conservation area at cirebon quarry (mt. blindis

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CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS) AND IT’S POTENCY IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION Titut Yulistyarini, Abban Putri Fiqa, Rachmawan Adi Laksono, Dwi Narko and Matrani Purwodadi Botanic Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences ABSTRACT The biodiversity conservation areas of Cirebon quarry, in this case Mt Blindis and Mt Sari is a limestone ecosystem. Limestone ecosystems play an important role in climate regulation. Quantifying the organic carbon storage of limestone ecosystems in this area is definitely helps to evaluate the roles of these ecosystems in both global and regional carbon cycles and also their impact on climate. This research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity conservation area and to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on each ecosystem types. In deep, it will give information which ecosystem and carbon pool that contributes the highest carbon stock. The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) methods. Based on the observation, there are three ecosystem types in Cirebon Quarry i.e. Opened Area, Thick Bushes and Secondary Forest. The result showed that Secondary forest had the highest total C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha -1 , while the C-stock on Thick Bushes and Opened Area were 42.95 and 17.92 respectively. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha -1 comprises 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is one of the main player in the global mining industry. One of the important mining industries in Indonesia is a cement industry, where Indocement, as a part of Heidelberg Cement Group take a part on it. One of its factories is listed as a one of the biggest integrated cement factory in the world, with the capacity production about 18,6 milliard ton cement per year. However, the mining industry also caused many environmental problem such as a green house effects which is become the most popular issue nowdays and occurs as a result of air pollution and forest clearing. Moreover, there are only a few mining industry pay an attention that forest are an important component of land cover in the tropics and for this reason they play an important role in carbon balance of this region. Cement mining industry always dealing with the karst or limestone ecosystems. Karst ecosystem is an important type of landscape, since its cover 12% of the land area in the world. In South-East Asia, karsts cover an area of about 400,000 km2 (Day & Urich, 2000) and tropical forests over limestone are fairly common. Forests over limestone are seen as arks of biodiversity and often contain high levels of endemism (Clements et al., 2006).

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Page 1: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS)

AND IT’S POTENCY IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Titut Yulistyarini, Abban Putri Fiqa, Rachmawan Adi Laksono, Dwi Narko and Matrani

Purwodadi Botanic Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences

ABSTRACT

The biodiversity conservation areas of Cirebon quarry, in this case Mt Blindis and Mt Sari is

a limestone ecosystem. Limestone ecosystems play an important role in climate regulation.

Quantifying the organic carbon storage of limestone ecosystems in this area is definitely helps to

evaluate the roles of these ecosystems in both global and regional carbon cycles and also their impact

on climate. This research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity

conservation area and to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on each ecosystem types.

In deep, it will give information which ecosystem and carbon pool that contributes the highest carbon

stock. The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid Carbon

Stock Appraisal) methods. Based on the observation, there are three ecosystem types in Cirebon

Quarry i.e. Opened Area, Thick Bushes and Secondary Forest. The result showed that Secondary

forest had the highest total C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick Bushes and

Opened Area were 42.95 and 17.92 respectively. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area

of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1 comprises 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil.

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is one of the main player in the global mining industry. One of the important

mining industries in Indonesia is a cement industry, where Indocement, as a part of Heidelberg

Cement Group take a part on it. One of its factories is listed as a one of the biggest integrated cement

factory in the world, with the capacity production about 18,6 milliard ton cement per year.

However, the mining industry also caused many environmental problem such as a green

house effects which is become the most popular issue nowdays and occurs as a result of air pollution

and forest clearing. Moreover, there are only a few mining industry pay an attention that forest are an

important component of land cover in the tropics and for this reason they play an important role in

carbon balance of this region.

Cement mining industry always dealing with the karst or limestone ecosystems. Karst

ecosystem is an important type of landscape, since its cover 12% of the land area in the world. In

South-East Asia, karsts cover an area of about 400,000 km2 (Day & Urich, 2000) and tropical forests

over limestone are fairly common. Forests over limestone are seen as arks of biodiversity and often

contain high levels of endemism (Clements et al., 2006).

Page 2: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

So far, there is no intensive research in Indonesia about the limestone area and its potency in

Carbon storage. Due to this condition, this research becomes interesting and important to do.

OBJECTIVE

The research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity

conservation area (Mount Blindis) and also to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on

each ecosystem types. In deep, it will give information which ecosystem that contributes the highest

carbon stock. The floristic composition is useful to specify the appropriate species that could be use

in the reforestation program. Furthermore, the study could also become a pilot project of mining

conservation area in Indonesia, in order to attract the others to do the similar action to save the

environment.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Cirebon quarry is located approximately 15 km west of Cirebon in the Kromong Mountains

which is in area of sloping hills, moderate and steep with a height of about 250 meters above sea In

general, the mining area’s topography is sloping hills. To the north side of the active mining area,

there is a small hill, called Mount Blindis (Heidelberg Cement, 2014).

Mount Blindis is an area which is not accessed for mining activity, since it was dedicated as a

biodiversity conservation area. Based on the biodiversity survey report in Heidelberg Cement (2014),

this steep hill is entirely covered in thick bushes and stands of low trees, like Java palisander, mango,

mahogany, Acacia, and Indian rosewood, among others. The rocks making up this mountain is a rock

and clay-limestone, and also clay.

The study of carbon storage in biodiversity conservation area was located in Mount Blindis,

between 6⁰42’30” and 6⁰42’59” S and 108⁰23’15” and 108⁰23’50” E. The elevation of this area

ranges from 60 and 250 m above sea level (Appendix 1). Regarding the Indocement presentation

(2014), the mean annual precipitation (2003-2013) is 1919 mm, and occurring between November

and May, while the average annual temperature is 28°C.

