CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND

ANIMALS

1) Deforestation :-

The clearing of forests and using the land for other

purposes is called deforestation.

The causes for deforestation are :-

i) Procuring land for cultivation.

ii) Building houses and factories.

iii) Using wood as fuel or making furniture etc.

The natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and

draught.

2) Consequences of deforestation

The consequences of deforestation are :-

i) Increase in the temperature and pollution level on the

earth.

ii) Increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere leading to global warming.

iii) Lowering of ground water level.

iv) Disturbs the balance in nature.

v) Decrease in rainfall leading to draught.

vi) Soil erosion and decrease in soil fertility leading to

desertification.

vii) Decrease in the water holding capacity of soil leading to

floods.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life.[1] This

can refer to genetic variation, species variation,

or ecosystem variation[1] within an area,biome,

or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest

near the equator,[2] which seems to be the result of

the warm climate and high primary

productivity.[3] Marine biodiversity tends to be

highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where

sea surface temperature is highest and in mid-

latitudinal band in all oceans.[4] Biodiversity

generally tends to cluster in hotspots,[5] and has

been increasing through time[6][7] but will be likely to

slow in the future.[8]

Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass

extinctions.[9][10][11] One estimate is that <1%–3% of

Conservation of forest and wildlife :-

Forest and wildlife can be conserved by setting up areas like Biosphere reserves Wildlife sanctuaries, National parks, etc.

i) Biosphere reserves :- are large areas of protected land for conservation of biodiversity and the traditional life of the tribals living there.

ii) National parks :- are areas reserved for wildlife where they can freely use the habitats and natural resources.

iii) Wildlife sanctuaries :- are areas where animals are protected from any disturbance to them or their habitat.

A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its residents, ratified

by a national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and

Biosphere (MAB) program, which demonstrates innovative

approaches to living and working in harmony with nature. One of

the primary objectives of MAB is to achieve a sustainable balance

between the goals of conservingbiological diversity, promoting

economic development, and maintaining associated cultural

values.

The term ‘biosphere’ refers to all of

the land, water and atmosphere that supply life on earth. The

word ‘reserve’ means that it is a special area recognized for

balancing conservation with sustainable use. The term ‘reserve’

does not mean that these places are set aside from human use

and development. In fact, the study of human use is an important

part of the biosphere reserve program.

Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to

balancing conservation and human use of an area. They are

excellent examples of community-based initiatives that protect

A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.

Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed

land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although

individual nations designate their own national parks

differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of wild

nature for posterity and as a symbol of national

pride.[1] Furthermore, an international organization,

theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),

and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined

"National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.

While ideas for this type of national park had been

suggested previously, the United States established the first

such one, Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest

national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is

the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was

established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555

national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. IUCN

A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally

occurring sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection

for species from hunting, predation or competition, it is a protected

area, a geographic territory within which wildlife is protected. Such

wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories. It is

created by government legislation, In the 3rd century BC,a

King Devanampiya Tissa declared the area around Mihintale, Sri

Lanka as a sanctuary for wildlife,[1] probably the first of its kind in the

ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity,

the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy

trees within the

The first American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge at Lake

Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California

state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.[2] The first

federally owned refuge in America is Pelican Island National Wildlife

Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of

his Square Deal campaign to improve America. At the time, setting

aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president.

More recently, a bi-partisan group of US House of

Representatives members established the Congressional Wildlife

A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological

garden, and also called a menagerie) is a

facility in which animals are confined within

enclosures, displayed to the public, and in

which they may

The term zoological garden refers to zoology,

the study of animals, a term deriving from

the Greek zōon (ζῷον, "animal")

and lógos(λóγος, "study"). The abbreviation

"zoo" was first used of the London Zoological

Gardens, which opened for scientific study in

1828 and to the public in 1847.[1] The number

of major animal collections open to the public

around the world now exceeds 1,000, around

5) Flora and fauna :-i) Flora :- are the plants found in a particular area.

ii) Fauna :- are the animals found in a particular area.

Eg:- The flora of Pachmarhi consists of sal, teak, wild mango, jamun,

silver ferns etc.

The fauna of Pachmarhi consists of wild dog, cheetal, wolf,

leopard, blue bull, barking deer etc.

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region

or time, generally the naturally occurring

or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding

term for animal life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other

forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to

as biota. Bacterial organisms, algae, and other

organisms are sometimes referred to as

flora,[1][2][3] so that for example the terms bacterial

floraand plant flora are used separately. Plants are

grouped into floras based on region, period, special

environment, or climate. Regions can be

geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs.

flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era

as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by

special environments:

Fauna is all of the animal life of any

particular region or time. The

corresponding term for plants is flora. Flora,

fauna and other forms of life such

as fungi are collectively referred to

as biota.

Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna t

o refer to a typical collection of animals

found in a specific time or place, e.g. the

"Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess

Shale fauna".

Paleontologists sometimes refer to a

sequence of faunal stages, which is a

the Russian Federation (RDBRFRed Data Book

of ), also known as Red

Book (Russian: Красная книга) or Russian

Red Data Book is a state document

established for documenting rare

and endangered

species of animals, plants and fungi, as well

as some local subspecies (such as

the Ladoga seal) that exist within the territory

of the Russian Federation and its continental

shelf and marine economic zone. The book

has been adopted by Russia and

all CIS states to enact a common agreement

RED DATA BOOK

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into

new paper products. There are three categories of paper

that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper:

mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer

waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap

from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in

a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is material which left the

paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for

consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded

after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers

(OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper,

old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper

(RMP).[1] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper",

often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The

industrial process of removing printing ink from paperfibers of

recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an

invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.

Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of

existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted,

usually throughdeforestation.[1] Reforestation can be used

to improve the quality of human life by soaking

up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild

naturalhabitats and ecosystems, mitigate global

warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of

atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources,

particularly timber.

The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the

process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or

forests that may have existed long ago but

were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in

the past. Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to

distinguish between the original forest cover and the later

re-growth of forest to an area. Special tools, e.g. tree

planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier

Add

ax

African Wild

Dog

Asian

Elephant

Baird’s

Tapir

Black Rhino

Critically

Endangered

Blue Duck

Bono

bo

Crested Ibis

Critically

Endangered

Giant

Panda

Green Sea

Turtle

Critically

Endangered

Grizzly

Bear

Iberian Lynx

Critically

Endangered

Island Fox

Critically

Endangered

Javan Rhino

Critically

Endangered

Kakapo Parrott

Critically

Endangered

Lemur

Leaf Frog

Hyacinth

Macaw

Malaysian Sun

Bear

Critically

Endangered

Marcher

Monk Seal

Critically

Endangered

Mountain

Gorilla

Critically

Orangutan

Philippine Eagle

Critically Endangered

Pygmy Hippo

Critically

Endangered

Red

Panda

Sea

Otter

Snow Leopard

Critically

Endangered

Sumatran Tiger

Critically

Endangered

Amur Leopard

Critically

Endangered

Tibetan

Antelope

Bali TigerExtinct 1937 due to hunting and destruction of habitat

Socorro DoveExtinct 1972 due to hunting & destruction of Habitat

ThylacineExtinct 1986 due to Hunting and Competition with other

animals

Made By:- Shreyash Kumar