % o6 Re#+i) A)t


9/113

renta, it re$ t3at t3e i*itation 7as not rea4 +r$enso*e, 6or t3e $e)rease o6 = o6 t3e o7ners s3are, % iso66set +4 t3e a$vanta2es 3e 2ets n$er t3e a7!

A re)onsi$eration 7as $enie$ t3e $e6en$ant an$ t3e Cort o6 A2rarian Reations s+se>ent4, on A2stestione$ as n)onstittiona on t3e 2ron$ t3at t3e 6ree$o* o6 )ontra)t is vioate$ an$t3at it is a $e#rivation o6 #ro#ert4 7it3ot $e #ro)ess o6 a7! T3is is not t3e )ase! Sai$ e2isation is sti6ie$ +4t3e ri23t o6 t3e state to e0er)ise its #oi)e #o7ers! T3e s#onsor o6 sai$ e2isation +e6ore t3e Senate, on .ne 1%,1@estions o6 6a)t *a4 )on$ition t3e )onstittionait4 o6 a a7, t3e #res*#tion o6


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)onstittionait4 *st #revai ness so*e 6a)ta 6on$ation o6 re)or$ is #rove$! ' Un$o+te$4, t3is 6a)ta6on$ation *st +e s3o7n to e0ist in$e#en$ent4 o6 *ere sti#ation o6 6a)ts!

As re2ar$s t3e rentas to +e #ai$, t3e Cort o6 A2rarian Reations erre$ in not $e$)tin2 e0#enses 6ro*t3e 2ross 3arvest, so t3at t3e rentas )o*#te$ are 3i23er! "e o+serve, 3o7ever, t3at t3e tenants $i$ not a##ea!T3is #oint, t3ere6ore, )annot no7 +e $istr+e$!

"JEREFORE, t3e $e)ision a##eae$ 6ro* is 3ere+4 a66ir*e$ an$ 3erein #etitioner is or$ere$ to a+i$e7it3 t3e sa*e in a res#e)ts! Costs a2ainst #etitioner! So or$ere$!

Concepcion/ C.0./ 6eyes/ 0.B.7./ Di1on/ !a2alintal/ 4aldi5ar/ Sanche1/ An3eles and 9ernando/ 00./ concur.Castro/ 0./ concurs in the result.

*ootot$s

1

A2ri)tra Lan$ Re6or* Co$e!

A2ri)tra Tenan)4 A)t!


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Case %


Mania

EN :ANC

DECISION

Nove*+er


12/113

An4 #erson, 6ir* or )or#oration vioatin2 an4 o6 t3e #rovisions o6 t3is A)t s3a +e #nis3e$ +4 a 6ine o6 not esst3an 6i6t4 #esos nor *ore t3an t7o 3n$re$ an$ 6i6t4, or +4 i*#rison*ent 6or not ess t3an ten $a4s nor *oret3an si0 *ont3s, or +ot3, in t3e $is)retion o6 t3e )ort!

In t3e )ase o6 6ir*s or )or#orations, t3e #resi$ents, $ire)tors or *ana2ers t3ereo6 or, in t3eir $e6at, t3e #ersonsa)tin2 in t3eir stea$, s3a +e )ri*ina4 res#onsi+e 6or ea)3 vioation o6 t3e #rovisions o6 t3is A)t!

Sai$ se)tion 1< 7as ena)te$ +4 t3e Le2isatre o6 t3e P3ii##ine Isan$s in t3e e0er)ise o6 its s##ose$ #oi)e

#o7er, 7it3 t3e #raise7ort34 #r#ose o6 sa6e2ar$in2 t3e 3eat3 o6 #re2nant 7o*en a+orers in B6a)tor4, s3o#or #a)e o6 a+or o6 an4 $es)ri#tion, an$ o6 insrin2 to t3e*, to a )ertain e0tent, reasona+e s##ort 6or one*ont3 +e6ore an$ one *ont3 a6ter t3eir $eiver4! T3e >estion #resente$ 6or $e)ision +4 t3e a##ea is 73et3ersai$ A)t 3as +een a$o#te$ in t3e reasona+e an$ a76 e0er)ise o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state!

In $eter*inin2 73et3er a #arti)ar a7 #ro*2ate$ n$er t3e #oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state is, in 6a)t, 7it3in sai$#o7er, it +e)o*es ne)essar4 6irst, to $eter*ine 73at t3at #o7er is, its i*its an$ s)o#e! Litera4 3n$re$s o6$e)isions 3ave +een #ro*2ate$ in 73i)3 $e6initions o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er 3ave +een atte*#te$! An e0a*inationo6 a o6 sai$ $e)isions 7i s3o7 t3at t3e $e6initions are 2enera4 i*ite$ to #arti)ar )ases an$ e0a*#es,73i)3 are as varie$ as t3e4 are n*eros!

:4 reason o6 t3e )onstant 2ro7t3 o6 #+i) o#inion in a $eveo#in2 )ivii5ation, t3e ter* B#oi)e #o7er 3asnever +een, an$ 7e $o not +eieve )an +e, )ear4 an$ $e6inite4 $e6ine$ an$ )ir)*s)ri+e$! One 3n$re$ 4earsa2o, 6or e0a*#e, it is $o+t6 73et3er t3e *ost e*inent rist, or )ort, or e2isatre 7o$ 3ave 6or a*o*ent t3o23t t3at, +4 an4 #ossi+iit4, a a7 #rovi$in2 6or t3e $estr)tion o6 a +i$in2 in 73i)3 a)o3oi)i>ors 7ere so$, 7as 7it3in a reasona+e an$ a76 e0er)ise o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er! ?M2er vs! Hansas, 1< U!S!, @estions 6or re2ation 73i)3 6or*er47ere not so )onsi$ere$! In a re#+i)an 6or* o6 2overn*ent #+i) senti*ent 7ie$s a tre*en$os in6en)e#on 73at t3e state *a4 or *a4 not $o, 6or t3e #rote)tion o6 t3e 3eat3 an$ #+i) *oras o6 t3e #eo#e! et,neit3er #+i) senti*ent, nor a $esire to a*eiorate t3e #+i) *oras o6 t3e #eo#e o6 t3e state 7i sti64 t3e#ro*2ation o6 a a7 73i)3 )ontravenes t3e e0#ress #rovisions o6 t3e 6n$a*enta a7 o6 t3e #eo#e t3e)onstittiona o6 t3e state!

A $e6inition o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state *st $e#en$ #on t3e #arti)ar a7 an$ t3e #arti)ar 6a)ts to73i)3 it is to +e a##ie$! T3e *an4 $e6initions 73i)3 3ave +een 2iven +4 t3e 3i23est )orts *a4 +e e0a*ine$,3o7ever, 6or t3e #r#ose o6 2ivin2 s a )o*#ass or 2i$e to assist s in arrivin2 at a )orre)t )on)sion in t3e#arti)ar )ase +e6ore s! Sir "iia* :a)9stone, one o6 t3e 2reatest e0#on$ers o6 t3e )o**on a7, $e6inest3e #oi)e #o7er as Bt3e $e re2ation an$ $o*esti) or$er o6 t3e 9in2$o*, 73ere+4 t3e in3a+itants o6 a state,i9e *e*+ers o6 a 7e-2overne$ 6a*i4, are +on$ to )on6or* t3eir 2enera +e3avior to t3e res o6 #ro#riet4,2oo$ nei23+or3oo$, an$ 2oo$ *anners, an$ to +e $e)ent, in$strios, an$ ino66ensive in t3eir res#e)tivestations! ?% :a)9stones Co**entaries, 1@!

Mr! .ere*4 :ent3a*, in 3is Genera Vie7 o6 P+i) O66enses, 2ives s t3e 6oo7in2 $e6inition/ BPoi)e is in2enera a s4ste* o6 #re)ation, eit3er 6or t3e #revention o6 )ri*es or o6 )aa*ities! Its +siness *a4 +e$istri+te$ into ei23t $istin)t +ran)3es/ ?1 Poi)e 6or t3e #revention o6 o66enses8 ? #oi)e 6or t3e #revention o6)aa*ities8 ?


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t3e $estr)tion o6 #rivate #ro#ert4 7it3ot )o*#ensation! Mr! .sti)e S3a7, s#ea9in2 6or t3e )ort in t3at sai$,sai$/ B"e t3in9 it is a sette$ #rin)i#e, 2ro7in2 ot o6 t3e natre o6 7e-or$ere$ )ivi so)iet4, t3at ever4 3o$ero6 #ro#ert4, 3o7ever a+sote an$ n>ai6ie$ *a4 +e 3is tite, 3o$s it n$er t3e i*#ie$ ia+iit4 t3at 3is se o6it *a4 +e so re2ate$, t3at it s3a not +e inrios to t3e e>a environ*ent o6 ot3ers 3avin2 an e>a ri23t tot3e eno4*ent o6 t3eir #ro#ert4 nor inrios to t3e ri23ts o6 t3e )o**nit4! A #ro#ert4 in t3is )o**on7eat3,as 7e t3at in t3e interior as t3at +or$erin2 on ti$e 7aters, is $erive$ $ire)t4 or in$ire)t4 6ro* t3e 2overn*entan$ 3e$ s+e)t to t3ose 2enera re2ations, 73i)3 are ne)essar4 to t3e )o**on 2oo$ an$ 2enera 7e6are!

Ri23ts o6 #ro#ert4, i9e a ot3er so)ia an$ )onventiona ri23ts, are s+e)t to s)3 reasona+e i*itations int3eir eno4*ent, as s3a #revent t3e* 6ro* +ein2 inrios, an$ to s)3 reasona+e restraints an$ re2ationsesta+is3e$ +4 a7, as t3e e2isatre, n$er t3e 2overnin2 an$ )ontroin2 #o7er veste$ in t3e* +4 t3e)onstittion, *a4 t3in9 ne)essar4 an$ e0#e$ient! Mr! .sti)e S3a7 6rt3er a$$s/ B! ! ! T3e #o7er 7e a$e to israt3er t3e #oi)e #o7er, t3e #o7er veste$ in t3e e2isatre +4 t3e )onstittion, to *a9e, or$ain an$ esta+is3 a*anner o6 73oeso*e an$ reasona+e a7s, stattes an$ or$inan)es, eit3er 7it3 #enaties or 7it3ot, notre#2nant to t3e )onstittion, as t3e4 s3a $2e to +e 6or t3e 2oo$ an$ 7e6are o6 t3e )o**on7eat3, an$ o6t3e s+e)ts o6 t3e sa*e!

T3is )ort 3as, in t3e )ase o6 Case vs! :oar$ o6 Jeat3 an$ Jeiser ?% P3i!, =(, in $is)ssin2 t3e #oi)e #o7ero6 t3e state, 3a$ o))asion to sa4/ B! ! ! It is a 7e sette$ #rin)i#e, 2ro7in2 ot o6 t3e natre o6 7e-or$ere$ an$)ivii5e$ so)iet4, t3at ever4 3o$er o6 #ro#ert4, 3o7ever a+sote an$ n>ai6ie$ *a4 +e 3is tite, 3o$s it n$ert3e i*#ie$ ia+iit4 t3at 3is se o6 it s3a not +e inrios to t3e e>a eno4*ent o6 ot3ers 3avin2 an e>ari23t to t3e eno4*ent o6 t3eir #ro#ert4, nor inrios to t3e ri23ts o6 t3e )o**nit4! A #ro#ert4 in t3e state is3e$ s+e)t to its 2enera re2ations, 73i)3 are ne)essar4 to t3e )o**on 2oo$ an$ 2enera 7e6are! Ri23ts o6#ro#ert4, i9e a ot3er so)ia an$ )onventiona ri23ts, are s+e)t to s)3 reasona+e i*itations in t3eireno4*ent as s3a #revent t3e* 6ro* +ein2 inrios, an$ to s)3 reasona+e restraints an$ re2ations,esta+is3e$ +4 a7, as t3e e2isatre, n$er t3e 2overnin2 an$ )ontroin2 #o7er veste$ in t3e* +4 t3e)onstittion, *a4 t3in9 ne)essar4 an$ e0#e$ient! T3e state, n$er t3e #oi)e #o7er is #ossesse$ 7it3 #enar4#o7er to $ea 7it3 a *atters reatin2 to t3e 2enera 3eat3, *oras, an$ sa6et4 o6 t3e #eo#e, so on2 as it $oesnot )ontravene an4 #ositive in3i+ition o6 t3e or2ani) a7 an$ #rovi$in2 t3at s)3 #o7er is not e0er)ise$ in s)3a *anner as to sti64 t3e inter6eren)e o6 t3e )orts to #revent #ositive 7ron2 an$ o##ression!

Man4 ot3er $e6initions 3ave +een 2iven not on4 +4 t3e S#re*e Cort o6 t3e Unite$ States +t +4 t3e S#re*eCort o6 ever4 state o6 t3e Union! T3e 6ore2oin2 $e6initions, 3o7ever, )over t3e 2enera 6ie$ o6 a o6 t3e$e6initions, 6on$ in ris#r$en)e! Fro* a o6 t3e $e6initions 7e )on)$e t3at it is *)3 easier to #er)eive an$reai5e t3e e0isten)e an$ sor)es o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er t3an to e0a)t4 *ar9 its +on$aries, or #res)ri+e i*its toits e0er)ise +4 t3e e2isative $e#art*ent o6 t3e 2overn*ent!