METHODS

A. Classify Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area

Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area was divided into three area based on their

ecosystems types. The three ecosystems types are Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB)

and Secondary Forest (SF). Next, the entire area was delineated using GPS (Global

Positioning System), to assist determine the number of plot in the each area based on the

Page 3: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

extent of the area. This process further will analyze and produce a map by using Arc View

GIS software.

B. Field Inventory

Plots were made in each ecosystem types to analyze the floristic composition and calculate

the carbon stock in the area. In total 11 representative plots of 2000 m2 (20m x 100m) for

measuring woody plants with dbh (diameter at breast height) > 30cm (trees). While woody

plants with dbh 5-30cm (saplings) were measured in 11 subplots of 200m2 (40m x 5m).

While ground cover was measured in 55 sub-sub plots of 0.25 m2 (0,5m x 0,5m) set up in

each plot of all ecosystems types (Appendix 2).

a. Floristic Composition

The inventory on trees, saplings and ground cover, was done in three ecosystem types

(OA, TB and FS). The floristic composition across vegetation types were determined by

calculating density, frequency and domination species. Species names, individuals’ dbh

and abundance were recorded in each plot. The Important Value Index of each species

(tree, sapling and ground cover) for each plot was calculated by summing the relative

density, relative frequency and relative dominancy cover. The species diversity was

calculated by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). The formula Diversity Index

(Ludwig and Reynolds 1988) :

H’= Σpi.2log pi , pi= ni/N,

where ni = number of individual from species

N = total number of individual

b. Carbon Stock

Carbon storage on each ecosystem type was estimated from five pools of carbon stock,

which is above ground pools; consist of trees (dbh > 30cm), saplings (dbh 5-30cm),

ground covers (plant that dbh < 5cm i.e. shrubs, herbs, seedling, and woody climbers) and

the last one are litters. Whereas below ground pool is soil (0-20cm in depth).

The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid

Carbon Stock Appraisal) methods (Hairiah et al., 2011). Due to the mean annual rainfall

in Cirebon reaches 1919 mm per year, allometric equation that used to estimate the tree

biomassa are based on Chave et al., (2005), that specific used in the ecosystem which

have the mean annual precipitation range 1500-4000 mm per year. The allometric

equation is:

Page 4: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

(AGB)est =π * exp(-1.499+2.148 ln(D)+0.207(ln(D))2 – 0.0281 (ln(D))3 )

Where (AGB)est = tree biomassa (kg/tree);

D = dbh (diameter at breast height) (cm);

π = wood density, (g.cm-1).

Wood densities of each species were measured manually. Each of the twigs (three

samples), were measured their length and diameter to get the volume. Then, these

samples were dried in the oven at 100°C for 48 hours. Finally, their dry weights were

weighed to get the wood density.

To measure groundcover biomassa is by weighing the wet and dry matter of groundcover

samples. All groundcover materials that completely harvested from the subsubplots were

transported to the laboratory for the next process. Similarly, litters that collected in the

subsubplots also given the same treatment. The groundcover materials and litter samples

were oven dried at 80⁰C for 48 hours and finally weighed. Estimation of root biomass

was done by using default value that is based on the ratio of trees and root. The biomass

ratio of trees and roots in the dry lands wet tropical forest is 4:1 (Cairns et al. 1997,

Mokany et al. 2006). Next, the trees, sapling, groundcover, litter and root biomass was

converted into C-stock with with formula Hairiah et al. (2011):

C = 0.46 x biomass

The soil organic carbon was calculated by determining the soil weight per hectar, in depth

0-20 cm. Then in the laboratory, the organic matter was determined by Walkey & Black

oxidation method. While, soil bulk density was determine by gravimetric methods, which

is taking soil sample at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth with a cylindrical soil sampler in

each plot.

C. Statistical Analysis

All of the vegetation quality parameter and also their Carbon stock are compared with the

ecosystem types by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with F test. And only P <0.05, was listed

as consider significant. The statistical analysis was done by MINITAB 14.0.

RESULTS

The biodiversity conservation area (Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari) was divided into three

ecosystem types which were Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB) and Secondary Forest (SF). The

Opened Area was located in Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari that only groundcover lived there without any

Page 5: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

trees and saplings. In the Thick Bushes area, various types of bushes, shrub, herb or woody climber

grown well. However, some trees and sapling still could found in a small number. While in the

Secondary Forest, forests is regenerating largely through natural processes after significant removal

or disturbance by human activity. The Secondary forest was more difficult to access, since it had a

sharp slope (45-60⁰). Based on the large of the area, thick bushes area had the largest area, that

coverage 25,94 ha, while opened area had almost the same large as a secondary forest (Figure 1,

Appendix 1).

Figure 1. Delineation Map of Biodiversity Conservation Area

a. Floristic composition

There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species (shrub, woody climber and

herb) found in the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry. Vitex pinnata and Schoutenia

ovata that have local names Labban and Wali kukun respectively, were identified as dominant tree

species in the secondary forests due to their high IVI (47.73 and 41.84). Both of V. pinnata and S.

ovata that also dominated sapling species, are native species. Almost all trees and saplings species (±

80%) in secondary forest are native species. Nevertheless, some reforestation tree/sapling species

found in there such as Acacia auriculiformis (Akasia), Dalbergia latifolia (Sonokeling), Cassia

fistula (Trengguli) and Senna siamea (Johar) are introduction species. While groundcover species

dominated in the area, were namely Oplismenus burmanni, Salvia misella and O.compositus.

Page 6: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

In the Thick Bushes ecosystem had been found some trees species like Akasia

(A.auriculiformis, A.nilotica), Mangifera indica and S.ovata. Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephalla),

A.nilotica and Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) were saplings species that dominated this area, and

all of them are reforestation species. There were 65 species ground cover such as Chromolaena

odorata, A.nilotica and Lantana camara dominated at thick bushes ecosystem. While Opened Area

was dominated by ground cover species such as Themeda arguens, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Salvia

misella and Mimosa pudica.

Secondary Forest had the highest Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H’) for tree and sapling

which was 4 (Appendix 3). Thick Bushes ecosystem had lower diversity index than Secondary

Forest, which was 1.8 and 3.3 for tree and sapling respectively. However, this ecosystem types had

the highest diversity on ground cover that reached 5.32, while Opened Area only reached 4.42.

The variety plots of carbon measurements were indicated by a population density of trees.

The tree density among three ecosystem types showed significant difference (P = 0.000) and so did

with the saplings and ground cover density (Appendix 4). Secondary Forest had the highest density

of trees and saplings (P< 0.05), about 37.82 (±22.70 SD) individu.ha-1 and 681.8 (±270.4 SD)

individu.ha-1 respectively and significantly different from the two other ecosystem types (Figure 2).

Consequently, the canopy cover on this area was stated as the highest. Whereas trees and sapling

density of Thick Bushes area were 1.82 (± 4.62 SD) and 245.5 (± 297 SD) respectively. Although

there are no trees/saplings lived in the opened area, the ground cover plants in this ecosystem had the

highest density (466,047±50,054 SD).

Figure 2. The mean density of trees/saplings (left) and groundcover (right) in each ecosystem types

c. Carbon Stock Estimation in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry

Based on the calculation, there was a significantly different of estimation carbon stock among

the three ecosystem types (P = 0.000). Secondary Forest had the highest C stock reached 87.17 t C

ha-1, comprised about 59% of total C stock on the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon quarry.

While Thick Bushes and Opened Area ecosystem, contributed C stock 42.96 t C ha-1 (29 %) and

17.92 t C ha-1 (12 %) respectively.

Page 7: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

In the Secondary Forest, C stock of biomass (trees, saplings, root, ground cover and litter)

was higher than C stock of soil (Figure 3). Total C stock of biomass was 51.39 t C ha-1, while C

stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth was 35.80 t C ha-1. Trees and saplings became the highest carbon pool

(48.62 t C ha-1) in this area. Whereas ground cover and litter contributed low C stock i.e. 1,14 t C

ha-1 and 1,61 t C ha-1, respectively. However, C stock of biomass in two other ecosystems was lower

than C stock of soil. In Thick Bushes area, the total C stock of trees, saplings, root and groundcover

reached 11.73 t C ha-1, stated lower than the C stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth, which is 26,45 t C ha-1

(Appendix 5). Similarly, the C stock of biomass in the Opened Area only reached 2,53 t C ha-1

(ground cover biomass), while soil contributed 15,39 t C ha-1.

Figure 3. Total Carbon Stock in The Various Ecosystem Types of Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity

Conservation Area

DISCUSSION

The secondary forest located at Mount Blindis had enough diversities. The Diversity Index

of trees/saplings and ground cover were 4 and 4.55 respectively. Since the biomass of tree/sapling

was stated as the highest carbon pool, Secondary Forest became the highest carbon contributor in

conservation area of Cirebon Quarry that was 87.17 t C ha-1. Carbon stock of vegetation and soil in

tropical forests over limestone was vary greatly depends on the topography, climate and geologic

substrate (Vieira et al., 2004). C stock of secondary forest over limestone in Cirebon Quarry was

much lower than forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (183 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012).

Xishuangbanna is one of karsts ecosytem in SW China with mean annual precipitation

characterization about 1539 mm per year and that is meant not much different from Mt Blindis (1919

mm). The lower C stock of secondary forest in Cirebon Quarry than in Xishuangbanna was related to

the lower contribution of trees/saplings biomass (48.62 t C ha-1) compared with tree biomass on

forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (155 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012) and in Serawak (178 t C

Page 8: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

ha-1) (Proctor et al., 1983). This condition was suspected due to the density of tree and sapling which

was only 38 trees ha-1 and 682 saplings ha -1. C stock of tree/sapling biomass in Cirebon Quarry

conservation area was also lower than the non-limestone secondary forest in Prigen District,

Pasuruan, East Java, (70.7 vs 48.62 t C ha-1) (Sari et al., 2011). The difference of C-stock in this

different area was related to the limited soil volume in forest over limestone that affects the

limitation of water retention capacity and nutrient absorption. The limestone soils is shallow, in the

Cirebon Quarry conservation area, the average depth of the soil was only 37 cm.

The other C pools in the Secondary Forest were root, groundcover and litter. C stock of root

on this ecosystem that reached 9.72 t C ha-1 was lower than root C-stock in the forest over limestone

in Xishuangbanna (31.72 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012). Sari et al. in 2011 reported that in non-

limestone secondary forest in Prigen District, Pasuruan, East Java was 14.12 t C ha-1, higher than C

stock of root biomass in Cirebon Quarry conservation area that only 9.72 t C ha-1. These comparisons

indicated that a higher proportion of tree biomass consequently will increase C stored in the roots.