T3e *ost re)ent $e6inition 73i)3 3as +een )ae$ to or attention is t3at 6on$ in t3e )ase o6 A$9ins vs!C3i$rens Jos#ita o6 t3e Distri)t o6 Co*+ia ?@1 U! S!, ==! In t3at )ase t3e )ontrovers4 arose in t3is 7a4/A )3i$rens 3os#ita e*#o4e$ a n*+er o6 7o*en at varios rates o6 7a2es, 73i)3 7ere entire4 satis6a)tor4to +ot3 t3e 3os#ita an$ t3e e*#o4ees! A 3ote )o*#an4 e*#o4e$ a 7o*an as eevator o#erator at P


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T3e statte no7 n$er )onsi$eration is atta)9e$ #on t3e 2ron$ t3at it at3ori5es an n)onstittionainter6eren)e 7it3 t3e 6ree$o* o6 )ontra)t in)$in2 7it3in t3e 2arantees o6 t3e $e #ro)ess )ase o6 t3e =t3A*en$*ent! T3at t3e ri23t to )ontra)t a+ot ones a66airs is a #art o6 t3e i+ert4 o6 t3e in$ivi$a #rote)te$ +4t3is )ase is sette$ +4 t3e $e)ision o6 t3is )ort, an$ is no on2er o#en to >estion! "it3in t3is i+ert4 are)ontra)ts o6 e*#o4*ent o6 a+or! In *a9in2 s)3 )ontra)ts, 2enera4 s#ea9in2, t3e #arties 3ave an e>a ri23tto o+tain 6ro* ea)3 ot3er t3e +est ter*s t3e4 )an as t3e rest o6 #rivate +ar2ainin2! ?A2e4er vs! Loisiana,1@= U! S!, =&'8 =18 A$air vs! Unite$ States, (' U! S!, 1@18 Mer vs! Ore2on, (' U! S!, %1, %1!

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T3e a7 ta9es a))ont o6 t3e ne)essities o6 on4 one #art4 to t3e )ontra)t! It i2nores t3e ne)essities o6 t3ee*#o4er +4 )o*#ein2 3i* to #a4 not ess t3an a )ertain s*, not on4 73et3er t3e e*#o4ee is )a#a+e o6earnin2 it, +t irres#e)tive o6 t3e a+iit4 o6 3is +siness to sstain t3e +r$en, 2eneros4 eavin2 3i*, o6 )orse,t3e #rivie2e o6 a+an$onin2 3is +siness as an aternative 6or 2oin2 on at a oss! "it3in t3e i*its o6 t3e*ini** s*, 3e is #re)$e$, n$er #enat4 o6 6ine an$ i*#rison*ent, 6ro* a$stin2 )o*#ensation to t3e$i66erin2 *erits o6 3is e*#o4ees! It )o*#es 3i* to #a4 at east t3e s* 6i0e$ in an4 event, +e)ase t3ee*#o4ee nee$s it, +t re>ires no servi)e o6 e>ivaent vae 6ro* t3e e*#o4ee! It ?t3e a7 t3ere6oren$erta9es to sove +t one-3a6 o6 t3e #ro+e*! T3e ot3er 3a6 is t3e esta+is3*ent o6 a )orres#on$in2 stan$ar$o6 e66i)ien)48 an$ t3is 6or*s no #art o6 t3e #oi)4 o6 t3e e2isation, at3o23 in #ra)ti)e t3e 6or*er 3a6 7it3ot

t3e atter *st ea$ to ti*ate 6aire, in a))or$an)e 7it3 t3e ine0ora+e a7 t3at no one )an )ontinein$e6inite4 to ta9e ot *ore t3an 3e #ts in 7it3ot ti*ate4 e03astin2 t3e s##4! T3e a7 ! ! ! ta9es noa))ont o6 #erio$s o6 $istress an$ +siness $e#ression, or )ri##in2 osses, 73i)3 *a4 eave t3e e*#o4er3i*se6 7it3ot a$e>ate *eans o6 ivei3oo$! To t3e e0tent t3at t3e s* 6i0e$ e0)ee$s t3e 6air vae o6 t3eservi)es ren$ere$, it a*onts to a )o*#sor4 e0a)tion 6ro* t3e e*#o4er 6or t3e s##ort o6 a #artia4 in$i2ent#erson, 6or 73ose )on$ition t3ere rests #on 3i* no #e)iar res#onsi+iit4, an$ t3ere6ore, in e66e)t, ar+itrari4s3i6ts to 3is s3o$ers a +r$en 73i)3, i6 it +eon2s to an4+o$4, +eon2s to so)iet4 as a 73oe!

T3e 6aire o6 t3is state 73i)3, #er3a#s *ore t3an an4 ot3er, #ts #on it t3e sta*# o6 invai$it4 is t3at it e0a)ts6ro* t3e e*#o4er an ar+itrar4 #a4*ent 6or a #r#ose an$ #on a +asis 3avin2 no )asa )onne)tion 7it3 3is+siness, or t3e )ontra)t, or t3e 7or9 t3e e*#o4ee en2a2es to $o! T3e $e)are$ +asis, as area$4 #ointe$ ot, is

not t3e vae o6 t3e servi)e ren$ere$, +t t3e e0traneos )ir)*stan)es t3at t3e e*#o4ee nee$s to 2et a#res)ri+e$ s* o6 *one4 to insre 3er s+sisten)e, 3eat3 an$ *oras! ! ! ! T3e ne)essities o6 t3e e*#o4ee areaone )onsi$ere$, an$ t3ese arise otsi$e o6 t3e e*#o4*ent, are t3e sa*e 73en t3ere is no e*#o4*ent, an$ as2reat in one o))#ation as in anot3er! ! ! ! In #rin)i#e, t3ere )an +e no $i66eren)e +et7een t3e )ase o6 sein2a+or an$ t3e )ase o6 sein2 2oo$s! I6 one 2oes to t3e +t)3er, t3e +a9er, or 2ro)er to +4 6oo$, 3e is *ora4entite$ to o+tain t3e 7ort3 o6 3is *one4, +t 3e is not entite to *ore! I6 73at 3e 2ets is 7ort3 73at 3e #a4s, 3eis not sti6ie$ in $e*an$in2 *ore si*#4 +e)ase 3e nee$s *ore8 an$ t3e s3o#9ee#er, 3avin2 $eat 6air4 an$3onest4 in t3at transa)tion, is not )on)erne$ in an4 #e)iar sense 7it3 t3e >estion o6 3is )sto*ersne)essities! S3o$ a statte n$erta9e to vest in a )o**ission #o7er to $eter*ine t3e >antit4 o6 6oo$ne)essar4 6or in$ivi$a s##ort, an$ re>ire t3e s3o#9ee#er, i6 3e se to t3e in$ivi$a at a, to 6rnis3 t3at>antit4 at not *ore t3an a 6i0e$ *a0i**, it 7o$ n$o+te$4 6a +e6ore t3e )onstittiona test! T3e 6aa)4

o6 an4 ar2*ent in s##ort o6 t3e vai$it4 o6 s)3 a statte 7o$ +e >i)94 e0#ose$! T3e ar2*ent in s##orto6 t3at no7 +ein2 )onsi$ere$ is e>a4 6aa)ios, t3o23 t3e 7ea9ness o6 it *a4 not +e so #ain! ! ! !

It 3as +een sai$ t3at t3e #arti)ar statte +e6ore s is re>ire$ in t3e interest o6 so)ia sti)e 6or 73ose en$6ree$o* o6 )ontra)t *a4 a764 +e s+e)te$ to restraint! T3e i+ert4 o6 t3e in$ivi$a to $o as 3e #eases,even in inno)ent *atters, is not a+sote! T3at i+ert4 *st 6re>ent4 4ie$ to t3e )o**on 2oo$, an$ t3e ine+e4on$ 73i)3 t3e #o7er o6 inter6eren)e *a4 not +e #resse$ is neit3er $e6inite nor natera+e, *a4 +e *a$e to*ove, 7it3in i*its not 7e $e6ine$, 7it3 )3an2in2 nee$s an$ )ir)*stan)es!

T3e ate Mr! .sti)e Jaran, in t3e )ase o6 A$air vs! Unite$ States ?(' U! S!, 1@1, 1&%, sai$ t3at t3e ri23t o6 a#erson to se 3is a+or #on s)3 ter*s as 3e $ee*s #ro#er is, in its essen)e, t3e sa*e as t3e ri23t o6 t3e#r)3aser o6 a+or to #res)ri+e t3e )on$itions #on 73i)3 3e 7i a))e#t s)3 a+or 6ro* t3e #erson o66erin2 to

se! In a s)3 #arti)ars t3e e*#o4er an$ t3e e*#o4ee 3ave e>ait4 o6 ri23t, an$ an4 e2isation t3at$istr+s t3at e>ait4 is an ar+itrar4 inter6eren)e 7it3 t3e i+ert4 o6 )ontra)t, 73i)3 no 2overn*ent )an e2a4sti64 in a 6ree an$, n$er a )onstittion 73i)3 #rovi$es t3at no #erson s3a +e $e#rive$ o6 3is i+ert4 7it3ot$e #ro)ess o6 a7!

Mr! .sti)e Pitne4, in t3e )ase o6 Co##a2e vs! Hansas ?isition o6 #ro#ert4! C3ie6 a*on2 s)3 )ontra)ts is


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t3at o6 #ersona e*#o4*ent, +4 73i)3 a+or an$ ot3er servi)es are e0)3an2e 6or *one4 or ot3er 6or*s o6#ro#ert4! I6 t3is ri23t +e str)9 $o7n or ar+itrari4 inter6ere$ 7it3, t3ere is a s+stantia i*#air*ent o6 i+ert4 int3e on2 esta+is3e$ )onstittiona sense! T3e ri23t is as essentia to t3e a+orer as to t3e )a#itaist, to t3e #oor asto t3e ri)38 6or t3e vast *aorit4 o6 #ersons 3ave no ot3er 3onest 7a4 to +e2in to a)>ire #ro#ert4, save +47or9in2 6or *one4!T3e ri23t to i+ert4 in)$es t3e ri23t to enter into )ontra)ts an$ to ter*inate )ontra)ts! In t3e )ase o6 Gies#ievs! Peo#e ?11' I!, 1&@, 1'ent4, t3e ri23t to )ontra)t toa+or or 6or a+or, an$ to ter*inate s)3 )ontra)ts, an$ to re6se to *a9e s)3 )ontra)ts! T3e e2isatre )annot#revent #ersons, 73o are si ris, 6ro* a+orin2, or 6ro* *a9in2 s)3 )ontra)ts as t3e4 *a4 see 6it to *a9ereative to t3eir o7n a76 a+or8 nor 3as it an4 #o7er +4 #ena a7s to #revent an4 #erson, 7it3 or 7it3ot)ase, 6ro* re6sin2 to e*#o4 anot3er or to ter*inate a )ontra)t 7it3 3i*, s+e)t on4 to t3e ia+iit4 tores#on$ in a )ivi a)tion 6or an n7arrante$ re6sa to $o t3at 73i)3 3as +een a2ree$ #on! Jen)e, 7e are o6 t3eo#inion t3at t3is A)t )ontravenes t3ose #rovisions o6 t3e state an$ Fe$era )onstittions, 73i)3 2arantee t3at no#erson s3a +e $e#rive$ o6 i6e, i+ert4 or #ro#ert4 7it3ot $e #ro)ess o6 a7!

T3e statte in >estion is e0a)t4 anao2os to t3e BMini** "a2e A)t re6erre$ to a+ove! In se)tion 1< it 7i+e seen t3at no #erson, 6ir*, or )or#oration o7nin2 or *ana2in2 a 6a)tor4 s3o#, or #a)e o6 a+or o6 an4$es)ri#tion, )an *a9e a )ontra)t 7it3 a 7o*an 7it3ot in)rrin2 t3e o+i2ation, 73atever t3e )ontra)t o6e*#o4*ent *i23t +e, ness 3e aso #ro*ise to #a4 to s)3 7o*an e*#o4e$ as a a+orer, 73o *a4 +e)o*e#re2nant, 3er 7a2es 6or t3irt4 $a4s +e6ore an$ t3irt4 $a4s a6ter )on6ine*ent! In ot3er 7or$s, sai$ se)tion )reatesa ter* or )on$ition in ever4 )ontra)t *a$e +4 ever4 #erson, 6ir*, or )or#oration 7it3 an4 7o*an 73o *a4,$rin2 t3e )orse o6 3er e*#o4*ent, +e)o*e #re2nant, an$ a 6aire to in)$e in sai$ )ontra)t t3e ter*s 6i0e$to a 6ine an$ i*#rison*ent! Cear4, t3ere6ore, t3e a7 3as $e#rive$, ever4 #erson, 6ir*, or )or#oration o7nin2or *ana2in2 a 6a)tor4, s3o# or #a)e o6 a+or o6 an4 $es)ri#tion 7it3in t3e P3ii##ine Isan$s, o6 3is ri23t toenter into )ontra)ts o6 e*#o4*ent #on s)3 ter*s as 3e an$ t3e e*#o4ee *a4 a2ree #on! T3e a7 )reates ater* in ever4 s)3 )ontra)t, 7it3ot t3e )onsent o6 t3e #arties! S)3 #ersons are, t3ere6ore, $e#rive$ o6 t3eir

i+ert4 to )ontra)t! T3e )onstittion o6 t3e P3ii##ine Isan$s 2arantees to ever4 )iti5en 3is i+ert4 an$ one o63is i+erties is t3e i+ert4 to )ontra)t!

It is +eieve$ an$ )on6i$ent4 asserte$ t3at no )ase )an +e 6on$, in )ivii5e$ so)iet4 an$ 7e-or2ani5e$2overn*ents, 73ere in$ivi$as 3ave +een $e#rive$ o6 t3eir #ro#ert4, n$er t3e #oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state,7it3ot )o*#ensation, e0)e#t in )ases 73ere t3e #ro#ert4 in >estion 7as se$ 6or t3e #r#ose o6 vioatin2so*e e2a4 a$o#te$, or )onstittes a nisan)e! A*on2 s)3 )ases *a4 +e *entione$/ A##arats se$ in)onter6eitin2 t3e *one4 o6 t3e state8 6irear*s ie2a4 #ossesse$8 o#i* #ossesse$ in vioation o6 a78a##arats se$ 6or 2a*+in2 in vioation o6 a78 +i$in2s an$ #ro#ert4 se$ 6or t3e #r#ose o6 vioatin2 a7s#ro3i+itin2 t3e *an6a)tre an$ sae o6 into0i)atin2 i>ors8 an$ a )ases in 73i)3 t3e #ro#ert4 itse6 3as+e)o*e a nisan)e an$ $an2eros an$ $etri*enta to t3e #+i) 3eat3, *oras an$ 2enera 7e6are o6 t3e state!In a o6 s)3 )ases, an$ in *an4 *ore 73i)3 *i23t +e )ite$, t3e $estr)tion o6 t3e #ro#ert4 is #er*itte$ in t3e

e0er)ise o6 t3e #oi)e #o7er o6 t3e state! :t it *st 6irst +e esta+is3e$ t3at s)3 #ro#ert4 7as se$ as t3einstr*ent 6or t3e vioation o6 a vai$ e0istin2 a7! ?M2er vs! Hansas, 1< U! S!, @


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C's$


Mania

EN :ANC

G.R. No. L-On .anar4 ire$ 6or 6iin2 a *otion 6or re)onsi$eration, Q an$ ar2e$ t3at )ai*ant, 3erein #etitioner,is not entite$ to 6rt3er rei*+rse*ent o6 *e$i)a e0#enses a6ter 3e 3a$ +een $e)are$ tota4 an$ #er*anent4$isa+e$ 6or a+or!