In the other hand, the C stock of ground cover in Secondary Forest showed higher than C

stock of groundcover on tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna which is 1,14 t C ha-1 and

less than 1 t C ha-1 respectively. However, this C stock was slightly lower than C-stock in the Prigen

District secondary forest that is 1.93 t C ha-1. The last biomass C-pool is litters that constitute an

important flux of soil organic C.

The litter C stock in the Secondary Forest of Cirebon Quarry reached 1,61 t C ha-1 that was

slightly the same as the litter C-stock of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna but lower

than in the Prigen District secondary forest (Pasuruan, East Java) that reached 5.89 t C ha-1. Higher C

stock in the litter was related to the higher precipitation (4267.5 mm yaer-1) and the lower average

day temperature (21.9⁰C) in Prigen East Java than the rainfall and average day temperature in the

Cirebon quarry, so the higher litter was produced (Sari et al. 2011).

The C stock of the top 10 cm soil in Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry reached 10-20 t C

ha-1. This value was similar to the C stock soil of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna,

but lower than the corresponding value which stated 50 t C ha-1 in the top soil of non-limestone

tropical rainforest in Tahura R.Soerjo (Malang, East Java) (Hairiah et al., 2010). Soil C densities in

forests of tropical Asia ranged from 50 to 120 t C ha-1 (Palm et al., 1986). The soil condition in the

Cirebon Quarry was indicated as the lower end of tropical forest ecosystem in tropical Asia (Soil

characterization, Appendix 6). Based on C pool contribution, C-biomass in Cirebon Quarry

Secondary Forest contributed 52% of the total C pool while soil contributed 48%. In contrast, plants

biomass in Xishuangbanna forests limestone contributed 80% of the total C pool while soil only

20%. This condition showed that the Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry was being degraded.

Page 9: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

In the other case, C stock biomass in Opened Area (2.53 t C ha-1) and Thick Bushes (4.78 t C

ha-1) were lower than C stock of soil which were 15.39 t C ha-1 and 26.45 t C ha-1 t C ha-1

respectively. The comparison between C stock of plant biomass and C stock of soil in these two

ecosystems was 20-40%: 80-60%. This was indicated that Opened Area and Thick Bushes

ecosystems were formed after the forest was degraded in the past. Compared with other tropical

forests in other areas and on non-limestone like in Venezuela, Delaney et al. (1997) found that soil

contained as much or more C than plant biomass. Similarly, soil comprised more than 40% of the

ecosystem C stocks in a secondary tropical forest in Philippines (Lasco et al. 2004). So did the C

stock of soil in the degraded forest in Konto Watershed which showed 55% of C soil and 45 % C

plant biomass (Sari et al., 2011)

Generally, total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C

ha-1 comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. While overall, ecosystem C stock in

tropical forests over limestone in Xishuangbanna was 214 t C ha-1 comprises 80 % of C plant

biomass and 20% of C soil (Tang et al., 2012). This condition was indicated that the C soil was

stored before forest degraded. The low C stock plant biomass condition in Cirebon Quarry indicates

that there is should be an increasing carbon sequestration from 48.62 (C stock of tree/sapling in

Cirebon Quarry) to 155 t C ha-1 (C stock of tree/sapling in Xishuangbanna). To increase C

sequestration in this area there is should be a converting program from Thick Bushes and Opened

Area to the forest area by doing restoration program. The restoration program is important to

maintain the high diversity of flora in this conservation area (H’ average = 4). The rehabilitation

program is carried out by plant some native tree species which had heavy wood (high wood density)

and easily propagated such as Tutup (Macaranga tanarius, 1.04 g cm-3), Walikukun (Schoutenia

ovata, 0.71 g cm-3), Rukam lanang (Scolopia spinosa, 0.7 g cm-3), kemloko (Emblica officinalis,

0.63 3 g cm-3), and Anggrung (Trema orientalis, 0.6 g cm-3). Some trees have potency as a pioneer

plants i.e. Tutup (M. tanarius), Johar (Senna siamea) and ground cover species Mucuna pruriens,

Moghania lineata and Desmodium triflorum (Appendix 7,8)

Nowdays, restoration program become urgent to be done, in order to inhibit the growth and

spread out of dominant ground cover species which have potency as invasive species such as C.

odorata and A. nilotica. The observation results in Mt Blindis, A. nilotica have spread as widely as

approximately 5 hectares at the north east of this hill (Appendix 9). Restoration program also

important to increase the number and the diversity of vegetation, as well as soil and water

conservation both inside and outside the area are. Planting native trees such as Rukam lanang

(S.spinosa), Kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa), Trenggulun (Protium javanicum) and

Sempur (Dillenia obovata), also gives benefit to the local animals such as birds and monkeys besides

its main role to enhance the diversity.

Page 10: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

CONCLUSION

1. Secondary forest in conservation area of Cirebon Quarry had the highest flora (tree, sapling and

ground cover) diversity. There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species. Almost

all trees and saplings species (± 80%) in secondary forest are native species. Vitex pinnata and

Schoutenia ovata were dominant species.

2. Secondary forest had the highest C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick

Bushes and Opened Area were 42.95 t C ha-1and 17.92 t C ha-1 respectively.

3. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1

comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. Restoration program could be the suitable

solution to increase C sequestration in this area. This program could be done with native species

that had high wood density and easily propagated, such as Tutup (M. tanarius), Walikukun

(S.ovata ), Rukam lanang (S.spinosa), kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa) and

Anggrung (T.orientalis).

The advantage of applying our research for biodiversity and /or society and company

The tropical limestone forest like forest in Mt Blindis has potency as a large reservoir of atmospheric

CO2; this information can be added by calculating the carbon stock in biodiversity conservation area

of Cirebon Quarry. In addition, by applying result suggested in the research, which is planting native

species in restoration program this ecosystem could increase their C sequestration and also maintain

and enrich its biodiversity. In fact, needs more than 30 years to reached C-stock to the ideal

condition, but it will worth since the ecosystem services (the amount of CO2 absorption) that resulted

will also increase. In addition, other program such as monoculture plantation system will result lower

C stock. Monoculture plantation such as sengon buto, pine, mahogany and Paraserianthes falcataria

are timber trees, that will be harvest in 30, 50, 15 years later, so that carbon emission will be

happened. In contrast, forest conservation area will provide the highest carbon stock and store carbon

for longer time. Forest conservation with native plants also conserves local animals such as birds and

mammals. Restoration with mango (Mangifera indica) at the buffer zone between the quarry and a

nearby village could be alternatives, since mango trees could be utilized by local people. Study result

on mango plantation inside the Cirebon quarry showed that this plantation could store 61.5 t C ha-1 in

5 years. However, since Mount Blindis was stated as the biodiversity conservation area, it is

important to increase the species diversity and species richness inside the area by doing the proper

restoration program.

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Appendix 1.

Figure 1. The Overview of Biodiversity Conservation Area (Mount Blindis)

Page 12: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Figure 2. The Three Ecosystem Types in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry

Page 13: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 2.

Figure3. Plots Sample

Page 14: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Figure 4. Field Activity

Page 15: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 3.

Table 1. Species number, Density, Diversity and Species with the Highest Important Value Index in The Each Ecosystem Types

Ecosystem

types

The number

of species Density (plants/ha)

H' (Shannon-

Wiener) Highest IVI

T S GC T S GC T S GC T S GC

Opened Area 0 0 21 0 0 466,047±50,054 4.02

- -

Themeda

arguens,

Alysicarpus

vaginalis, Salvia

misella, Mimosa

pudica

Thick Bushes 4 13 65 1.82 ±

4.62

245.5 ± 297 404,651±136,126 1.8 3.3 5.23 Acacia

auriculiformis,

Acacia nilotica,

Mangifera indica,

Schoutenia ovata

Leucaena

leucocephalla,

Acacia

nilotica,

Dalbergia

latifolia, Ficus

hispida

Chromolaena

odorata, Acacia

nilotica,

Lantana camara

Secondary

Forest

24 25 39 37.82 ±

22.7

681.8±270.4 290,233±102,202 4 4 4.55 Vitex pinnata,

Schoutenia ovata,

Microcos

tomentosa

Vitex pinnata,

Schoutenia

ovata,

Leucaena

leucocephalla

Oplismenus

burmanni,

Salvia misella

Page 16: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 4.

Table 2. Ecosystem Types in Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry

Ecosystem types

Large of area

(ha) Percentage (%)

Opened Area 18,19 28,94

Thick Bushes 25,94 41,27

Secondary Forest 18,73 29,80

Total 62,86 100%

Page 17: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 5.

Table 3. Total Carbon on Each Carbon Pool in the Three Ecosystem Types (p<0.00, α< 0.05)

Trees Saplings Roots

Ground

cover Litters soil (0-20 cm)

OA 0 a 0 a 0 a 2.54 ± 0.54 a 0 a 15.39 ± 1.24 a

TB 1.65 ± 4.05 a 6.77 ± 10.11a 3.31 a 4.78 ± 5.78 b 0 a 26.45 ± 7.25 b

SF 15.78 ± 8.72 b 22.93 ± 18.05 b 9.72 b 1.14 ± 0.64 a 1.61 ± 0.63 b 35.80 ± 10.35 b

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Appendix 6.

Table 4. Characteristic of soil profiles in eleven plots of Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB),

Secondary Forests (SF) over limestone in Mount Blindis

Type Vegetation

Soil depth (cm)

Soil bulk

density (g

cm-3)

C content (%)

Soil thickness (cm)

OA 0-10 1,55 ± 0,14 0,48 ± 0,05 13 ± 3,56

10-20 1,63 ± 0,16 0,48 ± 0,08 TB 0-10 1,28 ± 0,35 1,03 ± 0,47 18,5 ± 3,11

10-20 1,48 ± 0,3 0,94 ± 0,46

SF 0-10 1,11 ± 0,31 1,91 ± 0,74 37 ± 15,65

10-20 1,09 ± 0,24 1,41 ± 0,73

Page 19: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 7.

Table 5. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative

Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Secondary Forest

A. Trees

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF ( %) RDm (%) IVI (%)

1 Vitex pinnata L. Labban Verb. 20.48 8.70 18.55 47.73

2 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 15.66 13.04 13.13 41.84

3 Microcos tomentosa Sm. Kayu User Til. 9.64 8.70 10.58 28.91

4 Vitex trifolia L. Laban Verb. 10.84 6.52 9.08 26.44

5 Schleichera oleosa Korth. Kesambi Sapind. 7.23 8.70 6.01 21.94

6 Protium javanicum Burm. f. Trenggulun Burs. 3.61 6.52 4.13 14.27

7 Corypha utan Lam. Gebang Arec. 2.41 4.35 6.62 13.38

8 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Johar Caes. 3.61 4.35 4.69 12.65

9 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Kemloko Euph. 3.61 2.17 3.49 9.27

10 Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Akasia Mim. 2.41 4.35 2.44 9.19

11 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sono keling Papil. 2.41 4.35 2.14 8.90

12 Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Tutup Euph. 2.41 2.17 2.14 6.72

13 Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl. Kayu mempet Hyp. 2.41 2.17 2.00 6.59