On Mar)3 1(, 1&@, t3e res#on$ent Co**ission, 73i)3 o+vios4 too9 )o2ni5an)e o6 t3e )ase, treatin2subsilentio t3e #etition 6or reie6 6ro* $2*ent, as i6 t3e )ase 3a$ +een seasona+4 a##eae$ to it, ren$ere$ its>estione$ QOr$erEn BancQ reversin2 t3e Q$e)ision a##eae$,Q t3e #ertinent #ortion o6 73i)3 rea$s/

T3e $e)ision $ate$ Se#te*+er %, 1&= s3o$ +e set asi$e! Cai*ant 7as $e)are$ tota4 an$#er*anent4 $isa+e$ an$ no a*ont o6 *e$i)a treat*ent )o$ restore 3i* to 3is 6or*er

#34si)a )a#a)it4 6or a+or! It 7o$ +e n6air on res#on$ents si$e to +e )ontinos4 #a4in2 t3e*e$i)a e0#enses, as it 7i +e an en$ess o+i2ation! In 6a)t, )ai*ant 7as area$4 2iven t3e*a0i** a*ont o6 P@,(((!(( #rovi$e$ 6or +4 t3e A)t, as a*en$e$! Jen)e, )ai*ant is noon2er entite$ to an4 6rt3er a*ont o6 rei*+rse*ent o6 *e$i)a e0#enses!

Fro* t3is $e)ision, #etitioner 6ie$ t3is #etition!


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19/113

o6 P&,1'

Petitioner aso )onten$s t3at t3e $e6ense invo9e$ +4 res#on$ent in its #etition 6or reie6 6ro* $2*ent 7asavaia+e +e6ore an$ $rin2 t3e 3earin2 )on$)te$ +e6ore t3e Re2iona O66i)e an$ s3o$ 3ave raise$ t3e sa*ein its #ea$in2s or $rin2 t3e tria! Javin2 6aie$ to #ea$ or raise s)3 $e6ense, res#on$ent is no7 esto##e$

6ro* raisin2 t3e $e6ense in its #etit ion 6or reie6 6ro* $2*ent!

T3e O66i)e o6 t3e Soi)itor Genera, #on t3e ot3er 3an$, asserts t3at it is not ia+e 6or t3e rei*+rse*ent o66rt3er *e$i)a e0#enses in)rre$ +4 #etitioner, )onsi$erin2 t3at #on #a4*ent o6 3is 6 $isa+iit4)o*#ensation, t3e e*#o4ers o+i2ation 6or 6rt3er *e$i)a servi)es is area$4 ter*inate$ or en$e$!

It is 6rt3er asserte$ t3at to 2rant 6rt3er *e$i)a e0#enses ?to #etitioner 73o 7as 6on$ to +e tota4 or#er*anent4 $isa+e$ 6or a+or an$ 6or 73i)3 $isa+iit4 3e 3as +een 64 )o*#ensate$ 7o$ +e stret)3in2 t3ee*#o4ers o+i2ation n$er Se)tion 1< o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t! For t3e ni*ite$ rei*+rse*entto #etitioner o6 6rt3er *e$i)a e0#enses, on2 a6ter 3is e*#o4*ent 3a$ )ease$ as 3e 3a$ retire$ #re)ise4+e)ase o6 3is $isa+iit4, 7o$ rest in an en$ess o+i2ation o6 t3e e*#o4er an$ 7o$ #ro$)e an a+sr$

rest t3at t3e a7 $oes not )onte*#ate!

T3e a7 a##i)a+e is Se)tion 1< o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t, as a*en$e$ on .ne (, 1@%, 73i)3#rovi$es, in #art/

SEC! 1ent #erio$ o6 $isa+iit4, the employer orinsurance carriers3a #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee 7it3 s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies as t3enatre o6 3is disability and the process of his reco5ery may re?uire and that +hich +ill promotehis early restoration to the ma@imum le5el of his physical capacity.

T3e 7or$ servi)es se$ 3erein s3a in)$e *e$i)a, sr2i)a $enta, 3os#ita an$ nrsin2atten$an)e an$ treat*ent as 7e as t3e #ro#er 6ittin2 an$ trainin2 in t3e se o6 a##ian)es an$t3e ne)essar4 trainin2 6or #r#oses o6 re3a+iitation8 a##ian)es s3a in)$e )rt)3es arti6i)ia*e*+ers an$ ot3er $evi)es o6 t3e sa*e 9in$, an$ t3e re#a)e*ents or re#airs o6 s)3 arti6i)ia*e*+ers or s)3 $evi)es ness t3e re#a)e*ent or re#air is *a$e ne)essar4 +4 t3e a)9 o6#ro#er )are +4 t3e e*#o4ee8 an$ s##ies s3a in)$e *e$i)ines, as 7e as *e$i)a, sr2i)aan$ $enta s##ies! ?Itai)s #ortions are a*en$*ents intro$)e$ +4 Se)tion & o6 Re#+i) A)t%11 o6 .ne (, 1@%!

As 7i +e seen 6ro* t3is a7, it i*#oses #on t3e e*#o4er t3e o+i2ation Qto #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee 7it3 s)3servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies as t3e natre o6 3is $isa+iit4 an$ t3e #ro)ess o6 3is re)over4 *a4 re>ire8 an$

t3at 73i)3 7i #ro*ote 3is ear4 restoration to t3e *a0i** eve o6 3is #34si)a )a#a)it4!Q T3is a7 $oes not#rovi$e a *a0i** eit3er as to t3e a*ont to +e #ai$ or t3e ti*e 7it3in 73i)3 s)3 ri23ts *a4 +e avaie$ o6!To sstain, t3ere6ore, t3e #ro#osition t3at #etitioners $isa+iit4 +ein2 tota an$ #er*anent, res#on$ents ia+iit4to 6rnis3 3i* 7it3 6rt3er *e$i)a an$ 3os#ita e0#enses is ter*inate$, 7o$, in e66e)t, >ai64 Se)tion 1)ontra)te$ si)9ness an$ $rin2 t3e s+se>ent #erio$ o6 $isa+iit4, t3e e*#o4er s3a #rovi$e t3ee*#o4ee 7it3 s)3 *e$i)a, sr2i)a, an$ 3os#ita servi)es an$ s##ies as t3e natre o6 t3einr4 or si)9ness *a4 re>ire!

T3e #e)niar4 ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4er 6or t3e ne)essar4 *e$i)a, sr2i)a, an$ 3os#ita servi)esan$ s##ies s3a +e i*ite$ to t3e a*ont or$inari4 #ai$ in t3e )o**nit4 6or s)3 treat*ento6 an inre$ #erson o6 t3e sa*e stan$ar$ o6 ivin2 i6 t3e treat*ent 3a$ to +e #ai$ 6or +4 t3einre$ #erson 3i*se6!


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Un$er t3e a+ove->ote$ 1= a*en$*ent #rior to t3e 1@% a*en$*ent "E area$4 re$ t3at t3ee*#o4ers ia+iit4 6or *e$i)a servi)es s+sists $rin2 t3e #erio$ o6 $isa+iit4 or Qasts as on2 as t3e e*#o4eeis si)9!Q

T3s, on O)to+er 1, 1@1, "E re$ in7a !allorca Pambusco 5s. ire! T3ese #rovisions sti64 t3e s+se>ent a7ar$ *a$e +4 t3e Co**ission!

It is tre t3at n$er t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t t3e a*ont o6 )o*#ensation to 73i)3 aninre$ e*#o4ee is entite$ in )ase o6 $isa+iit4 s3a not in an4 )ase e0)ee$ t3e tota s* o6P%,(((!((, +t t3is i*itation on4 a##ies to t3e )o*#ensation 6or $isa+iit4, an$ not to *e$i)aatten$an)e ?Se)tions 1, 1%, 1@, 1', A)t No! ire! (he implication is that/ such medical e@penses as may benecessary +ithin the +or2connected in>ury or sic2ness ceases/ may be char3ed a3ainst the

employer. ury or sic2ness are/ li2e in our la+/ treated differently. (he +a3eloss

payments based on the concept of disability are in5ariably limited in both amount arid duration+hile payments of medical benefits/ that is/ hospital and medical e@penses occasioned by any

+or2connected in>ury re3ardless of +a3eloss or disability/ bury in the different states of the


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Fnion. ury or contracted sic2ness/ and darin3 the subse?uent period of disability, even i6 3e)ontines to re#ort to 7or9 nti 3e rea)3es t3e )o*#sor4 a2e o6 retire*ent!

In t3e )ase o6!onde>ar 5s. CC/ et al!, "E 2rante$ t3e )ai*ant, a 7ater *eter rea$er o6 t3eN"SA 6or @ 4ears sin)e 1%', +ot3 $isa+iit4 )o*#ensation an$ *e$i)a servi)es, in)$in2rei*+rse*ent 6or s)3 e0#enses t3ere6or, as 7e as attorne4s 6ees, in s#ite o6 t3e 6a)t t3at 3e)ontine$ to 7or9 nti 3e vontari4 retire$ at a2e @( +e)ase o6 t3e e)ono*i) $e*an$s o6 3is

6a*i4! as 3e 7as t3e on4 +rea$7inner in t3e 6a*i4, at3o23 3e *a$e eaves 7it3 t3e o66i)ean$ 7ent 3o*e to Maasin, Ioio, 73ere 3e )onste$ Dr! N*eriano .a+ena an$ 7as 6on$ to+e s66erin2 6ro* t3e sa*e si)9ness an$ on A2st 1, 1&%, 3e 6ina4 retire$ 6ro* t3e servi)e?&& SCRA


22/113

to an earier retire*ent ?& SCRA ire*ent t3at no )o*#ensation s3a +e ao7e$ 6ort3e 6irst t3ree )aen$ar $a4s o6 in)a#a)it4 restin2 6ro* an inr4 e0)e#t t3e +ene6its #rovi$e$ int3e #re)e$in2 se)tion, Se)tion 1< $oes not! It is not t3ere6ore $i66i)t to )on)$e t3at 7a2e-ossis not ne)essar4 6or t3e a7ar$ o6 *e$i)a +ene6its!

.ris#r$en)e in t3e Unite$ States s3o7s t3at 7or9*en s )o*#ensation +ene6its 6a initia4 into

t7o )ate2ories/ +ene6its to t3e 7or9*an 6or #34si)a inr4, an$ +ene6its to $e#en$ents i )ase o6$eat3! :ene6its 6or #34si)a inr4, in trn, are o6 t7o 9in$s/ 7a2eoss #a4*ents +ase$ on t3e)on)e#t o6 $isa+iit48 an$payment of hospital and medical e@penses occasioned by by any +or2connected in>ury/ re3ardless of +a3eloss or disability olf 5. City of Altamonte Sprin3s, 1%' So!n$ 1< ?Fa! 1@8 S3e#3er$ v! Gas Serv! Co!, 1'@ Han! @!


23/113

T3e O66i)e o6 t3e Soi)itor Genera, 3o7ever, )onten$s t3at sin)e t3e #etitioner 3a$ +een $e)are$ tota4 an$#er*anent4 $isa+e$, t3e ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4er to 6rnis3 *e$i)a, sr2i)a an$ 3os#ita servi)es )eases,)itin2 1( "or9*ens Co*#ensation Te0t, S)3nei$er, #a2e 1(, t3at/

"3ere t3e evi$en)e $is)oses t3at 6rt3er *e$i)a, sr2i)a, an$ 3os#ita servi)es 7o$ not$e6inite4 i*#rove t3e )on$ition o6 an inre$ e*#o4ee, t3e ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4er to 6rnis3reasona+e *e$i)a an$ 3os#ita servi)es, as an$ 73en nee$e$, )eases ?Pasen vs! Genn L!

Martin - Ne+ras9a Co! @ N!"! $! 11, .an!


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$isa+iit4 an$ t3e #ro)ess o6 3is re)over4 *a4 re>ire8 an$ t3at 73i)3 7i #ro*ote 3is ear4 restoration to t3e*a0i** eve o6 3is #34si)a )a#a)it4Q, re2ar$ess o6 73et3er t3e $isa+iit4 is #er*anent or te*#orar4!

In Ja7aii, t3e o+i2ation o6 t3e e*#o4er to #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee *e$i)a +ene6its s+sists Q$rin2 restin2#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4 in Minnesota, Q$rin2 $isa+iit4 as on2 as ne)essar4 to )re an$ reieveQ8 an$ in Ne7 or9,Qas on2 as ne)essar4!

T3e #resent ris#r$en)e in t3ese states san)tions ni*ite$ *e$i)a +ene6its, +ot3 in ti*e an$ in a*ont!