14 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Kayu ulet Ster. 1.20 2.17 2.44 5.82

15 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Wangkal Mim. 1.20 2.17 1.88 5.26

16 Alibizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth. Tekik Mim. 1.20 2.17 1.54 4.92

17 Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl. Sempur Dill. 1.20 2.17 1.52 4.89

18 Cassia javanica L. Kasia Jowo Caes. 1.20 2.17 1.24 4.62

19 Muntingia calabura L. Kersen Til. 1.20 2.17 1.19 4.57

20 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Randu Bomb. 1.20 2.17 1.10 4.48

21 Cassia fistula L. Trengguli Caes. 1.20 2.17 1.10 4.48

22 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb. Nyampo Laur. 1.20 2.17 1.03 4.41

23 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anggrung Ulm. 1.20 2.17 0.99 4.37

24 Scolopia spinosa Warb. Rukem lanang Flac. 1.20 2.17 0.97 4.35

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B. Saplings

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF ( %) RDm (%) IVI (%)

1 Vitex pinnata L. Laban Verb. 11.76 6.78 19.49 38.04

2 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 9.15 10.17 8.59 27.91

3 Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Lamtoro Mim. 10.46 10.17 4.58 25.21

4 Microcos tomentosa Sm. Kayu User Til. 8.50 3.39 7.61 19.50

5 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Kemloko Euph. 4.58 8.47 6.16 19.21

6 Schleichera oleosa Korth. Kesambi Sapind. 7.19 6.78 4.45 18.42

7 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sono keling Papil. 9.15 5.08 3.68 17.92

8 Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack.) Bl. Kayu mampet Hyp. 5.88 1.69 9.86 17.44

9 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Kayu Ulet Sterc. 3.27 3.39 7.40 14.06

10 Muntingia calabura L. Kersen Til. 4.58 3.39 4.90 12.87

11 Protium javanicum Burm. f. Trenggulun Burs. 3.27 6.78 1.86 11.91

12 Ficus hispida L. f. Luwing Morac. 3.27 5.08 2.63 10.99

13 Neonauclea sp. Gempol Rub. 1.96 5.08 2.91 9.95

14 Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Tutup Euph. 2.61 3.39 1.85 7.86

15 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Kalak Annon. 1.96 3.39 2.23 7.58

16 Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Johar Caes. 1.96 1.69 3.32 6.98

17 Abroma mollis DC. Tespong Sterc. 2.61 1.69 2.15 6.46

18 Vitex trifolia L. Laban Verb. 2.61 1.69 1.31 5.62

19 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anggrung Ulm. 0.65 1.69 2.17 4.52

20 Streblus asper Lour. Serut Morac. 1.31 1.69 0.51 3.51

21 Solanum verbasifolium L. Teter Sol. 0.65 1.69 0.64 2.99

22 Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. Delingsen Flac. 0.65 1.69 0.64 2.99

23 Cassia fistula L. Trengguli Caes. 0.65 1.69 0.58 2.92

24 Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. Kayu gadung Verb. 0.65 1.69 0.31 2.66

25 Caesalpinia sp. Secang Caes. 0.65 1.69 0.16 2.51

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C. Groundcover No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF (%) IVI (%)

1 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Bedesan Poac. 14.41 10.45 24.85 2 Salvia misella Kunth Torok bau Lam. 11.86 7.46 19.33 3 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Trasapan Poac. 8.47 5.97 14.44 4 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Sanduro Aster. 6.78 5.97 12.75 5 Lantana camara L. Waung Verb. 3.39 4.48 7.87 6 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Pecut kuda Verb. 4.24 2.99 7.22 7 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Kalak asu Annon. 4.24 2.99 7.22 8 Pteris biaurita L. Pakis Pter. 4.24 2.99 7.22 9 Debregeasia sp. Ki tongo Urt. 4.24 2.99 7.22 10 Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. Pakis kelor Adiant. 2.54 4.48 7.02 11 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Wedusan Aster. 3.39 2.99 6.37

12 Urena lobata L. Pulutan Malv. 2.54 2.99 5.53 13 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Rayutan Aster. 1.69 2.99 4.68 14 Microcos tomentosa Sm. Kayu bimo Malv. 1.69 2.99 4.68 15 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 1.69 2.99 4.68 16 Cleome gynandra L. Langsana merah Capp. 1.69 1.49 3.19 17 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Kemlaka Euph. 1.69 1.49 3.19 18 Bridelia sp Kanyere badak Euph. 1.69 1.49 3.19 19 Helicteres isora L. Kayu ulet Sterc. 1.69 1.49 3.19 20 Canthium glabrum Blume Kayu balung Rub. 1.69 1.49 3.19 21 Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer Songgo langit Convol. 0.85 1.49 2.34 22 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Kacangan Papil. 0.85 1.49 2.34 23 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Poncosudo Oleac. 0.85 1.49 2.34 24 Elatostema sp. Jelatang Urt. 0.85 1.49 2.34 25 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Kayu ulet Sterc. 0.85 1.49 2.34 26 Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. Peron Menis. 0.85 1.49 2.34 27 Caesalpinia sp. Secang Caes. 0.85 1.49 2.34 28 Pavetta indica L. Jarum, Jerum Rub. 0.85 1.49 2.34 29 Bauhinia sp. Kupu-kupu Caes. 0.85 1.49 2.34 30 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Ki Asahan Euph. 0.85 1.49 2.34

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31 Bidens pilosa L. Ketul Aster. 0.85 1.49 2.34 32 Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Gulo gumantung Flac. 0.85 1.49 2.34 33 Olax scandens Roxb. Ki Asahan Olax. 0.85 1.49 2.34 34 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sono keling Papil. 0.85 1.49 2.34 35 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Kali age Sterc. 0.85 1.49 2.34 36 Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume Dempul lelet Euph. 0.85 1.49 2.34 37 Tetracera sp. Kasapan Dill. 0.85 1.49 2.34 38 Neonauclea sp. Gempol Rub. 0.85 1.49 2.34 39 Asystacia sp. Maroto Acanth. 0.85 0.00 0.85

Page 23: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Table 6. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative

Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Thick Bushes Area

A. Trees

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF ( %) RDm (%) IVI (%)

1 Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Akasia Mim. 17.86 25 32.42 75.28

2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Gom/ akasia Mim. 17.86 25 32.42 75.28

3 Mangifera indica L. Mangga Anac. 17.86 25 20.75 63.61

4 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Walikukun Til. 17.86 25 14.41 57.27

B. Saplings

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF ( %) RDm (%) IVI (%)

1 Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Lamtoro Mim. 24.07 18.18 11.21 53.47

2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Akasia Mim. 12.96 4.55 22.20 39.71

3 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sono keling Papil. 9.26 9.09 16.60 34.95

4 Ficus hispida L. f. Lowing Morac. 9.26 13.64 10.38 33.27

5 Microcos tomentosa Sm. Kayu User Til. 9.26 13.64 9.01 31.90

6 Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Johar Caes. 5.56 9.09 9.23 23.88

7 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Widuri Asclep. 9.26 4.55 6.87 20.68

8 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 7.41 4.55 2.69 14.64

9 Cassia fistula L. Trengguli Caes. 3.70 4.55 5.87 14.12

10 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anggrung Ulm. 3.70 4.55 2.90 11.15

11 Ficus variegata Blume Gondang Morac. 1.85 4.55 1.71 8.10

12 Melastoma malabathricum L. Srenggani Malv. 1.85 4.55 0.67 7.06

13 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Kapasan Malv. 1.85 4.55 0.67 7.06

Page 24: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

C. Groundcover

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF (%) IVI (%)

1 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &. H.Rob. Sanduro Aster. 9.39 9.64 19.03

2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Gom Papil. 10.44 5.62 16.06 3 Lantana camara L. Waung Verb. 5.85 4.82 10.66 4 Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp. Lamuran Poac. 5.01 3.61 8.62 5 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Kacangan Papil. 3.13 4.02 7.15 6 Moghania lineata (L.) Kuntze Bunga pelumpang Papil. 4.18 2.81 6.99 7 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Rayutan Aster. 3.34 3.61 6.95 8 Paederia foetida L. Simbukan Rub. 2.71 4.02 6.73 9 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Sisik betok Papil. 3.34 3.21 6.55 10 Barleria prionitis L. Sundep Acanth. 3.34 2.81 6.15 11 Mimosa pudica L. Putri malu Mim. 2.09 3.21 5.30 12 Urena lobata L. Pulutan Malv. 2.51 2.41 4.91 13 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Kanyero badak Euph. 2.30 2.41 4.71 14 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Poncosudo Oleac. 2.51 2.01 4.51 15 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Wedusan Aster. 1.88 2.41 4.29 16 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. jukut pahit Poac. 2.09 2.01 4.10 17 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Trasapan Poac. 2.09 2.01 4.10 18 Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer Songgo langit Convol. 1.88 2.01 3.89 19 Hyptis capitata Jacq. Gringsingan Lam. 2.09 1.61 3.69 20 Salvia misella Kunth Torok bau Lam. 1.46 2.01 3.47 21 Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Lamtoro Mim. 1.67 1.61 3.28 22 Passiflora foetida L. Krawangan Pasif. 1.46 1.61 3.07 23 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Rawe Papil. 1.46 1.20 2.67 24 Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Gulo gumantung Flac. 1.46 1.20 2.67 25 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Genjret Euph. 1.46 1.20 2.67 26 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Kalak asu Annon. 1.04 1.61 2.65 27 Meremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. Akar sambang Convol. 0.84 1.61 2.44 28 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Jambean Poac. 1.04 1.20 2.25 29 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Rumput jarum Poac. 0.84 1.20 2.04

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30 Olax scandens Roxb. Lenteng, Krasahan Olax. 0.84 1.20 2.04 31 Ehretia microphylla Lam. Orok-orok Cina Borag. 0.84 1.20 2.04 32 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Sambiloto Acanth. 1.04 0.80 1.85

33 Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume Dempu lelet Euph. 1.04 0.80 1.85