In Fori$a, t3e #ertinent )o*#ensation stattes re>ire t3e e*#o4er Qto 6rnis3 re*e$ia treat*ent for suchperiod as the nature of the in>ury or the process of reco5ery may re?uireQ +t Qa ri23ts 6or re*e$ia attention s3a +e +arre$ ness a )ai* t3ere6or is 6ie$ or t3e )o**ission a)ts on its o7n initiative 7it3in t7o 4earsa6ter t3e $ate o6 t3e ast re*e$ia treat*ent or - #a4*ent o6 )o*#ensation! Q A##4in2 sai$ #rovisions in t3e)ase o6Plat1er 5. Bur3er, 1%% So! $ =(& ?Fa! 1@, 73ere t3e evi$en)e in$i)ate$ t3at t3e )ai*ant 7o$nee$ #erio$i) *e$i)a treat*ent )onsistin2 o6 $iation o6 t3e ret3ra, *e$i)a #res)ri#tions, an$ treat*ent 6or#rostatitis 6or t3e rest o6 3is i6e, the court ordered medical benefits for the lifetime of the claimant!

It is tre t3at Qt3ro23ot t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t, t3e intention o6 t3e e2isator to i*it #a4a+e

)o*#ensation to P@,(((!(( is re$oent! :t t3is re6ers on4 to )o*#ensate 6or oss o6 in)o*e #ro#er or in)o*e+ene6it 73i)3 is 6i0e$ )o*#te$ on t3e +asis o6 t3e avera2e 7ee94 7a2es o6 t3e )ai*ant8 never to *e$i)a+ene6its! For it is i9e7ise #ervasive in t3e a7 t3at t3e e2isatre 3as inten$e$ a se#arate an$ $i66erenttreat*ent 6or *e$i)a +ene6its as s3o7n +4 t3e 6a)t t3at it #rovi$e$ 6or se#arate #rovisions 6or *e$i)a +ene6its!I6 t3e intention o6 t3e a7*a9ers 7ere to #t a i*it to *e$i)a +ene6its t3en t3e4 7o$ 3ave *er2e$ or *#e$t3e t7o +ene6its in a t3e a##i)a+e #rovisions o6 t3e a7! T3at t3e4 $i$ not, si*#4 *eans t3at t3e4 inten$e$ a$i66erent treat*ent t3ereo6!

It *st +e re-e*#3asi5e$ t3at n$er t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t, benefits for disability are o6 t+o 2enerat4#es/ ?1 In$e*nit4 +ene6its in t3e 6or* o6 )as3 #a4*ents 73i)3 is $esi2ne$ to )o*#ensate t3e 7or9er 6or t3eoss o6 7a2es $e to 3is $isa+iit4 sstaine$ or 6or 3is $eat38 an$ ? *e$i)a +ene6its in t3e 6or* o6 *e$i)a

servi)es, 3os#itai5ation, *e$i)ine an$ ot3er *atters reate$ to t3e treat*ent o6 t3e )o*#ensa+e inr4 or$isease ?Fernan$e5 an$ iason, La+or Stan$ar$s an$ "e6are Le2isation, =&-1=' K1@%! T3e 6irst,in$e*nit4 or )o*#ensation +ene6its 6or oss o6 7a2es, is i*ite$ +ot3 as to ti*e an$ as to a*ont8 73ie t3ese)on$, *e$i)a +ene6its, is ni*ite$ +ot3 as to $ration an$ to a*ont!

T3e #ronon)e*ent inEs3uerra 5s. !uno1 Plama! ?1(% P3i! #! =', Se#t! %, 1=' t3at 73en an inr4 is)o*#ensa+e, the entirety of the correspondin3 indemnity is )o*#ensation over 73i)3 res#on$ent Co**ission3as e0)sive ris$i)tion, is #re4 orbiter dictum an$ 3as no +earin2 on t3e isse in t3is )ase, +e)ase 73at7as t3erein resove$ 7as t3e isse o6 73et3er t3e avaia+iit4 o6 a re*e$4 n$er t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensationA)t #re)$es t3e )ai*ant 6ro* see9in2 $a*a2es, *ora an$ e0e*#ar4, n$er t3e ne7 Civi Co$e 6ro* t3e#ersons 73o $ire)t4 )ase$ 3is inr4! An$ t3is Cort re$ t3at )ai*ant )annot *aintain 3is a)tion 6or

$a*a2es a2ainst t3e res#on$ents, +e)ase 3e 3as ee)te$ to see9 )o*#ensation n$er t3e "or9*ensCo*#ensation La7, an$ 3is )ai* 7as +ein2 #ro)esse$ at t3e ti*e 3e 6ie$ t3is a)tion in t3e Cort o6 FirstInstan)eQ ?#! ='=! T3e on4 t3in2 t3e Cort t3erein state$ 7it3 res#e)t to compensation in res#onse to t3eaver*ent t3at compensation is not dama3es, 7as/ QT3is ar2*ent is +t a #a4 o6 7or$s! T3e ter*)o*#ensation is se$ in t3e a7 ?A)t


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T3e $e)ision or$ers #etitioner to #rovi$e 3i* ?Frto Da4 7it3 )ontinos *e$i)a an$3os#ita servi)es an$ s##ies nti 3is iness is )re$ or arreste$, #rsant to Se)tion 1< o6 t3eA)t! Petitioner assais t3is #ortion o6 t3e $e)ision on t3e 2ron$ t3at Da4 is no on2er in itse*#o4 an$ t3at its ia+iit4 6or *e$i)a )are )annot e0ten$ +e4on$ (@ 7ee9s! T3ere is no *eritin t3e )ontention! Se)tion < $oes not re>ire e*#o4er-e*#o4ee reations3i# as a )on$ition 6ort3e e*#o4ers ia+iit4 As on2 as t3e iness 7as )ontra)te$ $rin2 t3e e*#o4ees e*#o4*ent,t3e e*#o4ers o+i2ation s+sists! O+i2ation asts 6or as on2 as t3e e*#o4ee is si)9!(he limit

of "= +ee2s li2e the limit of P/===.==/ refers to the liability of for medical compensation Sec.l"/ )/ )/ )/ Act o. '"/ as amended& and has no reference at all to the employers liability

for medical cure %Sec. )'& +hich lasts durin3 the period of dissability.

Se)tions an$ re6er to $isa+iit4 )o*#ensation or in$e*nit4 +ene6its8 not to *e$i)a +ene6its! Se)tion s#ea9s o6 )o*#ensationfi@ed by la+re6errin2 to t3e a*onts 6i0e$ in Se)tions 1, 1%, 1@ an$ 1'8 not to Se)tion1< on *e$i)a +ene6its 73i)3 3ave no 6i0e$ or $e6inite a*ont! Li9e7ise, Se)tion s#ea9s o6 Qt3e sa*ea*ont o6 )o*#ensation as t3at #res)ri+e$ +4 t3is A)tQ, re6errin2 to Se)tions 1, 1%, 1@ an$ 1'!

It *st i9e7ise +e note$ t3at t3e initia te0t o6 Se)tion 1< +e6ore its a*en$*ent +4 Re#+i) A)t %11 in 1@%i*#ose$ a i*itation as to t3e a*ont o6 *e$i)a +ene6its, t3s/ T3e ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4ee- not t3e ne)essar4

*e$i)a, sr2i)a, an$ 3os#ita servi)es an$ s##iesshall be limited to the amount of ordinarily paid in thecommunity for such treatment of an in>ured himself.Q T3at s)3 $is)ri*inator4 an$ $e2ra$in2 i*itation 7asa*en$e$ ot o6 t3e A)t is )ear4 in$i)ative o6 t3e intention o6 t3e a7*a9ers to #rovi$e ni*ite$ *e$i)a+ene6its!

In t3e 1&= Nort3 Da9ota )ase o6Jedden 5s. orth Da2ota or2mens Compensation Bureau, t3e )ai*ant 7as#er*anent4 tota4 $isa+e$ an$ 7as entite$ to se#arate #a4*ent 6or nrsin2 )are in a nrsin2 3o*e ? 1'N!"! $ @


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$enia +4 t3e e*#o4er o6 ia+iit4, an$ it 3as +een re#eate$4 3e$ +4 t3is )ort t3at t3e6rnis3in2 o6 *e$i)a sr2i)a, an$ 3os#ita servi)es *st +e re2ar$e$ as t3e #a4*ent o6)o*#ensation n$er t3e a)t!Goodman !f3. Co. 5. ent #erio$ o6 3is $isa+iit4 7it3s)3 *e$i)a servi)es an$ a##ian)es as t3e natre o6 3is si)9ness or inr4 an$ #ro2ress o6 3isre)over4 *a4 re>ire, s+e)t to t3e e0#ense i*itation #res)ri+e$ +4 t3e Co**ission ?PD %%!

Con)ernin2 re3a+iitation servi)es, t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e i9e7ise sti#ates/

Art! 1(! Re3a+iitation servi)es! T3e S4ste* s3a, as soon as #ra)ti)a+e, esta+is3 a )ontinin2#ro2ra* 6or t3e re3a+iitation o6 inre$ an$ 3an$i)a##e$ e*#o4ees, 73o s3a +e entite$ tore3a+iitation servi)es, 73i)3 s3a )onsist o6 *e$i)a sr2i)a or 3os#ita treat*ent, in)$in2a##ian)es i6 t3e4 3ave +een 3an$i)a##e$ +4 t3e inr4, to 3e# t3e* +e)o*e #34si)a4in$e#en$ent!

?+ As soon as #ra)ti)a+e, t3e S4ste* s3a esta+is3 )enters e>i##e$ an$ sta66e$ to #rovi$e a+aan)e$ #ro2ra* o6 re*e$ia treat*ent, vo)ationa assess*ent an$ #re#aration $esi2ne$ to *eett3e in$ivi$a nee$s o6 ea)3 3an$i)a##e$ e*#o4ee to restore 3i* to sita+e e*#o4*ent,in)$in2 assistan)e as *a4 +e 7it3in its resor)es to 3e# ea)3 re3a+iitee to $eveo# 3is *enta,vo)ationa or so)ia #otentia ?PD %%!


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:ot3 Se)tions 1'= an$ 1( ?a an$ + $o not $is)ri*inate +et7een t3ose #er*anent4 $isa+e$ an$ t3osete*#orari4 in)a#a)itate$! Jen)e, o+e$ien)e *st +e a))or$e$ to t3e #rin)i#e t3at "E s3o$ not $istin2is3e$73ere t3e a7 *a9es no $istin)tion!

It 7i +e note$ aso t3at 7it3 res#e)t to *e$i)a servi)es, t3e e0#enses t3ere6or 73i)3 *st +e 3o*e +4 t3ee*#o4er is not $e6inite4 >anti6ie$ or 6i0e$, +t is Qs+e)t to t3e e0#ense i*itation #res)ri+e$ +4 t3eCo**ission!Q :t t3is >ai6i)ation a##ears to )oi$e 7it3 t3e so)ia sti)e 2arantee enoine$ +4 t3e

Constittion! Even on t3e ass*#tion t3at t3is #o7er o6 t3e E*#o4ees Co*#ensation Co**ission to 6i0 a)eiin2 on t3e *a0i** )ost o6 *e$i)a servi)es to +e s##ie$ to t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee is )onstittiona n$ert3e so)ia sti)e 2arantee o6 t3e Constittion, "E are not a7are o6 an4 s)3 i*itation esta+is3e$ +4 t3eCo**ission!

It 7i i9e7ise +e note$ t3at n$er t3e a6ore>ote$ Arti)e 1( o6 t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e, t3ere is no 6i0e$*a0i** a*ont or )ost 6or re3a+iitation servi)es to +e 6rnis3e$ +4 t3e e*#o4er 6or t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee!On t3e )ontrar4, t3e a7 assres t3at t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee s3a +e entite$ to re3a+iitation servi)es )onsistin2o6 *e$i)a, sr2i)a or 3os#ita treat*ent in)$in2 a##ian)es to ena+e t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee to becomephysically independent! Frt3er, t3e sa*e Arti)e 1( $ire)ts t3e S4ste* ?SS or GSIS to esta+is3 )enterse>i##e$ an$ sta66e$ to #rovi$e a +aan)e$ #ro2ra* o6 re*e$ia treat*ent, vo)ationa assess*ent an$

#re#aration $esi2ne$ to *eet t3e in$ivi$a nee$s o6 ea)3 3an$i)a##e$ e*#o4ee to restore 3i* to sita+ee*#o4*ent, Qin)$in2 assistan)e as *a4 +e 7it3in its resor)es to 3e# ea)3 re3a+iitee to $eveo# 3is *enta,vo)ationa or so)ia #otentia! Q T3s, a $isa+e$ e*#o4ee 73o is sti s66erin2 t3e #air an$ in)onvenien)e o6#er*anent $isa+iit4 an$ t3ere6ore nee$s *e$i)a assistan)e an$ 3os#itai5ation, is not Q#34si)a4in$e#en$ent!Q Frt3er*ore, t3e o+i2ation o6 t3e S4ste* $oes not en$ 7it3 t3e attain*ent +4 t3e $isa+e$e*#o4ee o6 #34si)a in$e#en$en)e or a+iit4 to *ove aron$ on 3is o7n #o7er 7it3ot a2on4 or $is)o*6ort,+t e0ten$s to s)3 assistan)e as *a4 Qrestore 3i* to sita+e e*#o4*entQ 73i)3 *a4 +e $i66erent 6ro* 3is#revios e*#o4*ent, +4 reason o6 73i)3 3e *et t3e a))i$ent or in)rre$ t3e ai*ent, as 7e as to $eveo# 3is*enta, vo)ationa or so)ia #otentia! T3at vo)ationa #otentia *a4 aso +e $istin)t 6ro* 3is #reviose*#o4*ent 6ro* 73i)3 3e 7as $isa+e$! An$ )ertain4, 3is *enta, vo)ationa or so)ia #otentia $oes not$e#en$ on 3is #34si)a in$e#en$en)e!

In *)3 t3e sa*e 7a4 t3at et3anasia is not even #res)ri+e$ as t3e e0tre*e re*e$4 6or 73at a##ears to +e ater*ina )ase, "E s3o$ not +e o+ivios to t3e #ossi+iit4 t3at *e$i)a s)ien)e *a4 $evise so*e3o7,so*eti*e $rin2 t3e i6eti*e o6 t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee, a re*e$4 to +anis3 3is #ain an$ to )o*#ete4re3a+iitate 3i* #34si)a4, *enta4 an$ so)ia4!

A6ter $evotin2 t3e +est 4ears o6 t3eir ives to t3e servi)e o6 t3e State, it is on4 6air an$ st t3at t3e State s3o$ta9e )are o6 its )ivi servants nti t3e4 are reieve$ )o*#ete4 6ro* t3e e66e)ts o6 an ai*ent in)rre$ +4 reasono6 t3eir e*#o4*ent!

Denia o6 *e$i)a +ene6its to an e*#o4ee 73o is $isa+e$ #er*anent4, is to a))or$ *ore ri23ts to an e*#o4ee

73o is s66erin2 on4 te*#orar4 $isa+iit4 or in)a#a)it48 +e)ase t3e atter is entite$ to )ontinos *e$i)asr2i)a an$ 3os#ita servi)es an$ a##ian)es as t3e natre o6 3is inr4 or ai*ent *a4 re>ire se)tion 1< o6 t3e"or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t, ot3er7ise 9no7n as Art No!


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An e*#o4ee, 73et3er te*#orari4 or #er*anent4 $isa+e$, is entite$ ?1 to )ontinos 3os#ita *e$i)aan$or sr2i)a servi)es to reieve t3e #ain6 e66e)ts o6 3is $isa+iit48 ? to reie6 6ro*, or aeviation o6 t3e3*iiatin2 e66e)ts o6 3is inr4, i9e #asti) sr2er4 a6ter t3e 6irst o#eration t3at *a4 eave an 24 s)ar or$e6or*it4 ?i#*ent t3at 7i restore t3e nor*a se o6 3issenses, 6a)ties, or i*+s, s)3 as i*#rove$ *o$es o6 73ee)3airs, )rt)3es, arti6i)ia i*+s or 3earin2 orvisa ai$s8 an$ ?% to re3a+iitation o6 3is *orae an$ s#irit +4 ei*inatin2 t3e #s4)3oo2i)a e66e)ts o6 t3etra*a )ase$ +4 t3e ai*ent or inr4 so t3at 3e )an oin, an$ +e a))e#te$ +4, t3e *ainstrea* o6 so)iet4 an$

ea$ a nor*a i6e!

A6ter t3e $isa+iit4 +ene6its 3ave +een #ai$, t3e $isa+e$ e*#o4ee *a4 re*ain to +e t3e *ain s##ort o6 3is6a*i4! Denia to 3i* o6 6rt3er 3os#ita, *e$i)a or sr2i)a servi)es 7o$ +e a22ravatin2 t3e e)ono*i)$istress 3is 6a*i4 is s66erin2!

:e)ase so)iet4 $oes not see* to a))e#t 3i* ?i9e a )re$ e#er 3is 6eein2 o6 $e#ression *a4 $rive 3i* to)o**it si)i$e or *a4 in6e)t t3e ot3er *e*+ers o6 t3e 6a*i4 73o *a4 in $es#eration, )o**it anti-so)ia a)ts,73i)3 7o$ en2en$er a *ore serios tra2e$4 6or t3e 6a*i4!

T3en a2ain, to a+an$on one 73o is #er*anent4 $isa+e$ a6ter t3e 6irst *e$i)a treat*ent, is virta4 to )onsi2n

3i* to t3e s)ra# 3ea# or to t3e 2ar+a2e $*# o6 3*an $erei)ts, no on2er entite$ to t3e )on)ern an$soi)it$e o6 t3e State! Not3in2 7o$ +e *ore in3*an, re#2nant to t3e )entra )ore o6 or $e*o)rati)7e6are state as envisione$ +4 or Constittion an$ s3o)9in2 to a )o*#assionate so)iet4! As 3ereto6oree*#3asi5e$, t3e Govern*ent s3o$ +e t3e ast to 2ive # 3o#e on t3e re)over4 an$ re3a+iitation o6 t3ose 73oare no7 )onsi$ere$ #er*anent4 $isa+e$! La+oratories a over t3e 7or$ are )ontinos4 testin2 an$sear)3in2 6or t3e #ana)ea 6or a ai*ents t3at #a2e 3*anit4! T3ere is 2reater #ossi+iit4 t3at s)3 a )re *a4+e $is)overe$ in or ti*e! T3e ri23t to i6e ran9 se)on$ to none in t3e 3ierar)34 o6 3*an ri23ts! T3e entire7or$ is 7itness to t3e a*a5in2 srviva o6 Haren inan 6or t3e ast t7o 4ears a6ter t3e i6e-2ivin2 a##arats7as $is)onne)te$ 6ro* 3er +o$4!

It is i9e7ise #ossi+e t3at 6ro* or o7n 6ora an$ 6ana *a4 +e $is)overe$ t3e re*e$4 6or *an4 an ai*ent or

inr4! Man4 o6 or #ants, 6rits an$ ve2eta+es 3ave +een 6on$ to )re, #revent or *ini*i5e serios )ar$ia)ai*ents, 34#ertension, art3ritis, a66i)tions o6 t3e 9i$ne4 an$ +a$$er, as 7e as $ee# 7on$s! So*e o6 orve2etation are i9e7ise natra $isin6e)tants! Late4, t3e o74 chichirica an$ dioscorea 3ave +een 6on$ to +e a)re 6or )an)er ?:T or DE Ma4 1


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)oe)tive +ar2ainin2, se)rit4 o6 tenre, an$>ust and humane conditions of +or2! T3e State *a4#rovi$e 6or )o*#sor4 ar+itration ?1&< Constittion, E*#3asis s##ie$!

T3e )onservative vie7 i*itin2 t3e ri23t o6 t3e inre$ or aiin2 e*#o4ee to on4 one sr2i)a or *e$i)aservi)e #revaiin2 in so*e States o6 t3e A*eri)an Union s3o$ not 6in$ a$3eren)e in or ris$i)tion8 +e)ases)3 States see* to +e sti $o*inate$ +4 t3e )a#itaisti) #3ioso#34 as t3e4 $o not #rovi$e in t3eir res#e)tive)onstittions an4 2arantee o6 so)ia sti)e in 6avor o6 t3eir )iti5ens! I6, on t3e ot3er 3an$, t3e 3*anitarian

vie7 73i)3 sstains t3e ri23t o6 t3e aiin2 or inre$ e*#o4ee to )ontinos *e$i)a an$ sr2i)a servi)es nti3e 3as +een 64 re3a+iitate$, is es#ose$ +4 t3e #ro2ressive states o6 t3e Unite$ States o6 A*eri)a $es#ite t3ea+sen)e o6 an4 so)ia sti)e 2arantee in t3eir res#e)tive )onstittions8 a 6ortiori s)3 )o*#assionate a##roa)3s3o$ +e 6oo7e$ in or ris$i)tion, 73ere or Constittion e0#ress4 2arantees so)ia sti)e Qto ensre t3e$i2nit4, 7e6are an$ se)rit4 o6 a t3e #eo#eQ ?Se)! @, Art! II, 1&< Constittion, 73ie )o**an$in2 t3e Stateto Qa66or$ #rote)tion to a+orQ an$ Qassre t3e ri23t o6 7or9ers to !!! st an$ 3*ane )on$itions o6 7or9Q?Se)tion @, Art! II, 1&< Constittion!

T3e 6ear t3at t3is 3*ane, i+era an$ #ro2ressive vie7 7i s7a*# t3e Govern*ent 7it3 )ai*s 6or )ontinin2*e$i)a, 3os#ita an$ sr2i)a servi)es an$ as a )onse>en)e n$4 $rain t3e Nationa Treasr4, is no ar2*enta2ainst it8 +e)ase t3e Re#+i) o6 t3e P3ii##ines as a 7e6are State, in #rovi$in2 6or t3e so)ia sti)e

2arantee in or Constittion, ass*es s)3 ris9! T3is ass*#tion o6 s)3 a no+e res#onsi+iit4 is, as3ereto6ore state$, on4 st an$ e>ita+e sin)e t3e e*#o4ees to +e +ene6itte$ t3ere+4 #re)ise4 +e)a*e#er*anent4 inre$ or si)9 73ie invaria+4 $evotin2 t3e 2reater #ortion o6 t3eir ives to t3e servi)e o6 or)ontr4 an$ #eo#e! J*an +ein2s )onstitte t3e *ost vaa+e natra resor)es o6 t3e nation an$ t3ere6ores3o$ *erit t3e 3i23est soi)it$e an$ t3e 2reatest #rote)tion 6ro* t3e State to reieve t3e* 6ro* n+eara+ea2on4! T3e4 3ave a ri23t to entertain t3e 3o#e t3at $rin2 t3e 6e7 re*ainin2 4ears o6 t3eir i6e so*e $e$i)ate$instittion or 2i6te$ in$ivi$a *a4 #ro$)e a re*e$4 or )re to reieve t3e* 6ro* t3e #ain6 or )ri##in2 or$e+iitatin2 or 3*iiatin2 e66e)ts o6 t3eir inr4 or ai*ent, to 64 an$ )o*#ete4 re3a+iitate t3e* an$$eveo# t3eir Q*enta, vo)ationa an$ so)ia #otentiaQ, so t3at t3e4 7i re*ain se6 an$ #ro$)tive )iti5ens!

Fina4, t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e itse6 )o**an$s t3at Qa $o+ts in t3e i*#e*entation an$ inter#retation o6 t3is

Co$e, in)$in2 its i*#e*entin2 res an$ re2ations, s3a +e resove$ in 6avor o6 a+orQ ?Se)tion %,Presi$entia De)ree No! %%, as a*en$e$! T3is e)3oes Arti)e 1&( o6 t3e Civi Co$e o6 t3e P3ii##ines, 73i)3#rovi$es t3at/

In )ase o6 $o+t, a a+or e2isations an$ a a+or )ontra)ts s3a +e )onstre$ in 6avor o6 sa6et4an$ $e)ent ivin2 6or t3e a+orer,

T3e s)3oo o6 t3o23t t3at resists t3e e0#ansion o6 t3e so)ia ri23ts o6 e*#o4ees an$ 7or9ers is essentia4)a#itaisti), )onservative, rea)tionar4 an$ se6is3! T3e invo)ation o6 t3e $e #ro)ess )ase to )3aen2e t3evai$it4 o6 so)ia an$ a+or e2isation as vioative o6 t3e 6ree$o* o6 )ontra)t an$ an n$e $e#rivation o6#ro#ert4 3a$ on2 +een $is)ar$e$ in A*eri)a sin)e t3e 1


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I 3o$ t3at res#on$ent )o**ission #ro#er4 isse$ its en banc or$er o6 Mar)3 1(, 1&@ settin2 asi$e t3ere6erees $e)ision an$ rin2 in )onsonan)e 7it3 its )onsistent o66i)ia inter#retation an$ i*#e*entation o6 t3e"or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t ever sin)e its in)e#tion in 1' 1t3at QCai*ant 7as $e)are$ totally andpermanently disabled and no amount of medical treatment could restore him to his former physical capacity for

labor! It 7o$ +e n6air on res#on$ents si$e to +e )ontinos4 #a4in2 t3e *e$i)a e0#enses, as it 7i +e anen$ess o+i2ation In 6a)t, )ai*ant 7as area$4 2iven t3e *a0i** a*ont o6 P@,(((!(( #rovi$e$ 6or in t3eA)t, as a*en$e$! Jen)e, )ai*ant is no on2er entite$ to an4 6rt3er a*ont o6 rei*+rse*ent o6 *e$i)a

e0#enses! '-1

1! T3e 9e4 #rovision o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t on #a4*ent o6 *e$i)a e0#enses an$ servi)es is6on$ in se)tion 1< t3ereo6 73i)3 #rin)i#a4 #rovi$es t3at Kury or contracted sic2ness and durin3 the subse?uent period of disability, t3e e*#o4er or insran)e)arrier s3a #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee 7it3 s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies as t3e natre o6 3is $isa+iit4 an$t3e #ro)ess o6 3isreco5ery *a4 re>ire8 an$ t3at 73i)3 7i #ro*ote 3is early restoration to t3e ma@imum eveo6 3isphysical capacity! 2

T3is 9e4 #rovision is rea$ in )onn)tion 7it3 se)tion 1% on tota $isa+iit4, se)tion 1= on tota an$ #er*anent$isa+iit4, se)tion 1@ on #artia $isa+iit4 an$ se)tion 1& on #er*anent #artia $isa+iit4! It is rea$i4 seen 6ro*

t3ese #rovisions o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t t3at t3e $isa+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4ee is )assi6ie$ a))or$in2to t3ee@tent t3ereo6 into eit3er tota or #artia8 an$ a))or$in2 to t3e duration into eit3er te*#orar4 or #er*anent!Tota $isa+iit4 in trn *a4 +e eit3er te*#orar4 or #er*anent! "3ere it is temporary, sin)e t3e $isa+iit4at3o23 totalis *ere4 te*#orar4, t3e e*#o4ee is 2iven 7ee94 $isa+iit4 #a4*ents *)3 ess t3an t3e*a0i** 2rante$ +4 t3e A)t 6or tota an$ #er*anent $isa+iit4 ?as 7e as 6or srvivors $eat3 +ene6its in t3es* o6 P@,(((!(( a))or$in2 to t3e 6or*a set +4 t3e A)t $rin2 t3e te*#orar4 #erio$ t3at t3e e*#o4ee isna+e to earn 7a2es +e)ase o6 3is te*#orar4 $isa+iit4! In s)3 )ases o6 tota +t te*#orar4 $isa+iit4, se)tion1< o6 t3e A)t re>ires t3e e*#o4er to $e6ra4 t3e *e$i)a servi)es an$ e0#enses t3at 7i #ro*ote 3is Qear4restoration to t3e *a0i** eve o6 3is #34si)a )a#a)it4Q an$ 2et 3i* +a)9 on t3e o+! Jen)e, t3e e*#o4ee isentite$ to rei*+rse*ent o6 *e$i)a e0#enses 73ie 3is curati5e treatment asts!

U#on t3e ot3er 3an$, 73ere t3e $isa+iit4 is total and permanent, t3e e*#o4ees tota an$ #er*anent $isa+iit4or in)a#a)it4 to #er6or* 2ain6 7or9 is so $e)are$! 3T3s, t3e e*#o4ers ia+iit4 6or t3e e*#o4ees *e$i)aservi)es an$ e0#enses in )onne)tion 7it3 t3e inr4 or si)9ness t3at )ase$ s)3 #er*anent an$ tota $isa+iit4is en$e$ #on #a4*ent o6 t3e P@,(((! *a0i** *# s* )o*#ensation t3ere6or an$ o6 t3e *e$i)ae0#enses in)rre$ in )onne)tion t3ere7it3! Se)tion 1< o6 t3e A)t )an no on2er +e invo9e$ 6or t3e #a4*ent orrei*+rse*ent o6subse?uent *e$i)a e0#enses o6 t3e e*#o4ee ater 3is retire*ent 6ro* 7or9 as a rest o6 3istota an$ #er*anent $isa+iit4 +e)ase it is o+vios t3at s)3 e0#enses are no on2er )rative an$ no a*ont o6*e$i)a treat*ent )an restore 3i* to 3is ost #34si)a )a#a)it4 6or 7or9 or a+or!

! It 7i t3s +e seen t3at an e*#o4ee 73o 3as +een $e)are$ to +e tota4 an$ #er*anent4 $isa+e$ an$ 73o3as re)eive$ t3e *a0i** P@,(((! $isa+iit4 )o*#ensation t3ere6or an$ 3as +een rei*+rse$ t3e *e$i)a

e0#enses atten$ant to t3e inr4 or iness 73i)3 ren$ere$ 3i* so in)a#a)itate$ is not entite$ n$er t3e A)t an$*ore #arti)ar4 n$er se)tion 1< to an4 6rt3er #a4*ent or rei*+rse*ent 6orsubse?uent *e$i)a e0#enses!T3e A)t 3as never +r$ene$ t3e e*#o4er, +e it t3e 2overn*ent itse6, an$ t3is 3as a7a4s +een t3e o66i)ia)onstr)tion an$ i*#e*entation o6 t3e A)t as 3ereto6ore state$ 7it3 t3e o+i2ation o6*a9in2 unlimited#a4*ents 6orsubse?uent *e$i)a servi)es an$ e0#enses 6or as ton2 as t3e #er*anent4 an$tota4 $isa+e$ e*#o4ee ives! Not even in t3e )ase o6 t3e State as e*#o4er 3as s)3 a limitless+r$en +eeni*#ose$, 6or t3e )ost t3ereo6 7o$ +e sta22erin2, i6 not ato2et3er #ro3i+itive, not to *ention t3at no #rovision6or s)3 an o#en en$e$ an$ en$ess o+i2ation 3as ever +een #rovi$e$ in t3e +$2et 6or t3e 3a6-)entr4 t3at t3e"or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t 3as +een in 6or)e! t3e e*#o4ers o+i2ation )eases #on #a4*ent o6 t3e*a0i** an$ 6i0e$ P@,(((! $isa+iit4 )o*#ensation 6or tota an$ #er*anent $isa+iit4 an$ t3e *e$i)ae0#enses atten$ant t3ereto ?73i)3 2enera4 3ave a*onte$ to a+ot t3e sa*e s* 6i0e$ as *a0i**)o*#ensation!

T3e sitation is a9in to t3at )ite$ in6epublic 5s. Amilirin2 no 6rt3er 3os#itai5ationor treat*ent, sin)e t3e 1= oss o6 3is e2 a)tivit4 7as #er*anent an$ )o$ not +e i*#rove$ +4 6rt3er*e$i)ation!Q In t3e sa*e *anner, in )ases o6 tota an$ #er*anent $isa+iit4 t3e e*#o4er is $ee*e$ reieve$ o6


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34/113

?a T3e #3rase in t3e o$ #rovision ?se)tion 1< o6 t3e o$ "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t #rovi$in2 t3at t3ee*#o4er 7i #rovi$e 6or t3e *e$i)a servi)es Q73i)3 7in #ro*ote Kt3e e*#o4ees ear4 restoration to t3e*a0i** eve o6 3is #34si)a )a#a)it4Q 3as +een ei*inate$, *eanin2 to sa4 t3at t3e )assi6i)ation +et7een t3e$i66erent 9in$s o6 $isa+iit4 ?tota or #artia, te*#orar4 or #er*anent 6or #r#oses o6 *e$i)a servi)es an$e0#enses 3as +een )ast asi$e! Jen)e, t3e 6or*er i*itation t3at tota4 an$ #er*anent4 $isa+e$ e*#o4ees7ere not entite$ to #a4*ent o6 t3eirsubse?uent*e$i)a e0#enses sin)e t3e4 )o$ no on2er +e restore$ to t3e*a0i** eve o6 t3eir #34si)a )a#a)it4 6or 7or9 3as +een ei*inate$ 7it3 t3e rest t3at t3e tota4 an$

Per*anent4 $isa+e$ are no7 entite$ to #a4*ent o6 s)3 s+se>ent *e$i)a e0#enses8 an$

?+ Pres*a+4 +4 virte o6 t3e in)sion no7 in t3e ne7 #ro2ra* o6 s)3 tota4 an$ #er*anent4 $isa+e$e*#o4ees an$ t3e n)ertain e0#enses t3at *a4 #ossi+4 +e in)rre$ 6or t3eir *e$i)a nee$s, it is no7 e0#ress4#rovi$e$ t3at s)3 *e$i)a servi)es an$ e0#enses s3a +esub>ect to the e@pense limitation#res)ri+e$ +4 t3eKE*#o4ees Co*#ensation Co**ission!

In )onn)tion 7it3 t3e 6ore2oin2, a ne7 #rovision, vi5, Art! 1( o6 t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e no7 e0#ress4#rovi$es 6or re3a+iitation servi)es o6 t3e #er*anent4 $isa+e$, as 6oo7s/

ART! 1(! Re3a+iitation servi)es! ?a T3e S4ste* s3a, as soon as #ra)ti)a+e, esta+is3 a

)ontinin2 #ro2ra* 6or t3e re3a+iitation o6 inre$ an$ 3an$i)a##e$ e*#o4ees, 73o s3a +eentite$ to re3a+iitation servi)es, 73i)3 s3a )onsist o6 *e$i)a, sr2i)a or 3os#ita treat*ent,in)$in2 a##ian)es i6 t3e4 3ave +een 3an$i)a##e$ +4 t3e inr4, to 3e# t3e* +e)o*e#34si)a4 in$e#en$ent!

?+ As soon as #ra)ti)a+e, t3e S4ste* s3a esta+is3 )enters e>i##e$ an$ sta66e$ to #rovi$e a+aan)e$ #ro2ra* o6 re*e$ia treat*ent, vo)ationa assess*ent an$ #re#aration $esi2ne$ to *eett3e in$ivi$a nee$s o6 ea)3 3an$i)a##e$ e*#o4ee to restore 3i* to sita+e e*#o4*ent,in)$in2 assistan)e as *a4 +e 7it3in its resor)es to 3e# ea)3 re3a+iitee to $eveo# 3is *enta,vo)ationa or so)ia #otentia!

T3is in$ee$ 7o$ $is)3ar2e t3e Sta! is o+i2ation an$ )on)ern 6or t3e #er*anent4 $isa+e$ an$ 3an$i)a##e$ a +r$en 73i)3 )o$ not #ossi+4 +e +orne +4 t3e avera2e e*#o4er 7it3ot t3e ris9 o6 insoven)4 or+an9r#t)4! T3is #roe)t o6 #rovi$in2 re3a+iitation servi)es is o6 s)3 *a2nit$e t3at even no7, 6ive 4earsa6ter t3e issan)e o6 t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e, t3e Minister o6 La+or 3as not 4et annon)e$ an4 $e6inite #ans 6ort3e i*#e*entation o6 t3is #rovision to #rovi$e 6ree re3a+iitation servi)es to t3e #er*anent4 $isa+e$ 7or9ersan$ to esta+is3 re3a+iitation )enters!

=! It s3o$ +e n$ers)ore$ t3at $rin2 or $ei+erations in t3e )ase at +ar 73ere+4 t3e esta+is3e$a$*inistrative inter#retation o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t to t3e e66e)t t3at tota4 an$ #er*anent4$isa+e$ e*#o4ees )annot )ai* 6or )ontinin2 an$ in$eter*ina+e o#en-en$e$ *e$i)a, sr2i)a an$ 3os#itae0#enses 7o$ no7 +e retroa)tive4 set asi$e, t3e 6ear o6 t3e #ossi+iit4 t3at t3e 2overn*ent 7o$ no7 +e

s7a*#e$ 7it3 )ai*s 6or s)3 )ontinin2 *e$i)a sr2i)a an$ 3os#ita servi)es t3at Q7o$ n$4 $rain t3enationa treasr4Q as ta9en note o6 +4 t3e *aorit4 57as +rs3e$ asi$e 7it3 t3e state*ent t3at t3e State )an an$s3o$ +e a+e to a66or$ it Qas a 7e6are State!Q I 3ave 2rave $o+ts a+ot t3is sin)e no 6n$s 3ave ever +eena##ro#riate$ 6or t3e #r#ose $rin2 t3e s+sisten)e 6or =( 4ears o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t an$ t3e+i )o$ rn into enor*os a*onts t3at 7o$ eo#ar$i5e t3e settin2 # o6 t3e re3a+iitation #ro2ra* an$servi)es )onte*#ate$ +4 t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e,supra! It s3o$ aso +e *a$e )ear t3at in or $ei+erations, t3is$e)ision 7as e0#ress4 limited to t3e3o5ernment as t3e e*#o4er an$ t3at t3e >estion o6 73et3er t3e sa*erin2 o6 no7 3o$in2 t3e 2overn*ent as e*#o4er ia+e 6or in$e6inite i6eon2 *e$i)a, sr2i)a an$ 3os#itae0#enses o6 tota4 an$ #er*anent4 $isa+e$ e*#o4ees 7o$ aso a##4 to t3epri5ate e*#o4ers, *an4 o673i)3 )o$ #ossi+4 +e t3ro7n into +an9r#t)4 s3o$ t3is rin2 +e aso a##ie$ to t3e* ?)onsi$erin2 t3e#revaiin2 3i23 )osts o6 s)3 *e$i)a e0#enses, 7as e6t open an$ unresol5ed!

To #ara#3rase .sti)e Ma)o* in ;er3ara 5s. Pambusco, 97e in t3e )ort 3ave 3ereto6ore 2iven re#eate$evi$en)e o6 or $esire an$ resove to see a s#irit o6 i+erait4 an$ so)ia sti)e )3ara)teri5e t3e )onstr)tion an$i*#e*entation o6 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t! "e 3ave a7a4s en$eavore$ to inter#ret t3e A)t to#ro*ote its #r#oses! "e 3ave even 2one so 6ar +4 virte o6 t3e A)ts #res*#tion o6 )o*#ensa+iit4 to $e)are)o*#ensa+e n$er t3e A)t #ra)ti)a4 a t3e 9no7n 6or*s o6 3*an iness an$ $isease t3at 3ave s#ervene$$rin2 t3e )orse o6 e*#o4*ent in)$in2 e#ros4 an$ )an)er in a t3eir varios 6or*s! :t as .sti)eMa)o* stresse$, Q7e )annot an$ s3o$ not re)onstr)t t3e A)t to 6it #arti)ar )asesQ or to retroa)tive4


35/113

$istr+ an$ set asi$e t3e o66i)ia a$*inistrative inter#retation an$ i*#e*entation o6 t3e A)t t3at 3as re)eive$or san)tion 6or $e)a$es!

Es#e)ia4 s3o$ t3is +e so 73en t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t 3as area$4 +een re#eae$ an$ t3is Cort isno7 on t3e ver2e o6 )earin2 its $o)9ets o6 t3e 3n$re$s o6 )o*#ensation )ases t3at 6oo$e$ s +e)ase o6 t3e#re)i#itate an$ 3ast4 $enias o6 )ai*s +4 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation Co**ission $rin2 its ast $a4s o6e0isten)e in or$er to *eet its $ea$ine 6or $eter*ination o6 s)3 )ai*s! T3e re*e$4 6or t3e #i23t o6 t3e

#er*anent4 $isa+e$ 73o 7ere not ta9en )are o6 +4 t3e o$ "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t ies not 7it3 t3eCort +t 7it3 t3e a7*a9ers! T3is t3e4 )an 2ive +4 si*#e re*e$ia e2isation #rovi$in2 t3e ne)essar4 6n$san$ $ire)tin2 t3at t3e *e$i)a an$ re3a+iitation servi)es )onte*#ate$ an$ #rovi$e$ 6or n$er t3e a+ove-)ite$Arti)es 1'= an$ 1( o6 t3e Ne7 La+or Co$e are *a$e a##i)a+e an$ s3a +e avaia+e to t3e e*#o4ees an$7or9ers 73o in)rre$ #er*anent an$ tota $isa+iit4 n$er t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t!

I vote a))or$in24 6or a66ir*an)e o6 t3e a##eae$ $e)ision!

A?uino/ 0./ dissent.

MELENCIO-HERRERA,J., $issentin2/

I a* )onstraine$ to $issent 6ro* t3e *aorit4 $e)ision! T3e vie7s 73i)3 3ave in$)e$ *e to $o so )an +ee0#on$e$ as 6oo7s/

1!E@ercise of the >udicial po+er!?aT3e *ain res#onsi+iit4 o6 Corts is to inter#ret an$ )onstre t3e a7s,)onstittiona an$ stattor4! T3e4 s3o$ not e2isate e0)e#t interstitia4 ?1@ C.S &'8 t3at is, e0)e#t to 6i int3e s*a 2a#s e6t in stattes +4 t3e e2isative! :t 73at Corts *a4 6i in into t3ose 2a#s s3o$ sti +e ina))or$an)e 7it3 t3e a7*a9ers #r#ose!

?+ :e6ore t3e e66e)tivit4 o6 t3e La+or Co$e, e*#o4ers )o$ +e )assi6ie$ into t7o 2ro#s/ t3e 6irst 2ro#+ein2 )o*#ose$ o6 t3ose s+stantia4 a66e)te$ +4 t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t ?t3e OLD ACF 6or s3ort,an$ t3e se)on$ 2ro# +ein2 )o*#ose$ o6 t3ose 73ose )on)ern 7it3 t3e OLD ACT is *ini*a! A*on2 t3ose int3e se)on$ 2ro# are *ain4 t3e #ro6essionas/ a74ers, a))ontants, a$vertisin2 a2ents, et)! It is )on)eiva+et3at an a))ontant, or a a74er, )an sa4 t3at/ ?i T3e S#re*e Cort 3as )onstre$ t3e OLD ACT so i+era4 in6avor o6 e*#o4ees t3at e*#o4ers 73o 3ave a)ta4 6a)e$ )ai*s 6or )o*#ensation 3ave in t3e *ain +een 3e$ia+e, even 73en iness stri)t4 s#ea9in2, 7ere not rea4 7or9 )onne)te$8 ?ii In$ivi$a e*#o4ers so 3e$ia+e 7ere 3eavi4 +r$ene$ 7it3 in)rease$ )osts o6 o#eration8 ?iii T3e Govern*ent 3as re)o2ni5e$ t3e #i23to6 e*#o4ers in t3e 6irst 2ro# 73o 3ave a)ta4 +een re>ire$ to +ear t3e )ost o6 7or9*ens )o*#ensationan$, to aeviate t3eir sitation, t3e OLD ACT 7as re#eae$, an$ t3e )ost o6 e*#o4ees, )o*#ensation 7as$istri+te$ a*on2 an e*#o4ers, re2ar$ess o6 73et3er an4 o6 t3eir e*#o4ees 3ave s66ere$ 7or9 )onne)te$

inries or inesses8 ?iv A))ontants or a74ers 3ave no7 to #a4 e*#o4ees )o*#ensation 73ere, +e6ore t3eLa+or Co$e, t3e4 never 3a$ to +ear an4 e0#ense 6or 7or9*ens )o*#ensation8 ?v E*#o4ers in t3e 6irst 2ro#3ave 7e)o*e$ t3e La+or Co$e in t3e t3o23t t3at 7it3 t3e #a4*ent o6 #re*i*s 6or e*#o4ees )o*#ensation,t3e4 nee$ not 7orr4 a+ot 7or9*ens )o*#ensation8 an$ ?vi A rest o6 t3e #resent s4ste* )o$ +e t3erea0ation o6 sa6et4 *easres on t3e #art o6 e*#o4ers!

?) A $issent is a Qvoi)e in t3e 7i$erness!Q Nevert3eess, an$, on #rin)i#e, I 7o$ sti i9e to e0#ress *4t3o23ts on t3e isse invove$ in t3is )ase, +earin2 in *in$ t3e #ri*or$ia re>ire*ent t3at Corts s3o$inter#ret stattes an$ s3o$ not )onstre t3e* +e4on$ t3e e2isators #r#ose!

! Simplication of the Problem ?a T3is )ase invoves t3e inter#retation or *eanin2 to +e as)ri+e$ to SECTION

1< o6

t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensation A)t ?t3e OLD ACT, 6or s3ort, 73i)3 #rovi$es/

SEC! 1ent #erio$ o6 $isa+iit4, t3e e*#o4er orinsran)e 73ere s3a #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee 7it3 s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies as t3e


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natre o6 3is $isa+iit4 an$ t3e #ro)ess o6 3is re)over4 na4 re>ire8 an$ t3at 73i)3 7i #ro*ote3is ear4 restoration to t3e *a0i** eve o6 3is #34si)a )a#a)it4!

T3e 7or$ Qservi)esQ se$ 3erein s3a in)$e *e$i)a, sr2i)a $enta 3os#ita an$ nrsin2atten$an)e an$ treat*ent as 7e as t3e #ro#er 6ittin2 an$ trainin2 in t3e se o6 a##ian)es an$t3e ne)essar4 trainin2 6or #r#oses o6 re3a+iitation8 a##ian)es s3a in)$e )rt)3es, arti6i)ia*e*+ers an$ ot3er $evi)es o6 t3e sa*e 9in$, an$ t3e re#a)e*ents or re#airs o6 s)3 arti6i)ia

*e*+ers or s)3 $evi)es ness t3e re#a)e*ent or re#air is *a$e ne)essar4 +4 t3e a)9 o6#ro#er )are +4 t3e e*#o4ee8 an$ s##ies s3a in)$e *e$i)ines, as "e as *e$i)a sr2i)aan$ $enta s##ies!

In )ase t3e e*#o4er or insran)e )arrier )annot 6rnis3 t3e a6ore*entione$ servi)es, a##ian)esan$ s##ies #ro*#t4, t3e inre$ or si)9 e*#o4ee *a4 a)>ire t3e sa*e at t3e e0#ense o6 t3ee*#o4er or insran)e )arrier!

I6 it is s3o7n +e6ore t3e Co**ission or its at3ori5e$ re#resentative t3at t3e inre$ or si)9e*#o4ee vontari4 re6se$ to a))e#t 7it3ot sti6ia+e )ase, t3e servi)es, a##ian)es an$s##ies #rovi$e$ +4 t3e e*#o4er or insran)e )arrier or vontari4 o+str)te$ 7it3ot

sti6ia+e )ase t3e 2ivin2 o6 s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies, s)3 re6sa or o+str)tions3a +e )onstre$ as a 7aiver o6 an or #art o6 3is ri23ts to t3e sa*e an$ in t3is )ase t3e e*#o4eror insran)e )arrier s3a +e ia+e on4 6or t3e $isa+iit4 o6 an4 natre t3at 7o$ 3ave ense$ i6t3e inre$ or si)9 e*#o4ee 3a$ a))e#te$ t3e servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies ten$ere$ +4 t3ee*#o4er or insran)e )arrier Provi$e$, 3o7ever, T3at t3e re6sa as 7e as t3e 9in$ o6$isa+iit4 t3at 7o$ 3ave +een t3e rest o6 t3e inr4 or iness i6 t3e inre$ or si)9 #erson 3a$a))e#te$ s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##ies s3a +e set 6ort3 in an a66i$avit *a$e 7it3int7ent4-6or 3ors a6ter s)3 re6sa +4 t3e #34si)ian or ot3er #erson )ae$ to ren$er s)3servi)es or 6rnis3 s)3 a##ian)es or s##ies! "3at s3a )onstitte sti6ia+e )ase s3a +e$eter*ine$ +4 t3e re#resentative o6 t3e Co**ission 73o *a4, on 3is o7n initiative, $eter*inet3e ne)essit4, )3ara)ter an$ s66i)ien)4 o6 an4 servi)e, a##ian)e an$ s##ies 6rnis3e$ +4 t3e

e*#o4er or insran)e )arrier or a)>ire$ +4 t3e e*#o4ee 3i*se6 at t3e e*#o4ers or insran)e)arriers e0#ense, an$ or$er a )3an2e o6 s)3 servi)e, a##ian)e an$ s##ies 73en in 3is$2*ent s)3 )3an2e is $esira+e or ne)essar4!

No )ai* 6or s)3 servi)es, a##ian)es or s##ies s3a +e vai$ an$ en6or)ea+e a2ainst t3ee*#o4er or insran)e )arrier ness t3e atten$in2 #34si)ian or ot3er #erson )on)ern 7it3int7ent4 $a4s 6oo7in2 t3e 6irst treat*ent, atten$an)e, or 6rnis3in2 o6 s##ies an$ t3erea6ter7it3in t3e sa*e #erio$ 6oo7in2 ever4 treat*ent, atten$an)e, or 6rnis3in2 o6 s##ies, 6rnis3t3e e*#o4er or insran)e )arrier an$ t3e Co**ission a re#ort o6 s)3 inr4 an$ treat*ent on a6or* #res)ri+e$ +4 t3e Co**ission!

T3e ia+iit4 o6 an e*#o4er or insran)e )arrier 6or t3e a6ore*entione$ servi)es, a##ian)es an$s##ies s3a not +e a66e)te$ +4 t3e 6a)t t3at 3is e*#o4ee 7as $isa+e$ t3ro23 t3e 6at orne2i2en)e o6 a t3ir$ #art4!

?+ T3e *aorit4 3as inter#rete$ or )onstre$ t3e 6ore2oin2 SECTION 1< as re>irin2 t3e e*#o4er to #rovi$et3e e*#o4ee 7it3 Qservi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##iesQ 6or re)rren)es o6 iness as on2 as 3e ives ?3ereina6ter)ae$ LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES!

In t3is )ase, #etitioner 7as retire$ on O)to+er


37/113

?) On t3e ot3er 3an$, I a* o6 o#inion t3at SECTION 1< s3o$ +e interpreted ?an$ nee$ not +e )onstre$ s)3t3at t3e e*#o4er is re>ire$ to #rovi$e t3e e*#o4ee, a6ter t3e inr4 or iness 3as +een s66ere$, 7it3Qservi)es, a##ian)es an$ s##iesQ, or *e$i)a e0#enses, on4 6or t3e Q3os#itai5ationQ immediately!!!durin3the subse?uent period of disability ?3ereina6ter )ae$ t3e IMMEDIATE MEDICAL EXPENSES! T3e 6a)torss##ortin2 *4 o#inion 7i 3ereina6ter +e $is)sse$!

SEC! ! Pa4*ents in a *# s*! "3enever t3e Co**issioner )onsi$ers it *osta$vanta2eos an$ )onvenient, t3e ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4er as re2ar$s t3e )o*#ensation *a4 +e$is)3ar2e$ tota4 or in #art +4 #a4*ent in a *# s* or s*s as *a4 +e t3e )ase, n$er t3e)on$ition t3at i6 t3e s* or s*s to +e #ai$ are ess t3an t3at 6i0e$ +4 t3e a7, t3e re$)tion s3anot +e *ore t3an ei23t #er )ent*/ Provi$e$, 3o7ever, T3at an4 a2ree*ent or )ontra)t *a$e 6ort3is #r#ose +et7een t3e #arties s3a not +e vai$ ness it +e in )on6or*it4 7it3 t3e #rovisionso6 t3is se)tion in so 6ar as t3e a*ont o6 )o*#ensation is )on)erne$, an$ +e *a$e in t3e 6or* o6a #+i) $o)*ent a)9no7e$2e$ +e6ore t3e sti)e o6 t3e #ea)e o6 t3e o)ait4 an$ atteste$ +4t7o 7itnesses, one o6 73o* s3a +e t3e *ni)i#a treasrer or t3e #erson a)tin2 in 3is stea$ i6t3e a2ree*ent is entere$ into otsi$e t3e Cit4 o6 Mania8 s+e)t to t3e a##rova o6 t3e

"or9*ens Co*#ensation Co**issioner an$ i6 in t3e Cit4 o6 Mania, +e6ore t3e "or9*ensCo*#ensation Co**issioner or an4 o6 3is at3ori5e$ re#resentative! :e6ore t3ea)9no7e$2*ent o6 t3e instr*ent, t3e sti)e o6 t3e #ea)e s3a 64 in6or* t3e inre$ a+oreror $e#en$ent #erson or #ersons e0e)tin2 t3e instr*ent in 3is stea$, o6 a t3eir ri23ts an$#rivie2es n$er t3is A)t rea$in2 an$ transatin2 to t3e* into t3e verna)ar $iae)t t3e4 9no7 in)ase t3e4 $o not n$erstan$ En2is3 or S#anis3 t3e #rovisions o6 t3is A)t esta+is3in2 t3ea*onts an$ #erio$ o6 )o*#ensation an$ ot3er #rivie2es to 73i)3 t3e4 are entite$ +4 reason o6t3e a))i$ent, an$ s3a )erti64 in t3e a)9no7e$2*ent )ase t3at an t3ese re>isites 3ave +een)o*#ie$ 7it3! T3e e0#enses o6 t3e a)9no7e$2*ent o6 t3e )ontra)t s3a +e +orne +4 t3ee*#o4er!

SEC! ! A2ree*ent on )o*#ensation! In )ase t3e e*#o4er an$ t3e inre$ a+orer or t3e$e#en$ents entite$ to )o*#ensation arrive at an a2ree*ent )on)ernin2 t3e )o*#ensation#rovi$e$ 6or +4 t3is A)t, s)3 a2ree*ent in or$er to +e vai$, s3a #rovi$e, at east, t3e sa*ea*ont o6 )o*#ensation as t3at #res)ri+e$ +4 t3is A)t an$ *st +e a##rove$ +4 t3e "or9*ensCo*#ensation Co**issioner, or an4 o6 3is at3ori5e$ re#resentative/ Provi$e$, 3o7ever, (hatthe employer shall be e@empt from all liability under this Act as soon as the compensation has

been paid in accordance +ith this sectionsavin2 t3e #rovisions o6 se)tion si0 o6 t3is A)t!

T3e 6ore2oin2 #rovisions, to *4 *in$, rn )onter to t3e inter#retation o6 SECTION 1< in t3e O#inion o6 t3e*aorit4 to t3e e66e)t t3at an inre$ 7or9*an is entite$ to LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES # to t3e en$o6 3is natra i6e! Foo7in2 t3at O#inion o6 t3e *aorit4, Se)tions an$ 7o$ +e *eanin2ess +e)ase

an4 an$ a a2ree*ents n$er t3ose #ara2ra#3s, s#e)ia4 t3e e*#o4ers 6rt3er ia+iit4 6or LIFELONGMEDICAL EXPENSES, 7o$ +e )ontrar4 to t3e #rovisions o6 SECTION 1< as )onstre$ +4 t3e Maorit4! T3ea7*a9er 7o$ not 3ave #rovi$e$ 6or e0e*#tion 6ro* 6rt3er ia+iit4 o6 t3e e*#o4er n$er Se)tion i6,a6ter a, t3e e*#o4er 3as to ass*e ia+iit4 to t3e inre$ e*#o4ee 6or LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES!

%!


38/113

T3e se)tion ass*es t3at )o*#ensation s3o$ +e #ai$ +4 a $o*esti) insran)e )o*#an4, t3e soven)4 o6 73i)3is *ore or ess assre$8 rat3er t3an t3e e*#o4er 73o *i23t trn ot to +e insovent! T3e #rovision see9s to#rote)t t3e e*#o4ee! T3e e0)e#tion )overs e*#o4ers 73o )an 6rnis3 satis6a)tor4 #roo6 o6 t3eirfinancialability to shoulder the payment of compensation. T3e i*#ortant 6a)tor to note is t3at e*#o4ers 73o ta9e otinsran)e 6ro* $o*esti) insran)e )o*#anies are t3ose 73o )annot #rove t3eir 6inan)ia a+iit4 to s3o$eria+iities n$er t3e OLD ACT!

An insran)e #oi)4, as a practical measure, )annot or$inari4 +e o+taine$ +4 an e*#o4er to )over 3i*se6a2ainst ia+iit4 For LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES n$er t3e SECTION as )onstre$ +4 t3e *aorit4! I6an insran)e Co*#an4 s3o$ a2ree to a #oi)4 )overin2 t3e e*#o4ers n$eter*ina+e an$ ni*ite$ ia+iit4n$er SECTION 1< 6or LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES8 t3e #re*i* 7i +e #ro3i+itive, an$ 7o$ not+e 7it3in t3e *eans o6 t3e e*#o4er to #a4 +e)ase 3is a##i)ation 6or t3e insran)e #oi)4 #res##oses t3at 3eis not #ossesse$ 7it3 Q6inan)ia a+iit4 to s3o$erQ t3e ia+iities 6or )o*#ensation! T3at rest )o$ not 3ave+een t3e intention o6 t3e e2isator in re>irin2 e*#o4ers to se)re insran)e )overa2e! SECTION 1< s3o$not +e )onstre$ to #ro$)e ine>ita+e sitations, 73i)3 7o$ +e t3e rest n$er t3e rin2 in t3e *aorit4O#inion!

Un$er t3e #resent La+or Co$e, e*#o4ees )o*#ensation 3as to )o*e 6ro* a state insran)e 6n$ to 73i)3

e*#o4ers #a4 insran)e #re*i*s! Even t3e insran)e )overa2e n$er t3e #resent La+or Co$e )annot s##ortni*ite$ an$ n$eter*ina+e ia+iit4 6or LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES 73i)3 t3e *aorit4 7o$ i9einsran)e )o*#anies n$er t3e OLD ACT to +ear in res#e)t o6 ni*ite$ an$ n$eter*ina+e ia+iit4 n$erSECTION 1ent #erio$ o6 3is $isa+iit4 7it3s)3 *e$i)a servi)es an$ a##ian)es as t3e natre o6 3is si)9ness or inr4 an$ #ro2ress o6 3isre)over4 *a4 re>ire,sub>ect to the e@pense limitation prescribed by the Commission.

T3e 6ore2oin2 #ara2ra#3 is rat3er si*iar to t3e 6irst #ara2ra#3 o6 SECTION 1

Co$e, at3o23 it 9no7s t3e enor*it4 o6 t3e state insran)e 6n$, 7i not ao7 LIFELONG MEDICALEXPENSES! I6 t3e ia+iit4 6or LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES n$er t3e OLD ACT is assesse$ 6ro* t3e#oint o6 vie7 o6 a sin2e e*#o4er, or o6 a sin2e $o*esti) insran)e )o*#an4, 73ose resor)es 7o$ +e6ra)tions )o*#are$ to t3e state insran)e 6n$, t3en it s3o$ not +e $i66i)t to )on)$e t3at it )o$ not 3ave+een t3e e2isators intention in SECTION 1< to 3ave an in$ivi$a e*#o4er ia+e 6or LIFELONG MEDICALEXPENSES, ta9in2 a))ont o6 3is ver4 i*ite$ *eans vis-a-vis t3e state insran)e 6n$!

=! SEC(

Co**issionQ! As I 3ave sai$ +e6ore, it is entire4 )on)eiva+e t3at t3e Govern*ent 3as reai5e$ t3at t3e OLDACT 3as +een )onstre$ +4 t3is Cort +e4on$ t3e inten$*ent o6 t3e e2isative, an$ t3at 7as t3e *otivation 6ort3e re#ea o6 t3e OLD ACT an$ its re#a)e*ent +4 t3e #rovisions on E*#o4ees Co*#ensation an$ StateInsran)e Fn$ in)or#orate$ into t3e La+or Co$e!

@! (he 3eneral purpose of the O7D AC(

! T3ro23ot t3e OLD ACT t3e intention o6 t3e e2isator to i*it#a4a+e )o*#ensation to P@,(((!(( is re$oent! T3e 6oo7in2 are t3e reevant #rovisions/

SEC! 1! Sn$r4 #rovisions re2ar$in2 $eat3 +ene6its! in )o*#tin2 $eat3 +ene6its, t3eavera2e 7ee94 7a2es o6 t3e $e)ease$ e*#o4ee s3a not +e re)9one$ at *ore t3an 6i6t4 #esosnor ess t3an 6orteen #esos8 +t t3e tota 7ee94 )o*#ensation s3a not in an4 )ase e0)ee$ t3eavera2e 7ee94 7a2es )o*#te$ in a))or$an)e 7it3 Se)tion nineteen o6 t3is A)t, nor shall thecompensation paid in any case e@ceed in its a33re3ate the sum of si@ thousand pesos.

000 000 000

SEC! 1%!


39/113

In t3e )ase o6 an e*#o4ee 73ose avera2e 7ee94 7a2es are ess t3an 6orteen #esos #er 7ee9,t3e 7ee94 )o*#ensation s3a +e t3e entire a*ont o6 s)3 avera2e 7ee94 7a2es8 +t i6 t3e$isa+iit4 is #er*anent, t3e )o*#ensation s3a +e 6orteen #esos in s)3 )ase! In t3e event t3att3e tota $isa+iit4 +e2ins a6ter a #erio$ o6 #artia sa+iit4, t3e a*ont o6 )o*#ensation $e 6ort3e atter and for any other disability shall not e@ceed the ma@imum amount of si@ thousandpesos!

SEC! 1@! Partia $isa+iit4! In )ase t3e inr4 or si)9ness )ases #artia $isa+iit4 6or a+or, t3ee*#o4er, $rin2 s)3 $isa+iit4 an$ e0)e#t as 3ereina6ter #rovi$e$, s3a #a4 to t3e inre$ orsi)9 e*#o4ee 6or a #erio$ o6 not to e0)ee$ t7o 3n$re$ an$ ei23t 7ee9s, +e2innin2 7it3 t3e6irst $a4 o6 $isa+iit4, a 7ee94 )o*#ensation e>a to 6i6t4 #er )ent* o6 t3e $i66eren)e +et7een3is avera2e 7ee94 7a2es +e6ore t3e a))i$ent an$ t3e 7ee94 7a2es 73i)3 3e )o$ #ro+a+4earn t3erea6ter8 +t not *ore t3an ei23teen #esos #er 7ee9! T3e 7ee94 #a4*ents s3a not inan4 )ase )ontine a6ter t3e $isa+iit4 3as )ease$, an$ in )ase #artia $isa+iit4 sets in a6ter a#erio$ o6 tota $isa+iit4, s)3 #erio$ o6 tota $isa+iit4, s3a +e $e$)te$ 6ro* t3e tota #erio$ o6t7o 3n$re$ an$ ei23t 7ee9s an$ t3e a*ont o6 t3e )o*#ensation #ai$ s3a not in any case bein e@cess of the total sum of si@ thousand pesos.No a7ar$ 6or $isa+iit4 s3a +e *a$e +e6ore aa#se o6 t7o 7ee9s )onte$ 6ro* t3e $ate o6 t3e inr4!

SEC! 1'!

In )ase o6 an inr4 #ro$)in2 a serios $is6i2re*ent o6 t3e 6a)e or 3ea$, t3e Co**ission *a4,at t3e re>est o6 an intereste$ #art4, $eter*ine an$ a7ar$ s)3 )o*#ensation as *a4 see* 6airan$ #ro#er in vie7 o6 t3e natre o6 t3e disfi3urement,but +hich shall not e@ceed si@ thousandpesos!

T3e tota )o*#ensation #res)ri+e$ in t3is an$ t3e ne0t #re)e$in2 se)tion an$ t3e totalcompensation#res)ri+e$ in Se)tions 6orteen an$ 6i6teen o6 t3is A)t,shalt to2et3er, not e0)ee$t3e s* o6 si0 t3osan$ #esos/ Provi$e$, 3o7ever, T3at a6ter t3e #a4*ent 3as +een *a$e 6or t3e

#erio$ s#e)i6ie$ +4 t3e A)t in ea)3 )ase, t3e "or9*ens Co*#ensationCommission may fromtime to time cause the e@amination of the condition of the disabled laborer/7it3 a vie7 toe0ten$in2, i6 ne)essar4, t3e #erio$ o6 )o*#ensation+hich shall not ho+e5er/ e@ceed the saidamount of si@ thousand pesos.

It 3as to +e )on)e$e$ t3at *e$i)a e0#enses n$er SECTION 1< )an +e in a$$ition to t3e P@,(((!(( i*it :tt3e *e$i)a e0#enses s3o$ +e )onsi$ere$ on4 as asupplement an$ t3e4 s3o$ not +e *)3 *ore t3an a s*a6ra)tion o6 t3e P@,(((!(( i*it! T3at is 3o7 t3e #r#ose o6 t3e e2isator 3as to +e assesse$! It )annot +e t3at t3ea*ont o6 e0#enses n$er SECTION 1< )an e0)ee$ P@,(((!((, 73i)3 )o$ easi4 +e t3e )ase 7it3 LIFELONGMEDICAL EXPENSES! T3e s##e*ent s3o$ not e0)ee$ t3e *ain or #rin)i#a!

&! (ime frame of SEC(


40/113

?+ T3e Q#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q! T3e #3rase Q#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q is aso se$ in Se)tion ( o6 t3e OLD ACT as6oo7s/

SEC! (! Vontar4 #a4*ents! Pa4*ents *a$e +4 t3e e*#o4er or 3is insrer to t3e inre$a+orer $rin2 t3eperiod of his disability or to 3is $e#en$ents, 73i)3 n$er t3e #rovisions 3ereo67ere not $e or #a4a+e 73en t3e4 7ere *a$e, s3a, #on +ein2 $4 esta+is3e$, +4 a2ree*ent+et7een t3e #arties )on)erne$, a )erti6ie$ )o#4 o6 73i)3 s3a +e sent to t3e "or9*ens

Co*#ensation Co**issioner, or s+e)t to t3e $e)ision o6 t3e Co**issioner, +e $e$)te$ 6ro*t3e s* to +e #ai$ as )o*#ensation/ Provi$e$, T3at in )ase o6 $isa+iit4, t3e $e$)tion s3a +e*a$e +4 re$)in2 t3e #erio$ o6 ti*e $rin2 73i)3 t3e )o*#ensation is to +e #ai$, an$ not +4re$)in2 t3e 7ee94 #a4*ent to +e *a$e in a))or$an)e 7it3 se)tions 6orteen, 6i6teen, si0teenan$ seventeen o6 t3is A)t!

It s3o$ +e rat3er )ear t3at t3e Q#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q se$ a+ove re6ers to t3e +ee2s envisa2e$ in Se)tions 1%,1@ an$ 1& $rin2 73i)3 7ee94 compensations are #a4a+e! T3e sai$ )ase QPerio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q )annot re6erto a #erio$ a6ter t3e +ee2ly compensations 3ave +een )o*#ete$! T3e 2enera re is t3at 7or$s an$ )ases se$severa ti*es in a statte s3o$ 3ave t3e sa*e *eanin2! Jen)e, t3e )ase Q#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q in SECTION1< )annot +e # to t3e en$ o6 t3e natra i6e o6 an inre$ e*#o4ee, or a6ter t3e ter*ination o6 t3e +ee2s +hen

+ee2ly compensations ha5e to be paid!

Moreover, Q#erio$ o6 $isa+iit4Q, as se$ in t3e OLD ACT, in)sive o6 its se in SECTION 1

severa Q#erio$sQ o6 $isa+iit4 6or LIFELONG MEDICAL EXPENSES )annot +e $ee*e$ 7it3in t3e inten$*ento6 t3e e2isator in SECTION 1

?$ T3e 7or$ Qs+se>entQ! Un$er t3e *aorit4 O#inion, SECTION 1< is +ein2 )onstre$ as a##i)a+e to as+se>ent #erio$s o6 $isa+iit48 T3at is, i6 an e*#o4ee is 3os#itai5e$ i**e$iate4 a6ter )ontra)tin2)o*#ensa+e iness, sa4 in 1&, an$ is a2ain 3os#itai5e$ in 1&=, as 3a##ene$ in t3is )ase, t3e 1&=3os#itai5ation is sti a s+se>ent #erio$ o6 $isa+iit4! A si*iar >estion as to 73at is Qs+se>entQ 7asresove$ in M)Intos3 v! S!A! Jea4 Constr)tion Co*#an4,


41/113

Co**entin2 on t3e a+ove re, Er7in N! Cris7o$ o6 t3e Jarvar$ La7 S)3oo, 7rote/

Anot3er reason 734 )onte*#oraneosness is an i*#ortant 6a)tor is its +earin2 on t3e nee$ 6or)ertaint4 an$ #re$i)ta+iit4 in or ta0 a7s! T3is is 73ere t3e *otion o6 t3e Corts 6n)tion int3e s)3e*e o6 $i)ia ta0 a$*inistration +e)o*es i*#ortant! A statte is ena)te$! A re2ation isisse$! It 7i in t3e nor*a )orse o6 events, +e 6ive or si0 4ears, an$ ver4 i9e4 *ore, +e6oret3e )onstr)tion o6 t3e statte, in t3e i23t o6 t3e re2ation, 7i

consti-calalang vs williams

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