34 Cyperus sp Tekian Cyp. 1.04 0.80 1.85 35 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Brobosan Papil. 0.63 1.20 1.83 36 Solanum torvum Sw. Pokak Sol. 0.84 0.80 1.64 37 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Kacangan Caes. 0.84 0.80 1.64 38 Melastoma malabathricum L. Srenggani Melas. 0.84 0.80 1.64 39 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Widuri Asclep. 0.63 0.80 1.43 40 Helicteres isora L. Kayu ulet Sterc. 0.63 0.80 1.43 41 Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. Merakan Poac. 0.63 0.80 1.43 42 Caesalpinia sp. Secang Caes. 0.84 0.40 1.24 43 Cyanthillium cinerum (L.) H.Rob. Nyawon Aster. 0.42 0.80 1.22 44 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Kapasan Malv. 0.42 0.80 1.22 45 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Pecut kuda Verb. 0.63 0.40 1.03 46 Spermacoce articularis L.f. Gempur batu Rub. 0.42 0.40 0.82 47 Cyperus cephalotes Vahl. Jukut pendul Cyp. 0.42 0.40 0.82 48 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sonokeling Papil. 0.42 0.40 0.82 49 Ficus septica Burm.f. Awar-awar Mor. 0.42 0.40 0.82 50 Amorphophallus variabilis Blume Porang Arac. 0.21 0.40 0.61 51 Elephantopus scaber L. Tapak liman Aster. 0.21 0.40 0.61 52 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Bedesan Poac. 0.21 0.40 0.61 53 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 0.21 0.40 0.61 54 Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq. Girang Leac. 0.21 0.40 0.61 55 Solanum verbascifolium L. Teter Sol. 0.21 0.40 0.61 56 Scoparia dulcis L. Joko tuwo Scrop. 0.21 0.40 0.61 57 Loganiaceae - Logan. 0.21 0.40 0.61 58 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. rumput bunga merah Poac. 0.21 0.40 0.61 59 Commelina benghalensis L. Geworan Com. 0.21 0.40 0.61 60 Aeschynomene elegans Cham. & Schltdl. Aseman Papil. 0.21 0.40 0.61

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61 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Kemondelan Aster. 0.21 0.40 0.61 62 Ficus hispida L. f. Luwing Mor. 0.21 0.40 0.61 63 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Kayu ulet Sterc. 0.21 0.40 0.61 64 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Kalirage Mor. 0.21 0.40 0.61 65 Thunbergia alata Bog.ex. Sims Patuk manuk Acanth. 0.21 0.40 0.61

Page 27: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Table 7. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative

Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Opened Area

Groundcover

No Species Name Local name Family RD (%) RF (%) IVI (%)

1 Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. Merakan Poac. 12.86 12.20 25.05

2 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Brobosan Papil. 8.57 12.20 20.77

3 Salvia misella Kunth Torok bau Lam. 11.43 7.32 18.75

4 Mimosa pudica L. Putri malu Mim. 8.57 9.76 18.33

5 Sida retusa L. Sida gurih Malv. 10.00 4.88 14.88

6 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Pecut kuda Verb. 7.14 4.88 12.02

7 Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp Lamuran Poac. 5.71 4.88 10.59

8 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Rumput jarum Poac. 4.29 4.88 9.16

9 Cyperus rotundus L. Teki Cyp. 4.29 4.88 9.16

10 Cyperus sp Tekian Cyp. 2.86 4.88 7.74

11 Passiflora foetida L. Krawangan Pasif. 2.86 4.88 7.74

12 Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume Dempu lelet Euph. 4.29 2.44 6.72

13 Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. ex Duthie Merakan kebo Poac. 2.86 2.44 5.30

14 Lantana camara L. Waung Verb. 2.86 2.44 5.30

15 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Til. 2.86 2.44 5.30

16 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Teki Cyp. 1.43 2.44 3.87

17 Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Lamtoro Mim. 1.43 2.44 3.87

18 Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Gulo gumantung Flac. 1.43 2.44 3.87

19 Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer Songgo langit Convol. 1.43 2.44 3.87

20 Moghania lineata Bunga pelumpang Papil. 1.43 2.44 3.87

21 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Kemondelan Aster. 1.43 2.44 3.87

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Appendix 8.

Table 8. Wood Density of Trees/ Sapling Species Living in the Biodiversity Conservation Area in

Cirebon Quarry

No Species Name Local name Family Wood Density (g cm-

3)

1 Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Tutup Euphorbiaceae 1.04

2 Cassia fistula L. Trengguli Caesalpiniaceae 0.76

3 Schoutenia ovata Korth. Wali kukun Tiliaceae 0.71

4 Scolopia spinosa Warb. Rukem lanang Flacourtiaceae 0.7

5 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Kemloko Euphorbiaceae 0.63

6 Microcos tomentosa Sm. Kayu User Tiliaceae 0.63

7 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Kalak Annonaceae 0.62

8 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb. Nyampo Lauraceae 0.61

9 Schleichera oleosa Korth. Kesambi Sapindaceae 0.61

10 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Johar Caesalpiniaceae 0.61

11 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sono keling Papilionaceea 0.6

12 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anggrung Ulmaceae 0.6

13 Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Akasia Mimosaceae 0.59

14 Vitex trifolia L. Laban Verbenaceae 0.57

15 Abroma mollis DC. Tespong Sterculiaceae 0.56

16 Vitex pinnata L. Labban Verbenaceae 0.54

17 Albizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth. Tekik Mimosaceae 0.53

18 Cassia javanica L. Kasia Jowo Caesalpiniaceae 0.52

19 Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. Delingsen Flacourtiaceae 0.52

20 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Wangkal Mimosaceae 0.5

21 Protium javanicum Burm. f. Trenggulun Burseraceae 0.5

22 Streblus asper Lour. Serut Moraceae 0.49

23 Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl. Kayu mempet Hypericaceae 0.48

24 Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Lamtoro Mimosaceae 0.45

25 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Kayu ulet Sterculiaceae 0.44

26 Ficus variegata Blume Gondang Moraceae 0.41

27 Muntingia calabura L. Kersen Tiliaceae 0.4

28 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Kapasan Malvaceae 0.38

29 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb sengon buto Mimosaceae 0.33

30 Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl. Sempur Dilleniaceae 0.28

31 Ficus hispida L. f. Luwing Moraceae 0.21

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Appendix 9.

Figure 5. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Their Habitat, Habitus, Flower and

Fruit

Page 30: CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS

Appendix 10.

Figure 6. Groundcover Diversity in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry